夏季黄河入海泥沙的数值模拟研究

掌握黄河入海泥沙输运、沉积的规律可以为渤海沿岸经济发展的规划及环境保护管理提供理论参考。本文基于FVCOM(Finite-Volume Community Ocean Model)建立了三维水动力、泥沙耦合数值模式,利用实测水位、海流和悬沙资料,对模式进行了检验,模拟结果与观测符合较好。利用该模式研究了2007年夏季丰水丰沙期黄河入海泥沙的输运过程,并对渤海悬沙空间分布特征进行数值模拟。模式较好地再现了夏季黄河口入海泥沙的空间分布特征及底部冲淤状况。结合黄河口附近的潮流和余流特征,对悬沙分布特征和底部冲淤结果进行了分析,结果表明:黄河入海泥沙随余流向南和东南方向输运到莱州湾,在莱州湾中部向外海扩散,很可能沿东北方向进入渤海中部。在这个输运过程中,莱州湾表现为入海泥沙向外海扩散的通道。     

龙口近岸海域潮流作用下悬浮泥沙时空分布特征及输运机制

根据2015年1月与2017年5月两期大潮期27小时海流连续同步观测及悬浮泥沙资料,利用Morlet小波分析与单宽悬沙通量机制分解法,结合潮流场特征,分析了龙口湾海域悬浮泥沙的时空分布特征,研究了潮流作用下的悬沙输运机制。结果表明,平面上,悬沙浓度在龙口湾内较低,湾口、湾外海域的的悬沙浓度相对较高;垂向上,研究区整体表现为悬沙浓度由底层向表层递减。潮周期尺度上,悬浮泥沙浓度峰值较流速峰值存在0.5～2 h的时间滞后;悬浮泥沙浓度在时间上的变化以12～16 h尺度为主要周期。季节尺度上,1月悬沙浓度远远大于5月。研究区内单宽输沙通量为1.21～239.77 g·s-1·m-1,整体上悬沙通量呈现出湾口最高、湾外开阔海域其次、湾内最低的分布格局。平流输运项(T1+T2)在悬沙输移中占绝对优势,潮致余流在悬沙输运起主要作用。季节上,1月份单宽输沙通量远远高于5月份,整体呈现出夏季落淤储沙而冬季再悬浮输沙的季节性输运特征。湾外海域悬浮泥沙大致向SW、S向输运,屺坶岛以北海域沿W、SW向屺坶岛头输运,进入湾内后,悬浮泥沙的输运沿人工岛北侧和西侧分为两支。研究区内,在海流、地形等的综合作用下,整体...     

黄河调水调沙期间黄河入海水沙的扩散与通量

以2007年夏季黄河调水调沙期间黄河三角洲海域3断面连续站及渤海南部24个大面站观测的流场、温度、盐度及含沙量资料为依据,分析了调查区水沙扩散特征,计算了各连续站的拉格朗日余流及泥沙输送单宽通量。结果表明,黄河入海泥沙扩散范围非常有限,主要分布在南至莱州湾西南部、北至北纬38°附近离岸约20km以内的带状沿岸区域;但黄河冲淡水出现大面积扩散,覆盖了整个莱州湾的北部和中部,最远可至龙口附近,黄河入海水沙扩散不同步。在现行河口和钓口流路废弃河口存在两个高浓度泥沙中心,分别对应于黄河入海泥沙和废弃钓口流路海域底质再悬浮产生的两个泥沙来源。河口及三角洲近岸切变锋的阻隔及辐聚作用,是大部分黄河入海泥沙沉积在河口及沿岸13m水深以内的主要动力因素。受余流方向及水体垂向湍动较弱的影响,两个高浓度泥沙中心很少有泥沙交换。冲淡水的大面积扩散主要受表层余环流的影响。余流及悬浮泥沙通量计算显示,夏季黄河入海水沙在近岸主要向东北方向扩散。     

