干旱对青藏高原腹地高寒草地生态系统净CO2交换的影响

干旱对草地生态系统NEE有深刻影响。基于涡度相关技术提供的碳通量及小气候数据,研究了2009年当雄高寒草地生态系统的碳交换特征及其主控因子,同时分析了干旱的可能影响。5—7月初及9月发生的干旱导致草地GLAI、ALB和GPP较低,6月中旬到7月初碳吸收一度下降。干旱使6、7月份NEE日变化进程发生改变。同时,NEE和GPP的季节变化也受到干旱影响。由于干旱导致生态系统吸收能力降低,75]3日出现NEE日净碳排放最高值（0．9gCm-2d-1）。5-7月的NEE月总量均大于0,且逐月增加。该草地2009年的GPP和NEE分别为-158．1和52．4gCm。日均0〈01时,0成为影响白天NEE变化的主控因子。GLAI、r和目是3个对NEE季节变异影响最大的指标,且其影响程度依次降低。GPP季节变化的主控因子是GLAI、θ、PPT、VPD和瓦,生态系统水分状况（0、PPT或VPD）对GPP的影响大于T20。Rcco主要受控于t、GLAI、PAR和PPT,且其影响力依次降低。GLAI的季节变化可解释NEE和GPP变异的60．7％和76．1％。当雄高寒草地生态系统水分条件的年际变化可能是影响NEE年际变异的主要因子。     

施氮对高寒草甸草原植物群落和土壤养分的影响

于2013-2014年在青藏高原东缘测定了不同梯度施氮后植物群落特征、牧草营养和土壤质量的变化,并分析了施氮后的经济效益。结果表明:(1)施氮显著增加了各功能群植物的高度和禾本科功能群植物盖度,而对莎草科和豆科植物盖度无显著影响;施氮显著增加了禾本科、莎草科、豆科和植物群落生物量,降低了杂类草盖度和生物量,其中施肥量为30.86～38.58 g·m^-2时效果最为显著。(2)施氮显著增加了0～20 cm土层根系生物量;施氮当年显著增加了根冠比,施氮第2年根冠比无显著变化。(3)施氮不同程度降低了高寒草甸草原植物群落多样性,其中,施肥量在30.86～38.58 g·m^-2时最低。(4)施氮不同程度地提高了禾本科、莎草科和杂类草植物的粗蛋白含量,降低了各功能群植物纤维含量;施氮不同程度提高了高寒草甸草原土壤养分和有机碳含量,其中在施肥量为30.86～38.58 g·m^-2时最高。(5)施氮当年和第二年净收益均在施肥量为30.86 g·m^-2时最大,分别为1 860元·hm^-2和878元·hm^-2。施氮缓解了青藏高原东缘高寒草甸草原植物生长的营养限制,提高了可食牧草产量,30.86～38.58 g·m^-2可作为该区最佳施氮水平。     

The evapotranspiration and environmental controls of typical underlying surfaces on the Qinghai-Tibetan Plateau

To reveal the characteristics of evapotranspiration and environmental control factors of typical underlying surfaces(alpine wetland and alpine meadow)on the Qinghai-Tibetan Plateau,a comprehensive study was performed via in situ observations and remote sensing data in the growing season and non-growing season.Evapotranspiration was positively correlated with precipitation,the decoupling coefficient,and the enhanced vegetation index,but was energy-limited and mainly controlled by the vapor pressure deficit and solar radiation at an annual scale and growing season scale,respectively.Compared with the non-growing season,monthly evapotranspiration,equilibrium evaporation,and decoupling coefficient were greater in the growing season due to lower vegetation resistance and considerable precipitation.However,these factors were restricted in the alpine meadow.The decoupling factor was more sensitive to changes of conductance in the alpine wetland.This study is of great significance for understanding hydro-meteorological processes on the Qinghai-Tibetan Plateau.     

Driving forces of land use and land cover change (LUCC) in the Zoige Wetland, Qinghai-Tibetan Plateau

The Zoige Wetland is located in the northeastern Qinghai-Tibetan Plateau, which is highly sensitive to global environment change and human disturbance because of its high elevation and cold environment, thus, it’s a hotspot for land use and land cover change (LUCC) research. We used Landsat MSS images from 1975, Landsat ETM images from 2000, and Landsat TM images from 1990 and 2005 to assess the LUCC in the study area, using GIS techniques, as well as topographic, vegetation, and soil maps combined with field investigations. The monitoring result shows that the study area’s environment degraded rapidly between 1975 and 2005, including wetland shrinkage from 5,308 km² to 4,980 km², sandy land expansion from 112 km² to 137 km², forest land decreasing from 5,686 km² to 5,443 km², and grassland degradation from 12,309 km² to 10,672 km². According to the analysis of meteorological data and social-economic statistical data, we concluded that the LUCC in the Zoige Wetland was caused by both natural and anthropogenic factors, but human activities were primarily responsible for the observed LUCC, thereby, we suggest human behaviors must be adjusted to control environmental degradation.     

