国内外CO2地质封存潜力评价方法研究现状

碳捕集与封存(Carbon Capture and Storage,CCS)技术作为缓解全球气候变暖、减少CO2排放的有效路径之一,其潜力评估至关重要。目前CCS技术主要包括CO2强化石油(天然气)开采封存技术、CO2驱替煤层气封存技术以及咸水层CO2封存技术3类。各类封存技术利用了不同的封存机制,其潜力评估方法也略有差别。油气藏封存和咸水层封存主要利用了构造圈闭储存、束缚空间储存、溶解储存、矿化储存等封存机制,煤层气封存主要利用了吸附封存机制。国内外学者和机构针对各类封存技术提出了相应的计算方法,依据其计算原理可归纳为4类: 物质平衡封存量计算法、有效容积封存量计算法、溶解机制封存量计算法以及考虑多种捕获机制的综合封存量计算法。通过对各类经典方法及其计算原理进行综述,剖析潜力封存量计算方法的内涵原理和应用场景,分析了CO2地质封存潜力评价方法在实际应用中面临的问题,有助于提升我国的CCS潜力评价质量。     

深部煤层封存CO_2的地质主控因素探讨

目前世界上多数国家都以CO2捕获和封存作为CO2减排的有效措施之一。向深部不可采煤层中封存CO2能一举两得,既可实现CO2减排的目的,又能置换出煤层甲烷气体。从实验室研究角度出发,分析了煤级、温度、压力、水分及氮气对煤吸附CH4、CO2的影响,并结合煤层气开发选区评价方法,探讨了影响煤层封存CO2的地质主控因素,认为煤种、煤厚、煤层埋深、渗透率是主要控制因素,而地质构造、水文地质、甲烷气含量等为次一级控制因素。综合分析认为,我国煤层封存CO2的潜力很大,而华北地区是深部煤层封存CO2的首选地区。     

CO2地质封存三维地质结构建模与表征研究进展

碳捕集、利用与封存(CCUS)技术在快速、大规模地减排二氧化碳和实现我国"碳达峰"和"碳中和"的"双碳"目标等方面具有非常重要的应用价值。CCUS技术的成功实施离不开对目标封存场址的储层、盖层及地质结构的精细描述与定量刻画, 因此, 亟需对CO2地质封存场址的三维地质结构进行精细化建模和透明化表征。本文简要阐述了三维地质建模技术在CCUS工程应用中的研究进展, 归纳了适用于CCUS技术的三维地质结构透明化表征方法和流程, 指出了目前三维地质建模精度和效率等与CCUS实践需求不适应的问题, 并提出了针对性的建议, 为推动我国CCUS领域三维地质建模和结构表征方法的研究与软件开发提供了重要的理论和技术支撑。     

CO2强化煤层气产出与其同步封存实验研究

长期以来针对CO₂-ECBM已做了大量研究工作,然而有限的工业试验没能达到预期目的,使得这一煤层气强化技术推广应用欠缺。近些年随着各国碳中和路线的制定,CO₂封存逐渐受到重视,煤储层可否作为CO₂的封存空间、可否实现CO₂驱替CH₄和封存同步进行,又重新回归人们的视野。为此,以新疆准南区块目标煤层样为研究对象,采用不同CO₂与CH₄混合比例气体进行煤的吸附/解吸实验,探索混合气体比例对CO₂-ECBM和CO₂吸附封存潜力的影响。结果表明,随着混合气体CO₂比例减少,CH₄驱替效果降低,其中40%CH₄+60%CO₂混合气体的CO₂残余量最多,在解吸至0.7 MPa时已有83.05%的CH₄产出,而83.62%的CO₂吸附残余在煤中,表明其C...     

