土壤碳固定与生物活性:面向可持续土壤管理的新前沿

土壤碳固定研究是近10年土壤学研究的重要前沿,而可持续管理的土壤固碳是当前应对气候变化和全球土壤退化的重大需求。从土壤有机碳的生态系统功能及服务出发,分析了土壤碳固定与土壤功能及生物活性的关联,评述了当前土壤碳固定与微生物活性变化的认识,探讨了土壤团聚体尺度土壤固碳与生物活性的关系,并以水稻土为例讨论了土壤碳固定中团聚体过程及其有机碳—微生物—生物活性的演进关系,提出了土壤碳库稳定性与生物活性的协同关系及其表征问题,特别是如何通过有机质—微生物—酶活性的团聚体分布揭示土壤碳固定的本质,以及良好管理下土壤固碳与生态系统功能的协同特征及其管理途径等优先科学问题。借助非破坏团聚体分组技术和现代微域原位观察分析技术,土壤学已经能从团聚体尺度深入研究土壤固碳与生物活性的土壤机制,这将全面地揭示土壤固碳对于生态系统过程、功能及服务的影响特质,进而为可持续土壤固碳和农田有机质提升,为固碳减排与农田生产力提升及土壤环境服务改善协同发展提供科学依据和管理的政策依据。     

The Environmental benefits and costs of conservation tillage

 Every production practice, including conservation tillage, has positive or negative environmental consequences that may involve air, land, water, and/or the health and ecological status of wildlife. The negative impacts associated with agricultural production, and the use of conventional tillage systems in particular, include soil erosion, energy use, leaching and runoff of agricultural chemicals, and carbon emissions. Several of these impacts are quantified. The conclusions suggest that the use of conservation tillage does result in less of an adverse impact on the environment from agricultural production than does conventional tillage by reducing surface water runoff and wind erosion. Additionally, wildlife habitat will be enhanced to some extent with the adoption of conservation tillage and the benefits to be gained from carbon sequestration will depend on the soil remaining undisturbed. Finally, further expansion of conservation tillage on highly erodible land will unquestionably result in an increase in social benefits, but the expected gains will be modest.     

中国土壤有机碳库量与农业土壤碳固定动态的若干问题

在整理和统计国内对土壤有机碳及其变化的文献资料基础上,着重讨论中国土壤有机碳库及其分布、不同时期土壤有机碳的变化以及最近时期有机碳的固定趋势,分析我国不同土壤有机碳的保护机制的特点,期望对于我国当前土壤有机碳库与全球变化研究提供参考依据。我国总土壤有机碳库的估计在50—180Pg之间。估计我国表层土壤有机碳库为20Pg,它主要分配于几个与湿地和水成过程有关的土壤类型,且水稻土占有较大比例。因而我国人为土的管理在陆地生态系统碳循环与全球变化上有重要意义。     

人为土壤有机碳的分布特征及其固定意义

文章在分析不同类型的人为土壤形成过程及其特点的基础上研究了人为土壤有机碳含量、分布年龄与同位素组成特征。结果表明,人为土壤中有机碳的含量分布不同于起源土壤或者相应的非人为土壤,主要体现在有机碳含量降低的缓慢和不规则性以及有机碳含量的相对富集。通过计算证明人为土壤的有机碳密度高于相邻土壤或起源土壤。放射性碳测定表明人为土壤中的有机碳年龄较老,说明了有机碳在这些土壤中存在的相对稳定性。土壤有机碳的稳定同位素组成分析表明,土壤中深层的有机碳与现代有机碳来源不同,也表明了土壤中有机碳的稳定存在。文章还分析了人为土壤中有机碳富集和稳定的可能机制,包括物理、化学和生物学机制,认为就有机碳的固定而言,人为土壤是一种具有最佳管理方式的可持续利用的土壤资源     

