乡村振兴背景下村庄分类方法探讨

本文根据乡村振兴战略实施基础和国土空间规划编制需求,探索村庄分类,提出乡村振兴背景下5大类21小类的村庄分类原则与方法。以湖南汉寿县丰家铺镇为例,基于前述原则与方法,进行了实例验证。实例检验表明：本研究提出的村庄分类原则和分类方法对村庄分类具有重要指导价值。     

融合储层纵向信息的机器学习岩性识别方法

测井资料中包含丰富的岩性信息,相比于取心资料,具有连续性强、成本低等优点。用机器学习方法探索测井曲线与实际取心段样本岩性之间的关系,实现储层岩性的自动识别,降低岩性识别成本,提高识别效率和准确性,可以为储层评价提供有效手段。基于岩性分类依据选择适合样本的分类方案,选取适合岩性分类问题的机器学习方法设计试验方案,提出了融合储层纵向信息的机器学习岩性识别方法,利用深度窗对常规测井数据和已知岩性数据进行了序列采样,生成了训练样本。用逻辑回归、支持向量机、随机森林、卷积神经网络和Stacking集成学习5种不同方法分别建立模型,对新疆某油田的强非均质岩层原始样本进行了岩性识别。结果表明,当深度窗宽度与岩层厚度相匹配时,在原始样本具有强非均衡性的情况下,用本方法对其进行预处理之后,各个机器学习方法获得的岩性识别准确率均有较大提高。深度窗的宽度决定了方法识别岩层厚度的精度,深度窗越小,识别精度越高;深度窗越大能够保留的纵向信息越多,对相应厚度的岩层识别准确率越高。本文的融合储层纵向信息的机器学习岩性识别方法能提升测井资料岩性识别的准确性,给非均质薄岩层的自动有效识别提供了经济有效的参考方案。     

集成夜间灯光数据与Landsat TM影像的不透水面自动提取方法研究

利用多源遥感数据提取不透水面信息是一个重要的研究方向。针对以往研究中多需要人工选取不透水面样本进行模型训练的问题,本文通过整合夜间灯光遥感与Landsat TM影像中的空间和光谱信息实现了不透水面覆盖范围（Impervious Surface Area,ISA）的自动提取。首先根据夜间灯光的分布来定位ISA聚集的城市区域的位置,分别在城市区域内部和外部自动提取可靠性高的ISA及非ISA样本,然后通过迭代分类提取城市区域的ISA,再以此为样本对城市区域外部进行分类,最后将分类结果整合完成整幅影像的ISA提取流程。应用本方法对美国雪城地区的DMSP/OLS夜间灯光影像上提取了84个城市区域,提取精度大于95%。从中分别选择高ISA密度和低ISA密度的2个城市区域作为ISA提取的测试区,本文方法在城市区域内的ISA提取总体精度与kappa系数分别为88.23%和0.63;在城市区域外部为78.6%和0.54,均优于人工样本选取方法的提取精度,表明该方法能够实现精度稳定且高效的ISA自动提取。     

基于不确定性的大样本集抽样设计

本文研究是针对全球森林覆盖变化检测系统的大训练样本选择的优化问题。样本自动标记系统自动标记了"千万个"代表森林和非森林的像元。为了提高精度和效率,我们需要从千万个样本的大样本集中选择对训练分类器有益的样本。本文提出了两种方法:第一种方法是传统的分层等距离采样;第二种方法是基于不确定性的样本优化,通过研究相同样本间的相似性度量指标、样本不确定性度量指标及样本特征空间分布,来实现基于不确定性的训练样本选择策略。实验通过精度评价验证了基于不确定性的采样策略能比传统的分层等距离采样策略获得好的效果。     

AlexNet支持下的地图建筑物形状分类方法

地图目标的形状在地图制图综合、空间查询等研究中发挥着重要作用。地图建筑物形状的识别与分类作为建筑物轮廓化简与典型化的基础,一直是制图综合研究的热点问题。目前,主要的建筑物形状识别方法主要依赖对建筑物轮廓的描述,对建筑物等地图面状要素的形态特征有较强的依赖性,通常只在应对特定类型的规则轮廓或直角化轮廓时能发挥较好的效果,对于形状不规则或复杂的情况识别不佳。本文提出一种AlexNet支持下的地图建筑物形状分类方法,将矢量地图中建筑物数据的形状分类问题,转化为建筑物栅格图像的分类问题,通过完成卷积神经网络的图形分类实现建筑物的形状识别。该方法首先结合空间认知规律提出一系列典型建筑物形状类型,然后利用矢量-栅格转换的方法从OSM数据采样单体建筑物栅格图像,通过人工标识获得建筑物形状分类训练样本,训练AlexNet卷积神经网络分类模型,最后利用训练好的模型对大比例尺建筑物数据进行智能形状分类与识别。本文利用北京、香港2个城市的OSM建筑物数据作为样本训练建筑物形状分类模型,并在广州部分城区的OSM建筑物数据上进行验证。相较传统形状相似性度量方法,本文提出的方法对实验区建筑物的识别分类总体查全率提...     