海洋直接注入CO2封存技术方法综述

人类活动造成的CO₂排放是全球气候变暖面临的主要挑战之一。CO₂封存有望成为全世界减少碳排放份额最大的单项技术。海洋碳捕获、利用和封存(OCCUS)可以在较短时间内提供最大的碳封存能力,与其他地质封存方法相比更加安全有效。而且,多相态形式的CO₂(气态、液态、固态和水合物)可以在海洋纵深尺度上实现直接注入。海洋碳封存是一项发展潜力巨大、优势明显的新兴碳封存技术,是实现大规模碳减排的重要措施之一,具有广阔的应用前景。因此,笔者等系统地阐述了海洋CO₂直接注入、封存(OCS)的基本原理、技术现状、监测与评估,以及环境方面的影响,并对高效CO₂注入技术,CO₂泄漏的检测、防范与补救技术,以及海洋碳封存的生态后效等方面进行了展望。     

CO2地质封存盖层密闭性研究现状与进展

CO₂地质封存是应对全球性气候变化、减排温室气体的关键技术之一。大规模CO₂注入地层容易出现泄漏问题,尤其是通过盖层的泄漏,包括毛细管泄漏、盖层水力破裂和沿盖层既有断层的泄漏等。因此,盖层密闭性评价对CO₂地质封存长期安全稳定性的预测至关重要的。通过对密闭机理、影响因素、破坏模式等影响CO₂地质封存盖层密闭性的研究现状进行总结,发现盖层密闭机理包括毛细管封闭、水力封闭和超压封闭,影响盖层密闭性的主要因素有盖层岩性、盖地比特征、盖层厚度、盖层岩石力学性质和封存压力,进而对CO₂注入过程中盖层密闭性的破坏模式进行评价,并对盖层密闭性研究的不足提出了一些见解。     

海上CO2地质封存监测现状及建议

海上二氧化碳(CO₂)地质封存是中国应对滨海地区温室气体排放的重要举措,是实现“碳达峰、碳中和”目标不可或缺的关键技术。中国沿海地区工业发达、碳源丰富,近海盆地具有良好的储盖层物性和圈闭特征,封存潜力巨大,目前中国首个海上CO₂地质封存示范工程已在南海珠江口盆地正式启动。CO₂监测作为CCUS技术的重要组成部分,贯穿CO₂地质封存的全生命周期,是确保封存工程安全性和合理性的必要手段。然而,中国海上CO₂地质封存技术处于起步阶段,海上监测任务颇具挑战。文章回顾了国际上海上CO₂地质封存的相关代表性研究工作以及示范项目案例,对监测指标、技术、监测方案等进行分析,提出海上CO₂地质封存监测技术筛选优化方法和监测建议,旨在为中国海上CO₂地质封存示范项目的开展提供参考依据。     

AVOA技术在CO2地质封存地球物理监测技术中的应用

AVOA技术在CO2地质封存地球物理监测技中的应用基础理论,AVOA分析可以一定程度上反演储层弹性参数,以及流体分布状况,更重要是AVOA理论建立在各向异性介质理论基础上,更加符合地质状况,CO2地质封存过长中,储层中的流体发生变化,引起了储层弹性参数的变化,通过AVOA正反演可以预测储层流体分布,观测CO2是否扩散,是否摆脱盖层的封闭作用而泄露。可以帮助地质学家评估CO2封存的安全性[4]。     

咸水层CO2地质封存地下利用空间评估方法研究

咸水层CO2地质封存技术是我国实现碳中和目标的重要支撑技术,也是一项深部地下空间开发利用技术。咸水层CO2地质封存工程利用的深部地下空间,需要在确定CO2羽流、扰动边界和经济因素“三级边界”的基础上进行综合评估。以我国唯一的深部咸水层CO2地质封存项目——国家能源集团鄂尔多斯碳捕集与封存(Carbon Capture and Storage, CCS)示范工程为实例,基于封存场地储层CO2羽流监测以及扰动边界的推断预测结果综合评估,认为示范工程平面上4个1'×1'经纬度范围可作为地下利用空间平面边界,垂向上以纸坊组顶界(深度约958 m)为地下封存体顶部边界,以深度2 800 m为底板封隔层底界。提出的咸水层CO2地质封存地下利用空间评估方法,能够为未来封存工程地下利用空间审批与监管提供一定参考,但也需要进一步结合已有法律法规及规模化封存工程实践完善提升。     