土壤碳蓄积量变化的影响因素研究现状

土壤碳库的动态平衡影响作物产量和土壤肥力的高低，是土壤肥力保持和提高的重要研究内容。简要评述了土壤理化特性、温度和降水变化、大气CO₂浓度上升、人类的农业活动对土壤有机碳蓄积量的影响，介绍了当前对土壤碳蓄积量动态变化的研究进展，认为应加强气候变化和土地利用/土地覆被变化与土壤碳循环研究的结合，提高对陆地生态系统碳循环变化的认识，并需要从生态环境保护的利益和可持续发展的理论出发，进一步加强土地管理方式的改变，促进土壤有机质的积累，提高土壤对碳的固定。     

全球变化条件下的土壤呼吸效应

土壤呼吸是陆地植物固定CO₂尔后又释放CO₂返回大气的主要途径，是与全球变化有关的一个重要过程。综述了全球变化下CO₂浓度上升、全球增温、耕作方式的改变及氮沉降增加的土壤呼吸效应。大气CO₂浓度的上升将增加土壤中CO₂的释放通量，同时将促进土壤的碳吸存；在全球增温的情形下，土壤可能向大气中释放更多的CO₂，传统的土地利用方式可能是引发温室气体CO₂产生的重要原因，所有这些全球变化对土壤呼吸的作用具有不确定性。认为土壤碳库的碳储量增加并不能减缓21世纪大气CO₂浓度的上升。据此讨论了该问题的对策并提出了今后土壤呼吸的一些研究方向。其中强调，尽管森林土壤碳固定能力有限，但植树造林、森林保护是一项缓解大气CO₂上升的可行性对策；基于现有田间尺度CO₂通量测定在不确定性方面的进展，今后应继续朝大尺度田间和模拟程序方面努力；着重回答全球变化条件下的土壤呼吸过程机理；区分土壤呼吸的不同来源以及弄清土壤呼吸黑箱系统中土壤微生物及土壤动物的功能。当然，土壤呼吸的测定方法尚有待改善。     

农田土壤固碳潜力研究的关键科学问题

农田生态系统在陆地生态系统碳循环中扮演着重要的角色。增加农田土壤有机碳的固定不仅可减少大气CO2含量,而且对保障国家粮食安全具有举足轻重的作用。近年来评估土壤固碳潜力已成为国际科学界研究的热点和难点。但由于不同研究者对“潜力”范畴的界定不同,全球或区域尺度农田土壤固碳潜力的估算还存在很大的不确定性。所谓固碳潜力,即土壤碳的饱和水平或土壤所容纳碳的最大能力。这一能力受区域气候、土壤类型、农业管理措施的综合影响。故此,合理地评价固碳潜力,应综合考虑气候、土壤和农业措施诸因素,并将宏观尺度与微观尺度的研究结合起来。从固碳潜力概念范畴及研究方法出发,阐述了农田土壤固碳潜力的研究现状,并结合生物潜力和物理化学潜力的研究,提出区域农田土壤固碳潜力的计量方案,并就该研究领域亟需回答的科学问题进行了探讨。     

Conservation tillage and input use

 There continues to be a question as to the overall effectiveness of conservation tillage practices in reducing the impact of agricultural production on the environment. While it is generally recognized that water runoff and soil erosion will decline further, as tillage and mulch tillage systems are not used more extensively on cropland, what will happen to pesticide and fertilizer use remains uncertain. To gain some insight into this, the conservation tillage adoption decision is modelled. On the assumption that the decision to adopt conservation tillage is a two-step procedure, the first decision is whether or not to adopt a conservation tillage production system and the second concerns the extent to which conservation tillage should be used – appropriate models of the Cragg and Heckman (dominance) type are estimated. Based on farm-level data on corn production in the United States for 1987, the profile of a farm on which conservation tillage was adopted is that the cropland had above-average slope and experienced above-average rainfall, the farm was a cash grain enterprise, and it had an above-average expenditure on pesticides and a below-average expenditure on fuel and custom pesticide applications. Additionally, for a farm adopting a no-tillage production practice, an above-average expenditure was made on fertilizer. Received: 18 September 1995 · Accepted: 6 December 1995     

Contribution of a sewage sludge application to the short-term carbon sequestration across a wide range of agricultural soils