基于遥感反演的莱州湾悬沙分布及其沉积动力分析

选用1986-2004年不同时期的LandsatTM/ETM+影像,利用2004年黄河口附近实测数据推导的表层悬浮泥沙浓度反演模型,结合水文气象资料、多年水深数据和极端天气数模结果,研究了莱州湾西南近岸海域表层悬浮泥沙分布特征,结果表明,受黄河丰枯水期的影响,莱州湾西南部海域悬浮泥沙高浓度区主要分布于黄河口附近海域和西南沿岸,其枯水期的覆盖范围一般大于丰水期的。受潮流高流速场控制,黄河口外悬沙浓度高值区与海底泥沙堆积区对应较好,泥沙主要来源于陆源输沙和泥沙再悬浮;在西南近岸浅海区悬沙浓度高值区主要形成于泥沙的再悬浮,在近岸出现轻微冲刷。风等其他海洋动力因素,一般情况下对悬浮泥沙扩散的程度和范围具有一定的影响作用,但悬沙受潮流场影响而形成的总体扩散趋势未发生改变;极端条件下,风暴潮流使莱州湾西南部近岸浅海区的悬浮泥沙浓度显著增加。     

庙岛海峡周边海域表层沉积物再悬浮及悬浮泥沙输运机制

根据实测水文泥沙资料,利用悬浮泥沙沉降公式、泥沙起动流速公式、再悬浮通量与沉降通量公式以及通量机制分解方法,分析了庙岛海峡周边海域的悬浮泥沙时空分布和变化特征,计算了再悬浮通量、沉降通量、单宽悬浮泥沙输运量,探讨了表层沉积物再悬浮和悬浮泥沙运移特征及动力机制。结果表明,悬浮泥沙浓度周期变化与潮流流速周期变化具有较好的相关性,底层悬沙浓度变化对高流速的响应比较明显,表层悬沙浓度变化对低流速响应比较明显;悬浮泥沙单颗粒沉降现象不明显,除庙岛海峡外其他海域较适合悬浮泥沙絮凝沉降,并以中、底层絮凝沉降为主,且表现出自表层至底层絮凝沉降作用逐渐加强趋势;表层沉积物再悬浮对近岸浅水区、庙岛群岛周边海域水体悬浮泥沙浓度的影响显著于其他海域;悬浮泥沙输运整体以平流输运为主,垂向净环流为辅,庙岛海峡南侧向黄海输沙、北侧向渤海输沙,二者同时进行,悬浮泥沙净输运主要由水道向两侧浅滩。     

夏季潮流作用下龙口湾海域悬浮泥沙时空变化特征及其输运机制

根据龙口湾海域海流、悬浮泥沙等实测资料,利用Morlet小波分析与单宽悬沙通量机制分解法,分析了研究区悬浮泥沙浓度时空分布特征和变化规律,并探讨了悬浮泥沙的输运机制。研究结果表明,平面分布上,研究区的悬浮泥沙分布呈现人工岛外悬沙浓度大于岛内水道海域的分布特征;垂向上,各站位平均含沙量由底层向表层逐层递减,特征明显。悬浮泥沙浓度在潮周期的变化较为复杂,各站位悬浮泥沙浓度在单日内一般出现2～4次峰值;悬浮泥沙浓度峰值往往滞后于流速峰值0.5～2 h;悬浮泥沙浓度在时间上的变化以12～16 h尺度为主要周期。研究区单宽输沙通量主要介于2.64～24.68 gs~(-1)m~(-1);整体上呈现人工岛外海域悬沙通量高于人工岛内的平面分布格局。悬浮泥沙输运方向与潮致余流方向基本一致;受余流、地形、悬沙浓度等影响,各个输沙分项对输沙率的贡献相差较大,平流输运在悬沙输移中占绝对优势,其次为垂向净环流输沙。     