玄武岩CO2矿化封存潜力评估方法研究现状及展望

二氧化碳地质封存是实现减排增汇的重要技术选择,能够将CO₂长期、安全地封存在地下岩层中。常规的CO₂封存地质体包括地下深部咸水层和枯竭油气藏,玄武岩是近年来逐渐受关注的新一类CO₂封存地质体,进一步丰富和拓展了CO₂地质封存的技术手段和碳汇潜力。封存潜力评估是CO₂地质封存技术发展的重要基础工作之一,文章系统梳理国内外玄武岩矿化封存潜力的评价方法,对比分析各类方法的原理机制和应用情景,并以冰岛活动裂谷带玄武岩为例应用、对比各类方法。研究认为目前玄武岩矿化封存潜力评估方法一般包括三类：(1)单位矿化法：基于玄武岩单位体积或单位反应面积的固碳量开展潜力评估;(2)矿物置换法：基于玄武岩中可固碳矿物的总量开展封存潜力评估;(3)孔隙充填法：基于CO₂矿化后产生次生矿物所占岩石孔隙体积比例的上限值开展封存潜力评估。单位矿化法的评估数据需进行系统的实验分析,增加了潜力评估的难度。当玄武岩储层孔隙度较大、可固碳矿物含量相对较小时,矿物置换法较为合适;反之,孔隙充填法更...     

Gas geochemistry of natural analogues for the studies of geological CO2 sequestration

Geological sequestration of anthropogenic CO₂ appears to be a promising method for reducing the amount of greenhouse gases released to the atmosphere. Geochemical modelling of the storage capacity for CO₂ in saline aquifers, sandstones and/or carbonates should be based on natural analogues both in situ and in the laboratory. The main focus of this paper has been to study natural gas emissions representing extremely attractive surrogates for the study and prediction of the possible consequences of leakage from geological sequestration sites of anthropogenic CO₂ (i.e., the return to surface, potentially causing localised environmental problems). These include a comparison among three different Italian case histories: (i) the Solfatara crater (Phlegraean Fields caldera, southern Italy) is an ancient Roman spa. The area is characterised by intense and diffuse hydrothermal activity, testified by hot acidic mud pools, thermal springs and a large fumarolic field. Soil gas flux measurements show that the entire area discharges between 1200 and 1500 tons of CO₂ per day; (ii) the Panarea Island (Aeolian Islands, southern Italy) where a huge submarine volcanic-hydrothermal gas burst occurred in November, 2002. The submarine gas emissions chemically modified seawater causing a strong modification of the marine ecosystem. All of the collected gases are CO₂-dominant (maximum value: 98.43 vol.%); (iii) the Tor Caldara area (Central Italy), located in a peripheral sector of the quiescent Alban Hills volcano, along the faults of the Ardea Basin transfer structure. The area is characterised by huge CO₂ degassing both from water and soil. Although the above mentioned areas do not represent a storage scenario, these sites do provide many opportunities to study near-surface processes and to test monitoring methodologies.     