无人机影像的面向对象水稻种植面积快速提取

基于抽样技术的地面调查与遥感影像分类相结合的方法在大范围作物种植面积提取中得到广泛使用。无人机影像具有低成本、高时效、高分辨率的一系列优点,可以快速实现特定区域范围内的农情采样任务。本文以水稻样地为研究对象,采用便携式无人机Mavic Pro进行航拍。对所获取无人机影像进行预处理生成分辨率为3.95cm/pix的正射影像,采用面向对象的思想,目视评价和ESP工具相结合快速选择了最优分割尺度为300,应用了支持向量机、随机森林和最邻近监督分类方法对影像进行了地物分类和水稻面积快速提取。采用目视解译分类结果进行分类结果和面积精度评价,总体精度最高的方法为最邻近分类法,此时水稻分类用户精度为95%,面积一致性精度为99%。研究结果说明了无人机遥感和自动分类能够在平原水稻种植区快速获取样方内高分辨率影像并提取水稻种植面积,弥补了农田被遮挡时地面调查数据的缺失,为大范围水稻种植面积、产量等信息的计算提供样本和验证依据。     

基于不确定性迭代优化的山地植被遥感制图

山地因其较高的异质性和特殊的环境特征给遥感科学及其应用带来了诸多问题和挑战。为实现山地植被信息的精准提取,本研究选择部分滇西北山地区域作为研究区开展方法实验,利用高分辨率遥感影像数据和数字高程模型,结合分区分层感知思想,提出一种基于不确定性理论的山地植被型组分类制图方法。首先结合地形对研究区影像进行多尺度分割制作图斑;然后根据图斑特征使用随机森林方法进行分类,将分类结果与对应类别样本间的相似性作为优化目标,并构建混合熵模型定量计算图斑推测类型的不确定性,据此进行针对性的样本补充和分类模型的迭代优化。实验总体分类精度达90.8%,较迭代前提升了29.4%,Kappa系数达到0.875。在高不确定性区域,该方法相比使用一次性补样和随机补样方法的分类结果,精度分别提高了17%和13%。研究结果表明,通过人机交互的方式,基于不确定性理论为样本库融入增量信息的迭代优化方法能够有效提高植被型组分类的精度,相较于传统的样本选择方法具有更高的效率和更低的不确定性。     

以“多规合一”村庄规划为抓手探索乡村振兴困境和对策

近年来,我国已初步构建起乡村振兴战略的“四梁八柱”,然而,乡村振兴战略行动计划实施以来,因缺乏科学规划的引领,乡村振兴内生动力不足、成效不显著。旨在厘清“多规合一”村庄规划对实施乡村振兴意义的基础上,分析目前乡村振兴战略在指导乡村发展的过程中存在的难点和堵点,探索以编制“多规合一”村庄规划为抓手,从规划理念、规划内容、规划管控、规划方式、规划队伍、规划支撑、规划指导等方面探索解决问题的途径。     

基于多源数据和船舶停留轨迹语义建模的港口目标识别

港口目标识别是海事船舶监管的重中之重,船舶自动识别系统（Automatic Identification System,AIS）所获取的船舶活动信息,可为港口目标识别提供高时相和高精度的船舶航行数据。为了探究AIS数据在港口目标识别中的应用,提出一种基于多源数据和船舶停留轨迹语义建模的港口目标识别方法。通过数据挖掘和语义信息增强构建船舶停留轨迹语义模型,识别船舶港口停留轨迹;建立基于随机森林的船舶停留方式分类模型,分类船舶泊位停留轨迹和船舶锚地停留轨迹,并利用空间逐级合并方法提取港口泊位和港口锚地;综合船舶泊位停留轨迹、道路、海岸线、水深、土地利用与土地覆盖等数据,顾及情景-领域知识实现港口目标识别。基于2017年96 790艘船舶的超8300万条AIS轨迹记录,应用本文方法识别南海研究区的港口目标。实验结果表明,本文方法对于船舶轨迹停留行为总体分类精度为0.9477,Kappa系数为0.8948。提取出南海研究区447个港口区域,与Google Earth影像叠加验证结果表明,提取结果均位于真实的港口影像内,相较于Natural Earth数据集中包含的南海区域24个港口点位,提取结...     