渤海表层悬沙的时空分布特征及其动力成因

针对目前渤海整个海域悬浮泥沙分布全貌的研究不充分。根据2000—2004年渤海表层悬浮泥沙分布特征选取7个典型海区,通过利用长时间序列悬沙质量浓度和风场遥感反演资料,在分析悬沙质量浓度与局地风速、物质来源等关系的基础上,定量研究风浪和潮流共同作用下、随季节显著变化的沉积物再悬浮过程,从而揭示整个渤海海域代表性海区悬沙质量浓度时空分布的动力成因。渤海不同海区表层悬沙质量浓度绝对值差别很大,多年平均最高质量浓度在20~450mg/L变化,高质量浓度集中在近岸河口区及其邻近海域,如黄河口和辽河口地区,低质量浓度区位于渤海中部、渤海海峡以及秦皇岛外海(属于近岸海域却质量浓度常年偏低的特殊海区)。渤海表层悬沙质量浓度具有明显的季节变化特征,风场的季节变化是主要影响因子,各代表性海区悬沙质量浓度与风速之间具有显著正相关关系。悬沙质量浓度与风速之间存在一定时间段的滞后相关。沉积物再悬浮的定量研究表明,除渤海海峡外,渤海其它典型海区表层悬沙质量浓度及其季节变化,均与各自海区风浪和潮流共同作用产生的最大底流速及其季节变化相对应。在渤海,底层沉积物再悬浮的季节变化是影响悬沙质量浓度季节变化最关键的动力过程。     

福宁湾海域冬季大潮期悬浮泥沙输运特征

基于2014年12月在福宁湾附近海域8个站位的同步水文泥沙观测资料,分析了冬季大潮期悬浮泥沙分布以及输运通量的变化规律,并结合理查森数、水体混合所需的势能、潮动力引起的水体势能变化率的计算结果,初步探讨了水体的垂向混合对于悬浮泥沙垂向分布的影响,研究了悬浮泥沙的输运机制。结果表明,从湾内到湾外,温度、盐度总体上呈现递增的趋势;平面上各站位悬浮泥沙浓度由湾内向湾外递减;潮周期内悬浮泥沙浓度变化存在不对称性,总体来说,湾内及湾口处(1#站除外)涨潮阶段悬浮泥沙浓度高,湾外(4#站除外)落潮阶段悬浮泥沙浓度较高。从湾内向湾外,随着水深的增加潮周期内水体的垂向混合逐渐减弱,悬沙浓度的垂向差异逐渐增大。悬浮泥沙输运在湾内及湾口整体表现为向陆输运,在湾外为向海输运。在湾内及湾口处,各分层悬浮泥沙的输运方向大多向陆,且量值较高,而湾外的悬浮泥沙输运方向在垂向上存在差异。由于潮流不对称以及悬浮泥沙的滞后效应引起的潮泵项输运对总的悬浮泥沙通量起主要贡献。     

渤海海峡悬浮体分布、通量及其季节变化

渤海海峡是渤黄海物质交换的重要通道,同时也是黄河入海泥沙向黄海搬运的必经路径。本文以2006—2009年渤海海峡8个站位四个季节的悬浮体、CTD数据为基础,将标准层悬浮体浓度数据与浊度数据对比获得高垂直分辨率的悬浮体浓度数据,分析其季节变化特征,并结合日均风场驱动的高精度数值模型模拟的渤海海峡流场,计算了四个季节渤海海峡悬浮体通量。结果表明,北黄海冷水团的入侵和退缩是渤海海峡温盐及其季节变化的重要特征之一,四季节流场特征均为"北进南出";渤海海峡中上层悬浮体浓度分布为海峡南部浓度高、北部浓度低,夏季海峡北部下层北黄海冷水团控制海域悬浮体浓度高于周围水体。春季、夏季、秋季、冬季悬浮体浓度依次增高。观测期间渤海海峡悬浮体的年净通量约为251.63万吨,其中输往黄海方向的悬浮体通量约占黄河年平均输沙量的4.27%。     

