2014年夏季南海北部超微型浮游植物分布及环境因子影响

利用流式细胞仪BD Accuri C6对2014年夏季南海北部超微型浮游植物进行了现场的观测研究,发现了3类超微型光合自养浮游植物,聚球藻(Synechococcus,Syn)、原绿球藻(Prochlorococcus,Pro)和超微型真核藻类(pico-eukaryotes,Euk),并对其丰度与分布以及环境因子影响进行了研究。结果表明,Syn、Pro和Euk丰度总平均值分别为5.13×103个/mL,3.27×104个/mL和1.85×103个/mL,碳生物量均值分别为1.19μg/L,1.86μg/L和4.51μg/L。Syn、Pro和Euk的丰度表现出不同的分布特征。Syn、Pro和Euk丰度分布趋势呈现近海低而外海高,Syn和Euk丰度高值区分别出现在沿岸带与陆架和上升流影响海域,Pro丰度高值区出现在沿岸带与陆架,低值区出现在上升流影响海域。Syn、Euk丰度高值区主要分布在次表层,Pro丰度高值区主要分布在真光层底部,Euk丰度垂直变化差异相对Syn和Pro较小。超微型浮游植物与环境因子的相关性分析结果表明,Syn、Pro和Euk的碳生物量均与硝酸盐、硅酸盐浓度和深度呈现负相关关系,Pro的碳生物量与磷酸盐浓度呈现正相关关系。     

夏季南黄海主要环境因子对微微型浮游生物分布影响

利用流式细胞技术, 获取南黄海夏季微微型浮游生物丰度数据, 分析了其组成和分布规律, 并探讨了主要的影响因子。2011年夏季, 聚球藻、微微型真核藻、异养细菌在整个调查海区的平均丰度分别在1×104、1×103、1×106 cells/mL数量级上。在全调查海区, 聚球藻和微微型真核藻受温度和光照的限制明显, 主要集中分布在温跃层及其以上水层;而营养盐的限制较小, 它们的影响只有在沿岸流影响明显的西部海区才能较为明显的体现出来。结果表明在该海域浓度较高的营养盐能够促进微微型浮游生物的生长, 但不是其限制因素;异养细菌受环境因子限制较小, 即使在深海也保持着较高的丰度。     

南海北部微微型光合浮游生物的丰度及环境调控

1999年夏季首次在南海北部海域进行了微微型光合浮游生物(photosynthetic picoplankton)的观测研究,发现了聚球藻(Synechococcus,Syn)、原绿球藻(Prochlorococcus,Pro)和真核球藻(Eukaryotes,Euk)3类微微型光合浮游生物存在,并对其丰度与分布及其环境调控机制进行了研究.结果表明,研究海区Syn,Pro和Euk丰度的总平均值分别为(5.0±7.6)×104,(4.6±4.2)×104和(1.8±1.1)×103个/cm3,Syn种群丰度的高值大多出现在营养盐丰富的雷州半岛及海南岛东部海域的河口、沿岸带与陆架,北部湾次之,是陆坡和开阔海的数十分之一;其水层分布主要在跃层以上,跃层以下其值迅速降低,发现Pro存在两个不同种群:表层种群和深层种群,前者分布型式与Syn相似,后者的分布型式迥然不同,其丰度向营养盐贫瘠的外海、陆坡和开阔海显著增高;同时发现Pro水层分布的高值主要出现在真光层的底部,并往往出现在硝酸盐跃层之上,Euk在不同海域的分布差异不如Syn和Pro来得大,但仍以沿岸带与陆架为高,陆坡与开阔海较低,水层分布的高值大多出现在真光层的底部,而且它是对次表层叶绿素a极大值的主要贡献者,这些分布型式的差异,取决于环境的调控和3类生物生态生理适应的差异.研究海区Syn,Pro和Euk 3类微微型光合浮游生物对微微型光合浮游生物生态生理适应的差异.研究海区Syn,Pro和Euk3类微微型光合浮游生物对微微型光合浮游生物群落总丰度的贡献分别为50.996,47.3%和1.8%.     