The atmospheric levels of carbon dioxide (CO₂) and other greenhouse gases (GHGs) have increased dramatically since the industrial revolution. The atmospheric enrichment with CO₂ and other GHGs has resulted in multiple negative consequences: such as the increase in the average temperature and the rise of the sea level. Hence, there is a growing interest in developing feasible methods to reduce the atmospheric levels of these gases. One of these strategies is to enhance C sequestration through the increase of soil organic carbon (SOC) pool by the amendment of agricultural soils with sewage sludge. However, there is considerable uncertainty about the effects (positive or negative) of sewage sludge applications on the SOC pool. Thus, a simple approach developed under laboratory conditions is presented to discern the effect of a single sewage sludge application of 50 t ha⁻¹ on the short-term SOC pool in 60 contrasting agricultural soils. The role of soil factors in the C sequestration of the recently added carbon was also studied. The application of sewage sludge supposed a mean increase of 1.7 ± 1.6 g SOC kg⁻¹, with peak increases of up to 3.8 g SOC kg⁻¹ and decreases of up to 4.6 g SOC kg⁻¹. The initial SOC contents conditioned the C sequestration after sewage sludge application, and no other soil property was related.     

根系分泌的有机酸及其对喀斯特植物、土壤碳汇的影响

根系分泌的有机酸是土壤有机酸的重要动态来源,来源于光合作用固定的碳,是土壤碳流动的最活跃形式。根系分泌的有机酸是一种具有调节作用的植物和土壤碳汇。一方面,在喀斯特土壤环境中,植物根系分泌有机酸的含量增加,影响碳汇的产生和流动,直接调节植物与土壤的固碳增汇能力;另一方面,根系分泌的有机酸通过影响土壤中一系列的动态化学和生物学过程,对土壤养分有效性和养分循环以及微生物的活性产生深刻影响,直接影响土壤的固碳增汇能力,从而间接影响植物的固碳增汇能力。因此,根系分泌的有机酸在喀斯特生态系统的固碳增汇中起着重要作用。      

桂林毛村岩溶区自然植被土壤团聚体中腐殖质组成初步研究

探索土壤有机碳物理保护与化学保护的关系,有助于揭示土壤固碳和培肥机理,明确不同粒级团聚体和不同腐殖物质组分对土壤固碳和肥力的贡献。本研究对岩溶区自然植被土壤团聚体中腐殖质含量进行了研究,结果表明:(1)灌丛和林地土壤团聚体中有机碳含量总体上均表现为随着土层深度的增加逐渐下降,而在不同土层深度随着团聚体粒径范围的变化则有机碳含量的变化规律则不同,无明显一致的规律;(2)两种土地利用方式各粒径团聚体中胡敏酸和富里酸均比全土小。这可能是由于在湿筛分离团聚体的过程中溶于水的那部分胡敏酸和富里酸成分被损失掉;(3)各腐殖质组分随着团聚体粒径范围的减小在两种自然植被上均无明显一致的规律,但胡敏酸和富里酸总量则基本表现为随着团聚体粒径范围的减小而逐渐升高,即在0.25mm和0.5~0.25mm粒径范围团聚体中最大;(4)两种自然植被土壤各土层中和各团聚体中胡敏酸/富里酸(HA/FA)基本上表现为小于1,这主要是因为研究区温度相对较高,湿度较大,植被覆盖度大,微生物降解作用强所致。     

Study on the Soil Carbon Pool and Potential Capacity of Carbon Sequestration in the Northern Tibetan Plateau