深部煤层CO2注入过程中煤体积参数变化的模拟实验

CO₂注入煤层会改造储层孔裂隙结构,对提高CO₂埋藏和强化甲烷抽采能力产生重要影响。为探究CO₂注入后的煤体结构演化规律,选择山西沁水盆地寺河矿无烟煤和新源矿焦煤样品进行模拟实验,通过测试并分析CO₂注入前后煤体积参数的变化,得到以下结论：CO₂的注入可以溶蚀煤中矿物,增加连通孔隙体积并引起有机质的膨胀;矿物溶蚀对孔隙体积变化的贡献不显著,却导致大量封闭孔转换为连通孔,其中大于40μm的大孔孔隙体积增幅最大;有机质的膨胀量较大,其对孔隙的挤压作用可能会降低煤体的连通性;CO₂注入对煤体结构的改造作用受煤级和模拟埋深条件的共同影响。     

CO2-water-basalt interaction. Numerical simulation of low temperature CO2 sequestration into basalts

The interaction between CO₂-rich waters and basaltic glass was studied using reaction path modeling in order to get insight into the water-rock reaction process including secondary mineral composition, water chemistry and mass transfer as a function of CO₂ concentration and reaction progress (ξ). The calculations were carried out at 25-90 °C and pCO₂ to 30 bars and the results were compared to recent experimental observations and natural systems. A thermodynamic dataset was compiled from 25 to 300 °C in order to simulate mineral saturations relevant to basalt alteration in CO₂-rich environment including revised key aqueous species for mineral dissolution reactions and apparent Gibbs energies for clay and carbonate solid solutions observed to form in nature. The dissolution of basaltic glass in CO₂-rich waters was found to be incongruent with the overall water composition and secondary mineral formation depending on reaction progress and pH. Under mildly acid conditions in CO₂ enriched waters (pH <6.5), SiO₂ and simple Al-Si minerals, Ca-Mg-Fe smectites and Ca-Mg-Fe carbonates predominated. Iron, Al and Si were immobile whereas the Mg and Ca mobility depended on the mass of carbonate formed and water pH. Upon quantitative CO₂ mineralization, the pH increased to >8 resulting in Ca-Mg-Fe smectite, zeolites and calcite formation, reducing the mobility of most dissolved elements. The dominant factor determining the reaction path of basalt alteration and the associated element mobility was the pH of the water. In turn, the pH value was determined by the concentration of CO₂ and extent of reaction. The composition of the carbonates depended on the mobility of Ca, Mg and Fe. At pH <6.5, Fe was in the ferrous oxidation state resulting in the formation of Fe-rich carbonates with the incorporation of Ca and Mg. At pH >8, the mobility of Fe and Mg was limited due to the formation of clays whereas Ca was incorporated into calcite, zeolites and clays. Competing reactions between clays (Ca-Fe smectites) and carbonates at low pH, and zeolites and clays (Mg-Fe smectites) and carbonates at high pH, controlled the availability of Ca, Mg and Fe, playing a key role for low temperature CO₂ mineralization and sequestration into basalts. Several problems of the present model point to the need of improvement in future work. The determinant factors linking time to low temperature reaction path modeling may not only be controlled by the primary dissolving phase, which presents challenges concerning non-stoichiometric dissolution, the leached layer model and reactive surface area, but may include secondary mineral precipitation kinetics as rate limiting step for specific reactions such as retrieved from the present reaction path study.     

Oxygen isotope exchange between H2O and CO2 at elevated CO2 pressures: Implications for monitoring of geological CO2 storage