黄土地貌类型的坡谱自动识别分析

地貌形态特征识别与分类,对生态环境、水文研究及地质构造分析等地学研究具有重要意义,已成为现代地貌学的一个研究热点。传统的统计模式识别方法精度较低,难以解决线性不可分的模式分类问题。人工方法虽然识别精度高,但因各人认知偏差导致的识别误差难以控制。人工神经网络作为一种动态信息处理系统,能有效解决线性不可分的地貌类型识别问题。坡谱是利用微观地形定量指标来反映宏观地形特征的有效方法,在地貌学研究中正受到广泛的关注。本文以陕北黄土高原8个不同地貌类型区的数字高程模型（DEM）为实验数据,以流域为分析单元,提取坡谱及其特征指标作为描述地形特征的定量因子,并通过BP神经网络的构建与学习,进行黄土地貌类型自动识别。实验结果表明,在8种地貌类型的样本数据中,第1次实验正确识别率平均值达70%;第2次和第3次实验中,去除相似度较高的峁状丘陵沟壑或峁梁状丘陵沟壑任一种地貌类型后,正确识别率平均提升为80%和85%。经Kappa系数验证,该方法能以DEM数据有效识别不同类型的黄土地貌。     

Comprehensive evaluation of rural courtyard utilization efficiency: A case study in Shandong Province,Eastern China

China is implementing the strategy of Rural Revitalization. Revitalizing idle and inefficient utilization courtyards is an important measure for rural revitalization. The evaluation of courtyard utilization efficiency is the basis of determining the idle and inefficient utilization courtyards in order to revitalizing it. This study provided a reference for the optimal use of rural courtyard utilization and revitalization through the quantitative comprehensive evaluation of courtyard utilization efficiency and the classification of courtyard utilization types. Taking Shandong Province in Eastern China as study area, we selected eight surveyed villages by stratified sampling method. According to the scale of the villages, full survey and sample survey were used, while middleaged men who familiar with the courtyards were selected as the respondents. Through a household questionnaire survey and face-to-face interviews from2017 to 2018, 578 questionnaires of rural courtyardsin eight villages were obtained. Then based on the functions of rural courtyard and land resource conditions, 16 comprehensive factors were formulated,involving land conditions, construction conditions and economic benefits, to build the comprehensive evaluation index system of rural courtyard utilization efficiency. Next the index weight was determined by analytic hierarchy process, and the linear weighted regression model was used to evaluate the utilization efficiency of rural courtyard. Finally, the K-means clustering analysis was used to classify the utilization efficiency of courtyards. The results showed that among the eight villages, the average utilization efficiency of courtyards was moderate(one village was low, five were moderate, and two were high). The proportions of both idle and inefficiently utilized courtyards were high. There were three vital factors leading to the idle and low efficiency of rural courtyards. They were declining rural industries,limited arable land per capita, and more farmer workers. In this case, the utilization efficiency of courtyards should be improved by transferring rural land, developing secondary and tertiary industries,evaluating the development potential of villages,classifying and optimizing courtyard utilization, so as to make full use of idle and inefficient courtyards,increase the income of farmers and collectives and promote the revitalization of rural areas.     

基于改进熵权DEA-TOPSIS模型的乡村国土综合整治格局优化

针对国土综合整治时空格局优化的多目标量化问题,以空间脆弱性和时间迫切性为切入点,构建以目标功能为主线的乡村社会-生态系统脆弱性和迫切性评价指标体系,采用改进熵权DEA模型开展脆弱性效率评价和改进熵权多因素综合模型进行迫切性评价;在此基础上,采用层次目标分解法和主导问题归因法构建"业态兴旺、形态优化、生态宜居和综合复兴"4种国土综合整治多目标格局优化方案,采用改进熵权TOPSIS分析法开展多目标最优决策定量分析,以期从有限多目标系统优选和排序视角识别和划分国土综合整治多目标时空格局类型,实现对乡村国土综合整治多目标格局优化体系构建的目的。研究以上海市青浦区184个行政村为例进行实证,研究结果表明:改进熵权DEA模型能有效克服多行政村高度关联造成的结果偏大问题,提高了空间适宜性的应用精度;改进熵权TOPSIS模型能较为准确地划分国土综合整治的多目标格局优化方案,细化各最优方案间的异质性;2018年青浦区社会-生态系统脆弱性均值表现为社会子系统脆弱性(0.605)>经济子系统脆弱性(0.577)>生态子系统脆弱性(0.549),社会子系统脆弱成为影响该区脆弱性的重要原因;行政村社...     