热带西太平洋M4海山超微型浮游生物的生态分布特点

获取并分析了2017年8月热带西太平洋M4海山水体中的超微型浮游生物样品,根据流式细胞术的散射光和荧光信号,检测到M4海山各水层中普遍存在四个超微型自养浮游生物类群(聚球藻、原绿球藻、微微型真核浮游生物、微型真核浮游生物)和两个超微型异养原核生物类群(低核酸含量和高核酸含量异养原核生物)。聚球藻丰度高值出现在100m以浅;原绿球藻和微微型真核浮游生物丰度高值区在深层叶绿素最大值附近(75—150m);微型真核浮游生物和异养原核生物分布范围较广,150m以浅丰度较高。异养原核生物的生物量(1.68—11.25μgC/L)高于自养浮游生物(0.05—6.02μgC/L)的生物量。在超微型自养浮游生物中,原绿球藻生物量在100—150m水层占优势(53.83%±6.32%),微型真核浮游生物的生物量在75m以浅(58.62%±8.53%)和200—300m水层占优势(46.18%±7.82%)。在异养原核生物中,高核酸含量异养原核生物的生物量所占百分比(61.05%±3.98%)高于低核酸含量异养原核生物(38.95%±3.98%),然而在海山附近DCM层低核酸含量异养原核生物比例最高可达5...     

养殖活动对超微型浮游生物分布影响的研究

利用流式细胞仪对河北省扇贝养殖区微微型浮游植物、异养细菌、浮游病毒4季的丰度分布特征进行了研究,分析了三者与环境因子的相关性,并与渤海、北黄海非养殖区的超微型浮游生物丰度的分布特征进行对比。结果显示:在养殖区海域,聚球藻丰度在9.00×102—7.07×105cell/m L之间,峰值出现在秋季,且与其他季节差异显著(P0.01)。微微型真核藻类丰度在5.80×102—3.23×105cell/m L之间,夏季赤潮暴发期间,丰度达到3.23×105cell/m L,显著高于其他季节(P0.01)。异养细菌丰度在3.10×105—3.79×106cell/m L之间,峰值出现在秋季,夏、秋季丰度显著高于春、冬季(P0.01)。浮游病毒丰度在2.50×105—2.17×106cell/m L之间,峰值出现在秋季,但无显著性季节差异(P0.05)。通过主成分分析发现,聚球藻、微微型真核藻类、异养细菌和浮游病毒的丰度在不同季节受到不同环境因子的影响。在春、冬季,温度是主要影响因素;而在夏、秋季,主要受到营养盐的影响。养殖区与非养殖区超微型浮游生物主成分4季均有显著差异,养殖区异养细菌4季均是超微型浮游生物的主成分,而非养殖区超微型浮游生物的主成分4季均是微微型浮游植物,结果表明养殖活动显著影响了养殖区超微型浮游生物的群落结构和功能。     

2009年冬、夏季南海北部超微型浮游生物的分布特征及其环境相关分析

2009年2月(冬季)和8月(夏季)在南海北部海域(nSCS)采用流式细胞术对聚球藻、原绿球藻、超微型光合真核生物3类超微型光合浮游生物和异养浮游细菌的丰度和碳生物量的时空分布特征进行了研究,并分析了其与环境因子之间的关系。结果表明,夏季聚球藻和原绿球藻的平均丰度高于冬季,超微型光合真核生物和异养浮游细菌的丰度反之,为冬季高于夏季。聚球藻、超微型光合真核生物和异养浮游细菌在富营养的近岸陆架海域丰度较高,而原绿球藻高丰度则出现在陆坡开阔海域。在垂直分布上,聚球藻主要分布在跃层以上,跃层以下丰度迅速降低;原绿球藻高丰度主要出现在真光层底部;超微型光合真核生物在水层中的高值同样出现在真光层底部,且与Pico级份叶绿素a浓度分布一致;异养浮游细菌在水体中的分布与聚球藻类似。这些分布格局的差异,取决于环境条件的变化和4类超微型浮游生物生态生理适应性的差异。在超微型光合浮游生物群落中,各类群碳生物量的贡献因季节和海域类型的不同而发生变化:聚球藻在夏季近岸陆架区占超微型光合浮游生物总碳生物量的41%,原绿球藻在陆坡开阔海成为主要贡献者(50%),超微型光合真核生物碳生物量以冬季为高(在近岸陆架区占比68%)。冬、夏季异养浮游细菌碳生物量均高于超微型光合浮游生物碳生物量。     