It is important to investigate the soil organic carbon reserves of the northern Tibetan Plateau for understanding the global carbon cycle. The surface soil carbon storage is 1.27×10⁸ t, and the surface topsoil organic carbon density is 4.96×10³ t/km² in the study area. Compared with the results of the second National Soil Census, the distribution of organic carbon reserves of chestnut soil, sierozem, alpine steppe soil, swamp soil, sandy soil and ustic cambisols increased gradually, which are mainly distributed in savanes of the northern Qinghai Lake and woodland in middle-high mountain areas of the eastern Qinghai Lake; savanes and woodland are classified as the carbon sink area because this area’s carbon sequestration is greater than the release quantity. By contrast, the distribution of organic carbon reserves of mountain meadow soil, alpine meadow soil, grey cinnamon soil, chernozem and anthropogenic-alluvial soil decreased gradually, which are mainly distributed in the farming areas of eastern Qinghai Province. This area’s carbon sequestration is less than the release quantity because of cultivation effect, and is classified as the carbon source area. The 97.5% of organic carbon storage cumulative frequency is closed to the threshold value of the organic carbon saturation. The carbon sequestration potential of the study area is 241.57×10⁶ t. Take the widely distributed chestnut soil as a case, it will take 18.66 years to reach saturation for the soil organic carbon reserves of chestnut soil.     

松嫩平原耕层土壤固碳潜力估算

提高土壤碳收集能力对减缓全球温室效应具有重要意义。利用松嫩平原南部第二次土壤普查及多目标区域地球化学调查获取的两期表层土壤有机碳数据,根据近20年来各土壤类型不同土地利用方式土壤有机碳量变化趋势,估算了松嫩平原南部各土壤类型、各用地方式下土壤碳源、汇潜力。由估算得出,如果目前的土地利用方式、气候条件、耕作方式、种植技术不变,松嫩平原耕地土壤0~20 cm土层的固碳潜力为-1.229Tg碳,各土壤类型的林地土壤固碳潜力绝大多数为正值,说明林业用地为碳汇区,固碳潜力合计为3.169Tg碳,而天然牧草地绝大多数的固碳潜力为负值,固碳潜力合计为-2.235Tg碳,为碳源区,本次研究估算得出,松嫩平原总体的固碳潜力为-0.917Tg碳。     

Evaluation of effective management plan for an agricultural watershed using AVSWAT model,remote sensing and GIS

In the present investigation, an effort has been made to identify the critical sub-watersheds for the development of best management plan for a small watershed of Eastern India using a hydrological model, namely, AVSWAT2000. A total of 180 combinations of various management treatments including crops (rice, maize ground nut and soybean), tillage (zero, conservation, field cultivator, mould board plough and conventional practices) and fertilizer levels (existing half of recommended and recommended) have been evaluated. The investigation reveled that rice cannot be replaced by other crops such as groundnut, maize, mungbean, sorghum and soybean since comparatively these crops resulted in higher sediment yield. The tillage practices with disk plough have been found to have more impact on sediment yield and nutrient losses than conventional tillage practices for the existing level of fertilizer. Sediment yield decreased in the case of zero tillage, conservation tillage, field cultivator, moldboard plough, and conservation tillage as compare to conventional tillage. Lowest NO₃–N loss was observed in zero tillage in all the fertilizer treatments, whereas field cultivator, moldboard plough and disk plough resulted in increase of NO³–N loss. As compared to conventional tillage, the losses of soluble phosphorus were increased in moldboard plough. The losses of organic nitrogen were also increased as fertilizer dose increased. After zero tillage the conservation tillage preformed better in all the fertilizer treatments as per loss of organic nitrogen and organic phosphorus is concerned. It can be concluded that the sediment yield was found to be the highest in the case of disk plough followed by moldboard plough, field cultivator, conventional tillage, field cultivator and least in zero tillage practices. The nutrient losses were found to be in different order with tillage practices, resulted highest in disk plough tillage practices. In view of sediment yield and nutrient losses, the conservation tillage practice was found to be the best as the sediment yield is less than the average soil loss whereas nutrient loss is within the permissible limit.     