Traditionally, the application of stable isotopes in Carbon Capture and Storage (CCS) projects has focused on δ¹³C values of CO₂ to trace the migration of injected CO₂ in the subsurface. More recently the use of δ¹⁸O values of both CO₂ and reservoir fluids has been proposed as a method for quantifying in situ CO₂ reservoir saturations due to O isotope exchange between CO₂ and H₂O and subsequent changes in δ¹⁸O_H2O values in the presence of high concentrations of CO₂. To verify that O isotope exchange between CO₂ and H₂O reaches equilibrium within days, and that δ¹⁸O_H2O values indeed change predictably due to the presence of CO₂, a laboratory study was conducted during which the isotope composition of H₂O, CO₂, and dissolved inorganic C (DIC) was determined at representative reservoir conditions (50 °C and up to 19 MPa) and varying CO₂ pressures. Conditions typical for the Pembina Cardium CO₂ Monitoring Pilot in Alberta (Canada) were chosen for the experiments. Results obtained showed that δ¹⁸O values of CO₂ were on average 36.4 ± 2.2‰ (1σ, n = 15) higher than those of water at all pressures up to and including reservoir pressure (19 MPa), in excellent agreement with the theoretically predicted isotope enrichment factor of 35.5‰ for the experimental temperatures of 50 °C. By using ¹⁸O enriched water for the experiments it was demonstrated that changes in the δ¹⁸O values of water were predictably related to the fraction of O in the system sourced from CO₂ in excellent agreement with theoretical predictions. Since the fraction of O sourced from CO₂ is related to the total volumetric saturation of CO₂ and water as a fraction of the total volume of the system, it is concluded that changes in δ¹⁸O values of reservoir fluids can be used to calculate reservoir saturations of CO₂ in CCS settings given that the δ¹⁸O values of CO₂ and water are sufficiently distinct.     

基于灰色关联分析法的松辽盆地CO_2地质储存适宜性评价

松辽盆地是中国主要的能源基地,随着中国振兴东北老工业基地政策的实施,如何应对工业和经济发展带来的CO_2排放量的增加,将成为亟需解决的问题。在盆地内进行CO_2地质储存将成为盆地内解决该问题的主要技术选择之一。以松辽盆地为研究对象,在深入分析松辽盆地CO_2地质储存条件的基础上,从储存规模、储存安全性和社会环境风险及经济适宜性4个方面综合考虑,构建了由16个指标组成的松辽盆地CO_2地质储存适宜性评价指标体系,利用灰色关联分析法对松辽盆地33个二级构造单元进行了盆地级适宜性评价工作,评价结果为进一步场地级目标靶区的筛选提供了科技支撑。     

CO2地质封存与利用示范工程进展及典型案例分析

CO₂地质封存与利用工程实施具有十分可观的CO₂减排效果,推行CO₂地质封存与利用项目对于缓解全球气候变暖、践行我国可持续发展战略具有重要意义。梳理了目前主要的CO₂地质封存与利用方式,统计了全球范围内的CO₂地质封存与利用示范工程,重点介绍了我国典型CO₂地质封存与利用示范工程案例,并对CO₂地质封存与利用技术发展趋势进行了展望。目前,CO₂地质封存与利用方式主要包括CO₂驱油封存、CO₂驱替煤层气封存、CO₂咸水层封存、CO₂枯竭油气藏封存、CO₂驱替页岩气封存、CO₂深部咸水层封存与采水、CO₂封存与增强型地热发电、CO₂封存与铀矿地浸开采等;国内外在CO₂驱油封存、CO₂咸水层封存以及CO...     

CO2-H2O mixtures in the geological sequestration of CO2. II. Partitioning in chloride brines at 12-100°C and up to 600 bar

Correlations presented by Spycher et al. (2003) to compute the mutual solubilities of CO₂ and H₂O are extended to include the effect of chloride salts in the aqueous phase. This is accomplished by including, in the original formulation, activity coefficients for aqueous CO₂ derived from several literature sources, primarily for NaCl solutions. Best results are obtained when combining the solubility correlations of Spycher et al. (2003) with the activity coefficient formulation of Rumpf et al. (1994) and Duan and Sun (2003), which can be extended to chloride solutions other than NaCl. This approach allows computing mutual solubilities in a noniterative manner with an accuracy typically within experimental uncertainty for solutions up to 6 molal NaCl and 4 molal CaCl₂.     