冬季东寨港微微型浮游植物丰度、分布及影响因素

微微型浮游植物是水环境生态碳汇的重要基石之一,也是初级生产的重要执行者。选取了一个典型的陆海交界关键带环境——海南东寨港入海口水域,采集了东寨港红树林保护区开阔水域、入港河流和新埠海海端的微微型浮游植物的样品,通过流式细胞仪分析技术对样品进行分析,以探究它们在东寨港水域中的丰度、分布及环境指示意义。结果表明,冬季水域微微型浮游植物以真核浮游植物(Eukaryote,Euk)和聚球藻(Synechococcus,Syn)两大类群为主,其中聚球藻有两个亚群,分别为富含藻蓝蛋白聚球藻(Phycocyanin-rich,PC)和富含藻红蛋白聚球藻(Phycoerythrin-rich,PE)。Syn-PC、Syn-PE和Euk在东寨港水域表层水体的平均丰度分别为(2.61×10⁴±1.09×10⁴)、(3.06×10⁴±7.05×10³)、(1.56×10⁵±8.03×10⁴) cells/m L,底层水体的平均丰度分别为(2.64×10⁴±...     

2006年秋季长江口及邻近海域微微型浮游生物的分布特征及环境影响因素

2006年10月在长江口及邻近海域采用流式细胞技术测定了微微型浮游生物:聚球藻Synechococcus、微微型光合真核生物(picoeukaryotes)和异养浮游细菌(heterotrophic bacteria)的丰度和碳生物量,研究了其生态分布特点,并分析了其与环境因子之间的关系.结果表明,聚球藻、微微型光合真...     

Mesoscale surface circulation and variability of Southern Indian Ocean derived by combining satellite altimetry and drifter observations

High resoultion Eulerian mean velocity field has been derived by combining the satellite tracked surface drifter data with satellite altimetry and ocean surface winds. The drifter data used in this study includes Argos and surface drifter data from Global Drifter Program. Maps of Sea Level Anomaly(MSLA) weekly files with a resolution of(1/3)° in both Latitude and Longitude for the period 1993–2012 have been used. The Ekman current is computed using ocean surface mean wind fields from scatterometers onboard ERS 1/2,Quikscat and ASCAT. The derived mean velocity field exhibits the broad flow of Antarctic Circumpolar Current with speeds up to 0.6 m/s.Anomalous field is quite significant in the western part between 20° and 40°E and in the eastern part between 80°E and 100°E with velocity anomaly up to 0.3 m/s. The estimated mean flow pattern well agrees with the dynamic topography derived from in-situ observations. Also,the derived velocity field is consistent with the in-situ ADCP current measurements. Eddy kinetic energy illustrates an increasing trend during 1993–2008 and is in phase coherence with the Southern Annular Mode by three month lag. Periodic modulations are found in the eddy kinetic energy due the low frequency Antarctic Circumpolar Wave propagation.     