祁连山地区不同植被生态系统固碳价值量估算及时空演变分析

基于改进的CASA模型测算祁连山地区植被净初级生产力（NPP）物质量, 并进一步基于光合作用方程式、 碳循环过程模型估算了研究区2005年、 2010年、 2015年植被、 土壤固碳量及价值, 旨在定量分析该区域不同植被生态系统植被、 土壤固碳价值时空演变情况, 为制定更科学合理的碳管理措施提供科学依据。研究表明： 祁连山地区2005 - 2015年植被、 土壤固碳价值呈递增趋势, 2005年、 2010年、 2015年植被、 土壤固碳价值分别为515.95、 356.56亿元; 491.05、 404.36亿元; 581.55、 465.65亿元, 土地类型的改变使得植被、 土壤固碳分别增长12.72%、 30.39%。从空间分布上看, 东部植被、 土壤固碳量明显高于西部, 林地固碳能力最高, 单位面积固碳量为10.19 t·hm^-2。草地是研究区分布最广的植被, 且其对该地区植被、 土壤固碳贡献比为51.13%、 49.34%。     

河北平原土壤有机碳储量及固碳机制研究

利用2005年多目标区域土壤地球化学调查及20世纪70年代末全省第二次土壤普查土壤有机碳数据,对河北平原土壤有机碳密度及碳储量的时空变化规律、固碳机制及固碳潜力等问题进行了研究。结果表明,全省第二次土壤普查时土壤有机碳储量124．86Mt,2005年为176．08Mt,26年中增加了41．02％,表现出“碳汇”效应。据...     

Simulating climate change impact on soil carbon sequestration in agro-ecosystem of mid-Himalayan landscape using CENTURY model

Soils play significant roles in global carbon cycle. The increase in atmospheric CO₂ due to climate change may have a significant impact on both soil organic carbon storage and management practices to sequester organic carbon in agricultural areas. The aim of the study was to simulate climate change impact on soil carbon sequestration using CENTURY model. The statistical downscaling model (SDSM) was used to downscale the climate variables (temperature and rainfall) under two scenarios A2 and B2 for three periods: 2020 (2011–2040), 2050 (2041–2070) and 2080 (2071–2099). Downscaling was better in case of temperature than precipitation, which was evident from coefficient of correlation for temperature (r ² = 0.91–0.99) and precipitation (r ² = 0.71–0.80). Downscaling of climate data revealed that the temperature may increase for the years 2020, 2050 and 2080 periods, whereas precipitation may increase till 2020 and then it may reduce in 2050 and 2080 as compared to 2020 in the study area. For CENTURY model, the input parameters were obtained through soil sampling and interviewing the farmers as well, whereas the climatic variables (maximum temperature, minimum temperature and precipitation) were taken from the SDSM output. The historical data of soils were collected from the literature, and six agricultural sites were selected for estimating soil carbon sequestration. After soil sampling of the same sites, it was found that the organic carbon had increased two times than historical data might be due to the addition of high organic matter in the form of farm yard manure. Therefore, the model was calibrated, considering more organic carbon in the area, and was validated using random points in the study area. Determination coefficient (r ² = 0.95) and RMSE (538 g c/m²) were computed to assess the accuracy of the model. The organic carbon was predicted from 2011 to 2099 and was compared with the 2011 predicted data. The study revealed that the amount of soil organic carbon in Bhaitan, Kanatal, Kotdwar, Malas, Pata and Thangdhar sites may reduce by 11.6, 15.8, 17.19, 13.54, 19.2 and 12.7%, respectively, for A2 scenario and by 9.62, 15.6, 15.72, 11.45, 16.96 and 13.36% for B2 scenario up to 2099. The study provides comprehensive possible future scenarios of soil carbon sequestration in the mid-Himalaya for scientists and policy makers.     