Livelihood differentiation between two villages in Yesanpo Tourism District in China

The rapidly developing rural tourism industry in China has deeply influenced the livelihoods of rural households. This study compares the impact of rural tourism development in poor areas on the farmers’ livelihoods, based on the Sustainable Livelihoods Framework proposed by the United Kingdom’s Department for International Development. Gougezhuang, a tourist village, and Jiaojiekou, a non-tourist village, both located in Yesanpo Tourism District in the state-level povertystricken Laishui County, Hebei Province, were selected as case studies. The livelihood models of the two villages show great differentiation after 20 years of tourism development. Gougezhuang Village has been driven by the tourism industry and farmers are employed locally, enjoying a relatively higher-income life, with a developmental livelihood model. In contrast, farmers in Jiaojiekou Village earn their living mainly by leaving home to work in the city. They have a low income, with a survival livelihood model, supported by part-time business. Considering that the two villages are adjacent and have similar development backgrounds, the analysis results indicate that rural tourism has an apparent locationspecific effect on poverty alleviation and socioeconomic development, but the development of rural tourism is limited regarding large-scale poverty alleviation efforts in poor areas. To implement a propoor- tourism strategy and achieve sustainable development, it is necessary to implement comprehensive management measures to change the local conditions of rural settlements and make full use of the spillover effect of tourist consumption.     

珠江三角洲传统村落生态侵蚀时空演变特征

传统村落的保护随着中国第四批保护名录的公布逐渐成为全社会的共识。传统村落是人类与自然环境长期相互作用与有机融合的产物,其周边农田、山林、水塘等自然生态环境使着传统村落生产及生活活动得以延续。1978年改革开放后,快速城市化的背景下,不同背景下的城乡建设使得传统村落周边生态自然环境不断遭受到侵蚀威胁,为其整体保护带来极大的挑战。为开展快速城市化背景下传统村落生态环境的影响研究,本文首先界定了传统村落生态侵蚀的概念,应用侵蚀动力学理论对自我生态侵蚀、外来生态侵蚀、突发性生态侵蚀与生态侵蚀修复4种生态侵蚀方式提出生态侵蚀演变的4种模型,同时以珠江三角洲中国传统村落为研究案例,从时间和空间上对珠江三角洲地区传统村落生态侵蚀情况进行分析,探讨其生态侵蚀演变规律,揭示快速城市化背景下传统村落生态侵蚀的时空演变特征,总结了“城镇建设外侵模式、村落建设扩张模式、道路交通占领模式、综合发展模式”4种传统村落生态侵蚀的用地演化模式,丰富和深化传统村落生态视角的研究,为传统村落的保护和相关规划提供了重要参考。     

浅析第三次国土调查成果在村庄规划中的应用

本文通过浅析第三次国土调查成果数据在村庄规划编制中的应用,旨在厘清如何将第三次国土调查成果数据应用到区域乡村空间管控当中.本文以新化县红旗新村为研究对象,从村庄规划编制中的村域综合利用现状、农村宅基地分布、乡村区域交通路网三个方面展开研究,分析第三次国土调查成果数据在村庄规划编制应用中遇到的问题和解决办法.通过挖掘第三...     

基于GIS的神农架林区崩滑流灾害风险评价研究

本研究以地质灾害频发的神农架林区为研究区域,以崩塌、滑坡、泥石流3种相关性较高的灾害为研究对象,基于GIS技术进行区域崩滑流灾害的综合风险评价,以辅助城乡规划及相关工作。评价基于研究区地形、地质、灾害点等基础数据,选取崩滑流灾害影响因子,利用Arc GIS空间分析功能,结合SPSS软件进行Binary Logistic回归分析,构建灾害风险评价模型,编制基于模型的研究区崩滑流风险评价图,得到相应评价结果,获知灾害孕育发生的主要影响因素及区域内崩滑流灾害高风险区分布情况。并探讨评价结果在辅助防灾减灾专项规划编制、城乡发展方向确定、重大基础设施选址等规划重点工作方面的应用,以期通过规划,防治和规避崩滑流地质灾害,保障山区人民群众的生命财产安全。     

Impact of land expropriation on farmers' livelihoods in the mountainous and hilly regions of Sichuan,China