Pteropods in Southern Ocean ecosystems

To date, little research has been carried out on pelagic gastropod molluscs (pteropods) in Southern Ocean ecosystems. However, recent predictions are that, due to acidification resulting from a business as usual approach to CO₂ emissions (IS92a), Southern Ocean surface waters may begin to become uninhabitable for aragonite shelled thecosome pteropods by 2050. To gain insight into the potential impact that this would have on Southern Ocean ecosystems, we have here synthesized available data on pteropod distributions and densities, assessed current knowledge of pteropod ecology, and highlighted knowledge gaps and directions for future research on this zooplankton group.Six species of pteropod are typical of the Southern Ocean south of the Sub-Tropical Convergence, including the four Thecosomes Limacina helicina antarctica, Limacina retroversa australis, Clio pyramidata, and Clio piatkowskii, and two Gymnosomes Clione limacina antarctica and Spongiobranchaea australis. Limacina retroversa australis dominated pteropod densities north of the Polar Front (PF), averaging 60 ind m⁻³ (max = 800 ind m⁻³) and 11% of total zooplankton at the Prince Edward Islands. South of the PF L. helicina antarctica predominated, averaging 165 ind m⁻³ (max = 2681 ind m⁻³) and up to >35% of total zooplankton at South Georgia, and up to 1397 ind m⁻³ and 63% of total zooplankton in the Ross Sea. Combined pteropods contributed <5% to total zooplankton in the Lazarev Sea, but 15% (max = 93%) to macrozooplankton in the East Antarctic. In addition to regional density distributions we have synthesized data on vertical distributions, seasonal cycles, and inter-annual density variation.Trophically, gymnosome are specialist predators on thecosomes, while thecosomes are considered predominantly herbivorous, capturing food with a mucous web. The ingestion rates of L. retroversa australis are in the upper range for sub-Antarctic mesozooplankton (31.2-4196.9 ng pig ind⁻¹ d⁻¹), while those of L. helicina antarctica and C. pyramidata are in the upper range for all Southern Ocean zooplankton, in the latter species reaching 27,757 ng pig ind⁻¹ d⁻¹ and >40% of community grazing impact. Further research is required to quantify diet selectivity, the effect of phytoplankton composition on growth and reproductive success, and the role of carnivory in thecosomes.Life histories are a significant knowledge gap for Southern Ocean pteropods, a single study having been completed for L. retroversa australis, making population studies a priority for this group. Pteropods appear to be important in biogeochemical cycling, thecosome shells contributing >50% to carbonate flux in the deep ocean south of the PF. Pteropods may also contribute significantly to organic carbon flux through the production of fast sinking faecal pellets and mucous flocs, and rapid sinking of dead animals ballasted by their aragonite shells. Quantification of these contributions requires data on mucous web production rates, egestion rates, assimilation efficiencies, metabolic rates, and faecal pellet morphology for application to sediment trap studies.Based on the available data, pteropods are regionally significant components of the Southern Ocean pelagic ecosystem. However, there is an urgent need for focused research on this group in order to quantify how a decline in pteropod densities may impact on Southern Ocean ecosystems.     

Cadmium and phosphate in coastal Antarctic seawater: Implications for Southern Ocean nutrient cycling

Cadmium is a biologically important trace metal that co-varies with phosphate (PO₄³⁻ or Dissolved Inorganic Phosphate, DIP) in seawater. However, the exact nature of Cd uptake mechanisms and the relationship with phosphate and other nutrients in global oceans remain elusive. Here, we present a time series study of Cd and PO₄³⁻ from coastal Antarctic seawater, showing that Cd co-varies with macronutrients during times of high biological activity even under nutrient and trace metal replete conditions. Our data imply that Cd/PO₄³⁻ in coastal surface Antarctic seawater is higher than open ocean areas. Furthermore, the sinking of some proportion of this high Cd/PO₄³⁻ water into Antarctic Bottom Water, followed by mixing into Circumpolar Deep Water, impacts Southern Ocean preformed nutrient and trace metal composition. A simple model of endmember water mass mixing with a particle fractionation of Cd/P (α_Cd–P) determined by the local environment can be used to account for the Cd/PO₄³⁻ relationship in different parts of the ocean. The high Cd/PO₄³⁻ of the coastal water is a consequence of two factors: the high input from terrestrial and continental shelf sediments and changes in biological fractionation with respect to P during uptake of Cd in regions of high Fe and Zn. This implies that the Cd/PO₄³⁻ ratio of the Southern Ocean will vary on glacial–interglacial timescales as the proportion of deep water originating on the continental shelves of the Weddell Sea is reduced during glaciations because the ice shelf is pinned at the edge of the continental shelf. There could also be variations in biological fractionation of Cd/P in the surface waters of the Southern Ocean on these timescales as a result of changes in atmospheric inputs of trace metals. Further variations in the relationship between Cd and PO₄³⁻ in seawater arise from changes in population structure and community requirements for macro- and micronutrients.     