莱州湾海平面上升和潮差增大对工程设计标准的影响

通过对黄河口和莱州湾沿岸的实测潮位分析和不同时期渤海潮波的数值模拟,证明了黄河口和莱州湾的潮波随时间推移明显变化。黄河口泥沙大量沉积造成的海洋环境改变是导致潮波变化的主要原因。海平面上升也是引起潮波变化的原因之一。从不同时间的半日潮同潮图和潮汐调和常数可以明显地看出,莱州湾西部的潮汐性质正从半日潮混合潮性质向正规半日潮性质转变。由此引起的平均高高潮位、平均大潮差、平均低低潮位都有明显的增大趋势。沿     

Microbial Biomass and Organic Nutrients in the Deep-Sea Sediments of the Central Indian Ocean Basin

In order to assess the impact of deep-sea mining on the in situ benthic life, we measured the microbial standing stock and concentration of organic nutrients in the deep-sea sediments of the Central Indian Ocean Basin in the Indian pioneer area. Sediments were collected using box core and grab samples during September 1996. The total bacterial numbers ranged from 10 10 -10 11 cells per g -1 dry weight sediment. There was a marginal decrease in the number of bacteria from surface to 30 cm depth, though the subsurface section registered a higher number than did the surface. The highest numbers were encountered at depths of 4-8 cm. The retrievable number of bacteria were two orders less in comparison with the direct total counts of bacteria. An almost homogeneous distribution of bacteria, total organic carbon, living biomass, and lipids throughout the depth of cores indicates active microbial and benthic processes in the deep sea sediments. On the other hand, a uniform distribution of total counts of bacteria, carbohydrates, and total organic carbon in all the cores indicates their stable nature and suggests that they can serve as useful parameters for long-term monitoring of the area after the benthic disturbance. Further studies on temporal variability in this region would not only verify the observed norms of distribution of these variables but would also help to understand restabilization processes after the simulated benthic disturbance.     

海上大直径钢管桩打桩过程中桩周土强度弱化研究

海上大直径钢管桩打桩过程中,桩周土体受到强烈扰动而发生强度弱化,掌握桩周土体强度弱化规律对于准确预测打桩过程、保证工程安全具有重要意义。为研究土体强度弱化规律,开展了环剪试验模拟打桩对桩周土体的扰动,测试土体强度随剪切速率的变化规律,建立了描述土体强度弱化规律的拟合公式,引入到打桩分析软件中。研究结果表明：土体的强度折减程度不仅与土体本身的性质有关还受到土体的埋深和剪切速率的影响,埋深越深土体强度折减程度越低,剪切速率越高土体强度折减越高,在打桩分析中可采用这里推荐的线性折减方法来模拟不同深度处土体强度的折减规律。     

Geoacoustic Inversion via Genetic Algorithm and Its Application to Manganese Sediment Identification

An acoustic inversion method using a wide-band signal and two near field receivers is proposed and applied to multiple layered seabed models including a manganese sediment. The inversion problem can be formulated into a probabilistic model comprised of signals, a forward model, and additive noise. The forward model simulates wide-band signals, such as chirp signals, and is chosen to be the source-waveletconvolution plane wave modeling method. The wavelet matching technique, using weighted least-squares fitting, estimates the sediment sound-speed and thickness on which determination of the possible numerical ranges for a priori uniform distribution is based. The genetic algorithm is applied to a global optimization problem to find a maximum a posteriori solution for determined a priori search space. Here the object function is defined by an L 2 norm of the difference between measured and modeled signals. Not only the marginal pdf but also its statistics are calculated by numerical evaluation of integrals using the samples selected during importance sampling process of the genetic algorithm.     