Variations of trace elements and rare earth elements (REEs) treated by two different methods for snow-pit samples on the Qinghai-Tibetan Plateau and their implications

Although previous investigations of the trace elements in snow and ice from the Qinghai-Tibetan Plateau obtained interesting information about pollution from human activities on the plateau, most were based on traditional acidification methods. To emphasize the influence of the different sample-preparation methods on the records of trace elements and rare earth elements, snow samples were collected from glaciers on the Qinghai-Tibetan Plateau in China and prepared using two methods: traditional acidification and total digestion. Concentrations of 18 trace elements (Al, Ti, Fe, Rb, Sr, Ba, V, Cr, Mn, Li, Cu, Co, Mo, Cs, Sb, Pb, Tl, and U), along with 14 rare earth elements (REEs: La, Ce, Pr, Nd, Sm, Eu, Gd, Tb, Dy, Ho, Er, Tm, Yb, and Lu), Y, and Th in the snow samples, were measured using inductively coupled plasma-sector field mass spectrometry (ICP-SFMS). The results showed that the mass fraction of the trace elements (defined as ratio of concentration in the acid-leachable fraction to that in the digested sample) such as Mo, Ti, Al, Rb, and V, varied from 0.06 to 0.5. The mass fraction of other trace elements varied from about 0.6 to more than 0.9; those of the REEs, Y, and Th varied from 0.34 to 0.75. Lower mass fractions will lead to an overestimated contribution of other sources, especially human activities, and the underestimated fluxes of these trace elements (especially REEs, Y, and Th, as well as dust) if the REEs are used as the proxy for the crust dust. The two sample-preparation methods exhibited different REE normalized distribution patterns, REE ratios, and provenance-tracing results. The REE normalized distribution patterns and proxies in the digested samples are more reliable and integrated than those found in traditional acidification method for dust-provenance tracing.     

The Effect of Higher Warming on Vegetation Indices and Biomass Production is Dampened by Greater Drying in an Alpine Meadow on the Northern Tibetan Plateau

In order to understand whether or not the response of vegetation indices and biomass production to warming varies with warming magnitude, an experiment of field warming at two magnitudes was conducted in an alpine meadow on the northern Tibetan Plateau beginning in late June, 2013. The normalized difference vegetation index (NDVI), green normalized difference vegetation index (GNDVI) and soil adjusted vegetation index (SAVI) data were obtained using a Tetracam Agricultural Digital Camera in 2013-2014. The gross primary production (GPP) and aboveground plant biomass (AGB) were modeled using the surface measured NDVI and climatic data during the growing seasons (i.e. June-September) in 2013-2014. Both low and high warming significantly increased air temperature by 1.54 and 4.00°C, respectively, and significantly increased vapor pressure deficit by 0.13 and 0.31 kPa, respectively, in 2013-2014. There were no significant differences of GNDVI, AGB and ANPP among the three warming treatments. The high warming significantly reduced average NDVI by 23.3% (-0.06), while the low warming did not affect average NDVI. The low and high warming significantly decreased average SAVI by 19.0% (-0.04) and 27.4% (-0.05), respectively, and average GPP by 24.2% (i.e. 0.21 g C m^-2 d^-1) and 44.0% (i.e. 0.39 g C m^-2 d^-1), respectively. However, the differences of the average NDVI, SAVI, and GPP between low and high warming were negligible. Our findings suggest that a greater drying may dampen the effect of a higher warming on vegetation indices and biomass production in alpine meadow on the northern Tibetan Plateau.     

黄土高原植被覆盖变化对生态系统服务影响及其阈值

黄土高原是退耕还林工程的核心区域,是中国生态恢复成效最显著的区域。明确黄土高原植被恢复对生态系统服务的影响,识别植被影响的阈值效应,是学术研究和管理实践共同的需求。然而,目前相关研究仍存在研究空缺,特别是在区域尺度对生态系统服务随植被变化阈值进行识别的研究较少。本文选择植被覆盖度（FVC）为指标表征2000—2015年黄土高原植被恢复情况,以土壤保持服务、产水服务和碳固定服务为指标表征研究区生态系统服务情况,对二者的时空变化及交互作用进行分析,评估植被覆盖变化对生态系统服务的影响,并对影响的阈值进行定量识别。结果显示：① 2000—2015年黄土高原植被显著恢复;生态系统服务变化差异明显,碳固定服务明显增强,土壤保持服务得到一定改善,产水服务较为稳定。② 植被覆盖变化与生态系统服务变化的相关程度存在差异,植被覆盖与碳固定服务的关联性最强,其次为土壤保持服务。③ 植被覆盖增加能够促进区域生态系统服务总体提升,但促进作用存在阈值效应。植被覆盖影响的阈值在林地区、林地—草地区、草地区和草地—沙漠区分别为44%、32%、34%和34%,超过上述阈值,植被覆盖增加的促进作用趋于减弱。     