南大洋沉积物间隙水中营养盐分布及扩散通量研究

利用中国第18次南极考察获得的沉积物样品,对南大洋沉积物间隙水中营养盐的含量及分布特征进行了研究,估算了营养盐的底部通量.结果表明,南大洋沉积物间隙水中的营养盐以高含量的硅酸盐、铵盐为主.在垂向分布上,硅酸盐在沉积物-水界面呈现出明显的浓度梯度,这种分布特征表明,在硅的早期成岩过程中溶出是主要过程.沉积物中有机物的降解反应主要在还原状态下进行.硅酸盐与铵盐存在明显的向上释放的通量.     

Ocean Model Simulation of Southern Indian Ocean Surface Currents

The dynamic importance of the Southern Indian Ocean (SIO) lies in the fact that it connects the three major world oceans: the Pacific, Atlantic, and Indian Oceans. Modeling study has been used to understand the circulation pattern of this very important region. Simulation of SIO (10°N–60°S and 30°E–120°E) is performed with z-coordinate Ocean General Circulation Model (OGCM) viz; MOM3.0 and the results have been compared with observed ship drift data. It is found that except near coastal boundaries and in equatorial region, the simulated current reproduce most well known current pattern such as Antarctic Circumpolar Current (ACC), South Equatorial Current (SEC) etc. and bears a resemblance to that of the observed data; however the magnitude of the surface current is weaker in model than the observed data, which may be due to deficiency in the forcing field and boundary condition and problem with observed data. The annual mean wind stress curl computed over the oceanic domain reveals about ACC and its similar importance. The way in which the ocean responds to the windstress and vertically integrated transport using model output is fascinating and rather good.     

Ocean Model Simulation of Southern Indian Ocean Surface Currents

The dynamic importance of the Southern Indian Ocean (SIO) lies in the fact that it connects the three major world oceans: the Pacific, Atlantic, and Indian Oceans. Modeling study has been used to understand the circulation pattern of this very important region. Simulation of SIO (10°N-60°S and 30°E-120°E) is performed with z-coordinate Ocean General Circulation Model (OGCM) viz; MOM3.0 and the results have been compared with observed ship drift data. It is found that except near coastal boundaries and in equatorial region, the simulated current reproduce most well known current pattern such as Antarctic Circumpolar Current (ACC), South Equatorial Current (SEC) etc. and bears a resemblance to that of the observed data; however the magnitude of the surface current is weaker in model than the observed data, which may be due to deficiency in the forcing field and boundary condition and problem with observed data. The annual mean wind stress curl computed over the oceanic domain reveals about ACC and its similar importance. The way in which the ocean responds to the windstress and vertically integrated transport using model output is fascinating and rather good.     

基于文献计量分析的南大洋生态环境研究现状与展望

南大洋是目前受人为活动干扰最少的区域,在平衡全球气候变化、维持生物多样性方面扮演了重要角色。由于其独特的自然条件和地理区位,各国学者自20世纪90年代起就开始对南大洋生态环境进行深入研究。为厘清全球范围内的南大洋生态环境研究现状、预测未来研究趋势,本文采用文献计量学的研究方法,统计了Web of Science核心数据库中已发表的南大洋生态环境相关研究论文,共获得有效论文7 491篇。基于VOSviewer软件分析了1990—2020年间关于南大洋生态环境的论文发表数量、发表机构、发表期刊、核心作者及主要研究主题,结果表明：(1)南大洋生态环境的相关研究逐年增加,1997年《京都议定书》的签订及其2005年的正式生效是南大洋生态环境研究数量明显上升的时间节点;(2)美国是南大洋生态环境研究的领军国家,拥有3个发文数量排名前十的科研机构;英国和澳大利亚也是南大洋生态环境研究的主要国家,其科研机构发文数量排名靠前;中国的南大洋生态环境研究起步较晚,目前仍处于追赶阶段,但与欧美国家的差距正逐步缩小;(3)30年间南大洋生态环境的主要研究领域包括“气候变化”“浮游植物”“南极磷虾种群”“海洋生...     