Research on the sustainable livelihoods of rural households is of great significance to mitigating rural poverty and reasonable land expropriation policy helps to realize better livelihoods and sustainable development. Scholars have conducted considerable research on the relationships between land expropriation and farmers. livelihoods. However,few quantitative studies have used the characteristics of villages as control variables to systematically analyze the impact of land expropriation on farmers.livelihood capital and strategy in the mountainous and hilly regions of China. This study uses the Partial Least Squares-Structural Equation Model(PLS-SEM)to systematically explain the impact of landexpropriation on farmers. livelihoods in mountainous and hilly regions of Sichuan in 2013, with the characteristics of the village including income,accessibility and terrain as control variables. The analysis uses both representative sample data of 240 rural households and spatial data calculated using a 30 m Digital Elevation Model(DEM) by Geographic Information System(GIS). Results are as follows:(1)The land expropriation characteristics are negatively affected by village accessibility. Villages with worse accessibility tend to have fewer land parcels and less land area expropriated. Additionally, land that is expropriated from inaccessible villages tends to receive less compensation.(2) Natural capital is negatively affected by number and area of land expropriation. Natural capital is not only directly affected by village accessibility, but also indirectlyaffected by village accessibility through the mediating effect of the number and area of land parcels expropriated.(3) Physical capital is positively affected by compensation for land expropriation, and negatively affected by village accessibility through compensation for land expropriation. The worse a village.s accessibility/location is, the less compensation it will receive for land expropriation,resulting in lower physical capital.(4) Financial capital is negatively affected by village accessibility indirectly through compensation for land expropriation. The better the village.s accessibility is,the greater is its compensation for land expropriation and, hence, the greater is its financial capital.(5)Social capital is directly and negatively affected by the number and area of land parcels expropriated, and is indirectly and positively affected by village accessibility through the number and area of land parcels expropriated. This study enhances our understanding of the characteristics of land expropriation and rural households. livelihood as well as the impact of land expropriation on rural households. livelihood. These findings provide reference for the formulation of proper policies related to land expropriation and the improvement of rural households. livelihoods in the mountainous and hilly regions of China.     

Cultural Landscape Evolution of Traditional Agricultural Villages in North China —— Case of Qianzhai Village in Shandong Province

Agricultural village is an important rural type in China. The evolution process and mechanism of its cultural landscape are different from those of the industrialized village. The paper focuses this theme by a case study of Qianzhai Village of Qufu City, Shangdong Province. In the case of Qianzhai Village, the evolution of its settlement has experienced three stages： mechanical expansion, sprawling expansion and hollowing, and recentralization. The land- scape evolution of residents＇ houses has undergone three phases： traditional quadrangle house, one-storied house and multistoried house. The evolution of its land use has experienced three stages： circled stratification, fragment and intensive use, and concentration and extensive use. We can see that the main driving factors of cultural landscape evolution of agricultural village are the changes of rural population, society, economy and culture, which are influenced by the change of urban-rural relation, the national modernization process and economic development, the reform of family planning and land system, and the changes in governmental policies. In the future, the modernization, ecological trend, and individualization for residents＇ houses of agricultural villages in China will develop step by step. The recentralization of settlement and the scaled, sustainable, intensive land use are likely to be the trends of agricultural villages in China.     

基于GIS的城中村改造规划绿地景观格局分析

城市绿地是改善生态环境,提高市民生活质量的公益性基础设施。武汉市城中村改造工作十分注重城市公共利益的保障,在改造规划中优先落实绿地、规划道路等强制控制用地的指标,因而必然对城市绿地空间格局产生影响。本研究以景观生态学基础理论为依据,利用地理信息系统技术,对武汉市中心城区城中村改造规划范围内的绿地空间信息进行处理,然后进行景观格局分析,进而依据分析结果对城市绿地布局规划进行评价,以期为今后的城中村改造规划编制提供一定的参考借鉴。     

淄博市淄川区加强新农村建设的措施及建议

该文总结了淄川区国土资源分局以保护耕地、科学规划、合理用地为指导思想,促进城乡土地规划与土地利用总体规划相衔接,加强农田水利综合治理,加大巡查执法检查力度等一系列工作。分析了在推进新农村建设中遇到的困难和问题,提出了积极争取中央和省级政策支持,用足用活各项现行政策,加大对旧村土地整理的探索实践,结合村庄和集镇用地规划,抓好农村建设用地管理;积极探索土地征收制度改革,动态巡查等相关的措施和方法。