Phylogenetic diversity and phenotypic characterization of cultivable bacterioplankton isolated from polar oceans

A set of 27 marine planktonic bacteria isolated from the polar regions was characterized by 16S rDNA sequencing and physiological and biochemical testing. More than half of these bacteria were positive for caseinase, gelatinase and 13-glucosidase, and could utilize glucose, maltose or malic acid as carbon source for cell growth. Twelve isolates expressed nitrate reduction activities. Except for one antarctic isolate BSwlO175 belonging to Actinobacteria phylum, these isolates were classified as γ-Proteobacteria, suggesting that γ-Proteobacteria dominated in cultivable marine bacterioplankton at both poles. Genus Pseudoalteromonas was the predominant group in the Chukchi Sea and the Bering Sea, and genus ShewaneUa dominated in cultivable bacterioplankton in the Prydz Bay. With sequence similarities above 97%, genus Psychrobacter was found at both poles. These 27 isolates were psychrotolerant, and significant 16S rDNA sequence similarities were found not only between arctic and antarctic marine bacteria （ 〉 99% ）, but also between polar marine bacteria and bacteria from other aquatic environments （ ≥ 98.8% ）, including temperate ocean, deep sea, pond and lake, suggesting that in the polar oceans less temperature-sensitive bacteria may be cosmopolitan and have a bipolar, even global, distribution at the species level.     

Deep-Sea Sediment Compression Curves: Some Controlling Factors, Spurious Overconsolidation, Predictions, and Geophysical Reproduction

Oedometer tests have been carried out on 70 undisturbed surficial clays (at approximately 250 mm below the mudline), mostly collected by free-fall corers from sites widely scattered throughout the deep-sea North Atlantic. Acoustic measurements were also made, initially on contiguous samples and ultimately on the same sample using a geophysically instrumented oedometer which also collected electrical resistivity data. Apart from those quiescent areas below the carbonate compensation depth, such as north of the West Indies where very fine clays exist, most of the samples are silty clays whose geotechnical-geophysical properties are dependent on the type of clay minerals present (and their ability to take in moisture), the sand-size fraction, and the quantity of carbonate present. Thus the pure clays have high compressibilities which decrease on the addition of coarse particles, while the converse is true for the acoustic parameters, these increasing with the sand fraction. Using the notion of the intrinsic compression line for all samples, and comparison to it of the measured compression curves, it is clear that, contrary to some previously held ideas, most deep-sea clays are normally consolidated; the addition of carbonate has the effect of creating an open, stronger sediment skeleton. Interestingly, where information is available, the variation with depth of a sample's acoustic velocity follows the void ratio pressure relationship of the compression curve. This allows the construction of an in-situ sediment compression curve using the in-situ geophysical observations.     

INFORMATION FOR AUTHORS

<正>Acta Oceanologica Sinica(AOS)is a comprehensive academic journal edited by the Editorial Committee of Acta Oceanologica Sinica and is designed to provide a forum for important research papers of the marine scientific community which reflect the information on a worldwide basis.The journal publishes scholarly papers on marine science and technology,including physics,chemistry,biology,     

Estimation of Sediment Properties during Benthic Impact Experiments

Sediment properties, such as water content and density, have been used to estimate the dry and wet weights, as well as the volume of sediment recovered and discharged, during benthic impact experiments conducted in the Pacific and Indian Oceans. The estimates show that the weights of dry (355-1332 t) and wet sediment (1651-4888 t) recovered during the experiments, are not only a function of the total duration and distance covered during the experiment, but also depend on water content and density of the sediment. Estimation of dry sediment and its volumetric ratio in the discharge, are key parameters for calculating the discharged volume. The estimated volume of wet sediment recovered (1427-4049 m 3 ) as well as discharged (2693-6951 m 3 ) during the experiments, provide important inputs to evaluate the sediment resettlement and migration. Using these estimates, the average depth of excavation on the seafloor, can also been calculated. However, the stages of sediment recovery and discharge are expressed differently in some of the experiments. In order to standardize these, different stages have been identified, and definitions of certain terms have been suggested, for use in the future. The methods of calculating different properties, as well as weight and volume of discharged sediment are described in the paper for use in other applications concerning deep-sea discharges.