Dissolved iron in the Australian sector of the Southern Ocean (CLIVAR SR3 section): Meridional and seasonal trends

We report measurements of dissolved iron (dFe, <0.4 μm) in seawater collected from the upper 300 m of the water column along the CLIVAR SR3 section south of Tasmania in March 1998 (between 42°S and 54°S) and November–December 2001 (between 47°S and 66°S). Results from both cruises indicate a general north-to-south decrease in mixed-layer dFe concentrations, from values as high as 0.76 nM in the Subtropical Front to uniformly low concentrations (<0.1 nM) between the Polar Front and the Antarctic continental shelf. Samples collected from the seasonal sea-ice zone in November–December 2001 provide no evidence of significant dFe inputs from the melting pack ice, which may explain the absence of pronounced ice-edge algal blooms in this sector of the Southern Ocean, as implied by satellite ocean-color images. Our data also allow us to infer changes in the dFe concentration of surface waters during the growing season. South of the Polar Front, a comparison of near-surface with subsurface (150 m depth) dFe concentrations in November–December 2001 suggests a net seasonal biological uptake of at least 0.14–0.18 nM dFe, of which 0.05–0.12 nM is depleted early in the growing season (before mid December). A comparison of our spring 2001 and fall 1998 data indicates a barely discernible seasonal depletion of dFe (0.03 nM) within the Polar Frontal Zone. Further north, most of our iron profiles do not exhibit near-surface depletions, and mixed-layer dFe concentrations are sometimes higher in samples from fall 1998 compared to spring 2001; here, the near-surface dFe distributions appear to be dominated by time-varying inputs of aerosol iron or advection of iron-rich subtropical waters from the north.     

Dynamics of picoplankton in the Nansha Islands area of the South China Sea

Dynamics of major picoplankton groups, Synechococcus (Syn), Prochlorococcus (Pro), picoeukaryotes (Euk) and heterotrophic bacteria (Bact) was investigated by flow cytometry for the first time in the Nansha Islands area in the South China Sea. Averaged over the whole investigation area, depth-weighted integrated cell abundance (DWA) of Syn, Pro, Euk and Bact was 1.6 (0.4-5.7)×103, 5.4 (0.1-7.3)×104, 0.7 (0.2-2.2)×103, and 2.3 (1.4-3.2)×105 cells/mL respectively. Picoautotrophic cell abundance was low in the northwest part of the Nansha Islands where surface water temperature was low and the upper mixed layer was shallow. Concurrently, a surface maximum vertical distribution pattern was observed in this area. While in the southeast and east zones where temperatures were relatively higher and nitraclines were deeper, picoplankton is abundant and a subsurface maximum around 50-75 m is observed. Coupling of horizontal and vertical distribution patterns of picoplankton abundance and hydrological status wa     

Flow cytometry investigation of picoplankton across latitudes and along the circum Antarctic Ocean

Using a flow cytometer (FCM) onboard the R/V Xuelong during the 24th Chinese Antarctic cruise, picoplankton community structure and biomass in the surface water were examined along the latitude and around the Antarctic Ocean. Salinity and temperature were automatically recorded and total Chla was determined. Along the cruise, the abundance of Synechococcus, Prochlorococcus, pico-eukaryotes and heterotrophic bacteria ranged in 0.001-1.855×10⁸ ind./L, 0.000-2.778￡108 ind./L, 0.002-1.060×10⁸ ind./L and 0.132-27.073×10⁸ ind./L, respectively. Major oceanic distribution of Synechococcus and Prochlorococcus appeared between latitudes 30°N and 30°S. Prochlorococcus was mainly influenced by water temperature, water mass combination and freshwater inflow. Meanwhile, Synechococcus distribution was significantly associated with landing freshwater inflow. Pico-eukaryotes and heterotrophic bacteria were distributed all over the oceans, but with a relatively low abundance in the high latitudes of the Antarctic Ocean. Principal Component Analysis showed that at same latitude of Atlantic Ocean and Indian Ocean, picoplankton distribution and constitution were totally different, geographical location and different water masses combination would be main reasons.