低渗煤层注CO2增抽瓦斯数值模拟与应用

针对低渗透性煤层瓦斯抽采难度大、抽采效率低等问题,基于CO₂-CH₄多组分气体竞争吸附作用,开展了注CO₂提高煤层瓦斯抽采率数值模拟与试验研究。首先,建立了考虑气-水两相流与Klinkenberg效应的煤层注CO₂促抽瓦斯流-固耦合模型,利用COMSOL软件进行了煤层注CO₂后煤层瓦斯压力、瓦斯含量和瓦斯抽采率等参数变化规律,并应用于工程试验。结果表明：构建的气-水两相流瓦斯抽采流-固耦合数学模型可靠、合理;注入CO₂抽采煤层气瓦斯压力、瓦斯含量均比未注入CO₂抽采下降速率快;现场试验后,注气抽采条件下瓦斯抽采浓度平均值是未注气条件下的2.02倍,瓦斯抽采纯量是后者的3倍。煤层注入CO₂气体后,瓦斯抽采量增加,显著促进了煤层瓦斯抽采。     

超临界CO2注入煤层对顶板岩石纵波速度及力学响应特征研究

深部煤层CO₂地质封存与CH₄强化开采(CO₂–ECBM)技术在提高煤层气采收率的同时可实现碳减排,具有能源和环境双重效益。超临界CO₂(ScCO₂)、水和煤层顶板之间的地球化学反应可改变其物理力学性质,增加CO₂泄漏的风险。以沁水盆地胡底煤矿3号煤层顶板岩石为研究对象,开展“ScCO₂–水–岩”地球化学反应模拟实验,探讨CO₂煤层封存条件下ScCO₂–水–顶板岩样地球化学反应过程及其对岩石纵波速度和力学性质的影响。结果表明:ScCO₂–水–岩之间化学溶蚀反应造成岩样Ca、Mg元素显著降低,促使岩样表面形成孤立状溶蚀孔,并随着反应时间的持续,进而形成大量的“溶蚀坑”和“溶蚀缝”;增加了岩样结构不连续性,使得声波传播路径增大、能量损失加剧,导致纵波波速降低;ScCO₂–水–岩反应后岩样的峰值强度和弹性模量降低,泊松比升高,且三者之间的变化率与反应时间之间呈现Logistic函数的变化关系。对于胡底煤矿而言,ScCO₂–水–岩反应过程中顶板力学性质的弱化不足以造成盖层的破裂和CO₂泄漏,但在评价煤层CO₂封存安全性时,还应考虑煤层吸附膨胀应力对顶板的影响。      

CO2-H2O mixtures in the geological sequestration of CO2. I. Assessment and calculation of mutual solubilities from 12 to 100°C and up to 600 bar

Evaluating the feasibility of CO₂ geologic sequestration requires the use of pressure-temperature-composition (P-T-X) data for mixtures of CO₂ and H₂O at moderate pressures and temperatures (typically below 500 bar and below 100°C). For this purpose, published experimental P-T-X data in this temperature and pressure range are reviewed. These data cover the two-phase region where a CO₂-rich phase (generally gas) and an H₂O-rich liquid coexist and are reported as the mutual solubilities of H₂O and CO₂ in the two coexisting phases. For the most part, mutual solubilities reported from various sources are in good agreement. In this paper, a noniterative procedure is presented to calculate the composition of the compressed CO₂ and liquid H₂O phases at equilibrium, based on equating chemical potentials and using the Redlich-Kwong equation of state to express departure from ideal behavior. The procedure is an extension of that used by King et al. (1992), covering a broader range of temperatures and experimental data than those authors, and is readily expandable to a nonideal liquid phase. The calculation method and formulation are kept as simple as possible to avoid degrading the performance of numerical models of water-CO₂ flows for which they are intended. The method is implemented in a computer routine, and inverse modeling is used to determine, simultaneously, (1) new Redlich-Kwong parameters for the CO₂-H₂O mixture, and (2) aqueous solubility constants for gaseous and liquid CO₂ as a function of temperature. In doing so, mutual solubilities of H₂O from 15 to 100°C and CO₂ from 12 to 110°C and up to 600 bar are generally reproduced within a few percent of experimental values. Fugacity coefficients of pure CO₂ are reproduced mostly within one percent of published reference data.