土壤含水量、种植模式和丁香酚对土壤微生物种群结构的影响

盆栽试验了田间持水量(45%、60%、75%)、种植模式和小麦根系分泌物丁香酚对小麦、蚕豆下土壤微生物种群结构的影响。结果表明:间作土壤中细菌、真菌和放线菌数量较单作加权平均有所减少,但间作化感促进作用和土壤微生物多样性均大于单作加权平均,且丁香酚对单作小麦和小麦间作蚕豆土壤微生物数量表现出明显的化感促进作用,在丁香酚处理下间作土壤中3种菌类数量较单作加权平均分别提高95.9%、8.8%和99.6%,但对单作蚕豆土壤微生物数量表现为化感抑制作用;随着供水水平的增加,单作小麦化感促进作用增强,单作蚕豆化感抑制作用减弱,间作化感促进作用在60%相对含水量以下随供水水平增加而增强,超过60%后随供水水平增加而减弱。丁香酚处理下间作土壤微生物多样性指数在小麦拔节期、灌浆期和成熟期比单作加权平均提高74.3%、96.1%和134.0%,且在单作小麦和间作群体下在60%相对含水量以下随供水水平增加而提高,超过60%后随供水水平增加而降低,单作蚕豆则随供水水平增加而持续降低。因此,利用间作和灌水水平的控制可充分挖掘根系分泌物对土壤微生物数量和多样性的化感促进作用。     

青藏高原高寒草地净初级生产力(NPP)时空分异

基于1982-2009 年间的遥感数据和野外台站生态实测数据,利用遥感生产力模型(CASA模型) 估算青藏高原高寒草地植被净初级生产力(NPP),分别从地带属性(自然地带、海拔高程、经纬度)、流域、行政区域(县级) 等方面对其时空变化过程进行分析,阐述了1982 年以来青藏高原高寒草地植被NPP的时空格局与变化特征。结果表明:① 青藏高原高寒草地NPP多年均值的空间分布表现为由东南向西北逐渐递减;1982-2009 年间,青藏高原高寒草地的年均总NPP为177.2×10¹² gC·yr^-1,单位面积年均植被NPP为120.8 gC·m^-2yr^-1;② 研究时段内,青藏高原高寒草地年均NPP 在112.6~129.9 gC·m^-2yr^-1 间,呈波动上升的趋势,增幅为13.3%;NPP 增加的草地占草地总面积的32.56%、减少的占5.55%;③ 青藏高原多数自然地带内的NPP呈增加趋势,仅阿里山地半荒漠、荒漠地带NPP呈轻微减低趋势,其中高寒灌丛草甸地带和草原地带的NPP增长幅度明显大于高寒荒漠地带;年均NPP增加面积比随着海拔升高呈现"升高—稳定—降低"的特点,而降低面积比则呈现"降低—稳定—升高"的特征;④ 各主要流域草地年均植被NPP均呈现增长趋势,其中黄河流域增长趋势显著且增幅最大。植被NPP和盖度及生长季时空变化显示,青藏高原高寒草地生态系统健康状况总体改善局部恶化。     

基于遥感与SRTM的青藏高原冰缘地貌信息提取方法——以1 ∶ 100万标准分幅拉萨幅(H46)为例

根据模型和分布函数,本文首先依据多年平均气温、地温和SRTM等数据对研究区域冰缘地貌的分布范围进行分别提取,并利用遥感数据和人工解译方式对其进行了修正。在此基础上,采用一定指标,利用SRTM数据对冰缘地貌次级类型(如起伏度、海拔高度和坡度等)进行了提取,从而完成研究区域冰缘地貌信息的提取。研究结果表明:①研究区域冰缘地貌总面积约5.15×10⁴km²,主要分布在研究区域的西北部和西南部,另外在东北部也有少量分布;通过提取,研究区域中最重要的冰缘地貌类型是冰缘作用的中起伏缓极高山,面积约0.82×10⁴km²,分布范围较广。②冰缘地貌的分布与海拔高度、气温和地温等有密切的关系,基于此提取的结果可为冰缘地貌的解译提供一定的参考;由于青藏高原气象站点较少,数据精度较低,自动提取精度受到很大限制,因此进行人工解译修正是非常重要和必不可少的。     

广州市社区出行低碳指数格局及其影响因素的空间异质性

通过构建社区出行低碳指数（CTLCI）模型,对广州市社区出行低碳指数的空间格局及其差异特征进行了分析,并利用全局回归（OLS）模型和地理加权回归（GWR）模型对社区出行低碳指数的影响因素以及其间关系的空间异质性进行了研究。结果表明,广州市社区出行低碳指数由中心城区向外逐渐递增,呈明显的圈层结构。内圈层的社区出行低碳指数内部差异最小,中间过渡圈层的最大。社区人口密度对社区出行低碳指数的影响以正向作用为主,公共交通供给水平和路网密集程度对社区出行低碳指数的影响以负向作用为主,且它们的影响作用具有空间异质性。具体指出了在不同地域空间内社区人口密度、公共交通供给水平和路网密集程度对社区出行低碳指数在影响程度和作用方向上的差异,为减少广州城市交通碳排放、针对不同空间制定有效的低碳政策和构建低碳城市空间结构提供了科学依据。