1986—2019年黑龙江省松嫩平原表层土壤有机碳变化及固碳潜力估算

土壤有机碳(SOC)是评价土壤肥力和固碳能力的重要指标。因此,研究土壤有机碳的变化,对准确评价区域土壤固碳潜力,实现土壤资源的可持续利用具有重要的意义。利用黑龙江省第二次土壤普查数据和2019年实测土壤数据,运用GIS空间分析方法,分析了1986—2019年黑龙江省松嫩平原表层(0~20 cm)土壤有机碳密度(SOCD)的时空变化特征,运用土壤类型法估算了土壤有机碳储量,运用平衡法估算了土壤固碳潜力。结果表明:30多年来表层SOCD平均减少1.06 kg/m²,SOCD减少的地区主要分布在黑龙江省松嫩平原中部和东南部地区;表层SOC储量减少约143.99 Tg,SOC储量减少较多的土壤类型是草甸土、黑钙土和黑土,三者减少量占总SOC储量减少量的84.55%;当前黑龙江省松嫩平原表层土壤固碳潜力为-2.08 Tg,其中暗棕壤、白浆土、黑土为正潜力,其余土壤类型为负潜力。建议通过增施有机化肥、秸秆还田、推广免耕少耕等方法措施,以提高松嫩平原土壤固碳潜力。     

东北平原土壤有机碳分布与变化趋势研究

在多目标区域地球化学调查基础上,采用"单位土壤碳量"方法计算土壤碳储量,显示东北平原(约23万km2)土壤有机碳总体分布:表层(0～0.2m)土壤有机碳为768.07Mt,碳密度为3327.8t/km2;中层(0～1.0m)为2978.41Mt,碳密度为12904.7t/km2;深层(0～1.8m)为3729.16Mt,碳密度为16157.5t/km2。东北平原土壤碳密度处于全国平均水平。土壤碳密度由东北平原南部(辽宁)、中部(吉林)到北部(黑龙江)从暖温带、温带向寒温带过渡呈现增高趋势,其中表层土壤碳密度由2284.2、3436.7增加到3861.5t/km2。与第二次土壤普查比较,20年期间东北平原表层土壤有机碳总体减少320.59Mt,占29.4%,年均减少16.03Mt,年均递减率1.73%。表层土壤碳密度由南向北依次减少1060.6、1646.4、1300.2t/km2,平均减少1389.0t/km2。不同生态系统和土地利用类型土壤有机碳减少程度不同。采用土壤碳密度比方法研究生态系统之间土壤碳密度动态平衡关系,研究土壤有机碳储量及其变化趋势,为进一步探讨土壤有机碳分布分配特征及土壤固碳潜力等提供科学依据。     

Identifying Source Soils in Contemporary Estuarine Sediments: A New Compound-Specific Isotope Method

A new method is proposed for the identification and apportionment of contemporary source soils contributing to estuarine sediments. The method uses compound-specific isotopic analysis of naturally occurring biomarkers (fatty acids) derived from plants to link source soils to land use within a single catchment. For identification and apportionment of source soils in the estuarine samples, the method uses the isotopic mixing model, IsoSource. The feasible proportions obtained from IsoSource are then scaled to allow for the percent organic carbon in the source soils. With this approach, the estimation of each source soil contribution to a location in the estuary is independent of any degradation of the biomarkers through microbial or biogeochemical processes. Identification relies on the evaluation of the sediment sample relative to a “library” of reference source soils from different land use within the catchment. Selection of potential sources is geographically constrained by the requirement for a natural linkage between each source soil and the sediment site sampled. A case study, using this method, mapped the distribution of three main land use source soils (pasture, native forest, and pine forest) across the river delta in a small estuary fringed with mangroves. Rather than being uniformly distributed, the results indicated that the source soil contributions varied markedly across the delta, raising concerns about the validity of taking single cores to characterize the sediments of an estuary. Coupling the source apportionment results with land use data indicated that the mean percent contribution of pine forest soil in the river delta sediments was almost three times greater than the percent land use area of pine forest in the catchment. Furthermore, isotopic signatures indicated that most of the pine forest soil came from the much smaller areas exposed to erosion by clear cut harvesting and that the soil contribution from recently harvested areas of pine forest could be as much as 20 times greater than that land use area in this catchment. This is the first method that can identify and apportion, by land use on a catchment scale, the sources of soil contributing to the sediment at a location of an estuary. The results are given as a “best estimate”, within definable limits, of the proportional contribution of each potential source soil. Information obtained using this method will allow development of management strategies to alter land use practices to reduce the sediment load to rivers, and thus, the impact on the aquatic ecosystem downstream in estuaries.