精细PBL模式及其诊断应用

在已建立的一种三维非静力细网格E-ε湍能闭合的动力学框架基础上,作了一些改进的技术处理和试验,包括:(1)利用GIS提供的地形资料,较精确地计算太阳辐射,进而诊断地面温度;(2)引进位势流概念,处理稳定层结条件下初始内插风场的风向变化;(3)引入动力学调整项(αobs-α).在此基础上,就地理信息系统(GIS)提供的一个60km×48km区域作了边界层结构和湍流特征的数值模拟试验,并与实测作了比较,讨论了精细PBL模式的模拟效果,结果表明,新建的PBL模式能较好地模拟表征出复杂下垫面地域的陡峭地形和不规则海岸线对局地风场和湍流场的动力和热力学作用.     

一个改进的湍流垂直扩散过程参数化方案

研究了数值天气预报模式中次阿格湍流垂直扩散过程的参数化问题。以Ｂｏｕｇｅａｕｌｔ和Ｌａｃａｒｒｅｒｅ（１９８９）的参数化方案为基础，改进了处理湍流混合长的方法，使湍流混合长和热力混合长分别依赖于基本气流的静力稳定度和风场切变。新方案的基本思路是把ＶｏｎＫａｒｍａｎ（１９３０）提出的动力（风场切变）湍流扰动假设与ＢＬ－８９方案提出的热力（静力稳定度）湍流扰动假设结合在一起，强调了大气的热力结构、动力结构和湍流动能对湍流混合过程的共同影响。新方案和ＢＬ－８９方案的二维对比数值试验结果表明，在大气处于静力较稳定而风场切变明显条件下的湍流扰动表现能力方面，新方案比原方案有明显的改进。     

STUDY OF OZONE AND ITS PRECURSORS AT LIN’ANREGIONAL BACKGROUND STATION DURING THE PEM－WEST－A EXPERIMENT

ＳＴＵＤＹＯＦＯＺＯＮＥＡＮＤＩＴＳＰＲＥＣＵＲＳＯＲＳＡＴＬＩＮ’ＡＮＲＥＧＩＯＮＡＬＢＡＣＫＧＲＯＵＮＤＳＴＡＴＩＯＮＤＵＲＩＮＧＴＨＥＰＥＭ－ＷＥＳＴ－ＡＥＸＰＥＲＩＭＥＮＴＬｕｏＣｈａｏ（罗超），ｍｎｇＧｕｏａｎ（丁国安），Ｔａｎｇｊｉｅ（汤...     

A NUMERICAL EXPERIMENT ON THE INFLUENCES OF THE QINGHAI－XIZANG PLATEAU ON THE UPSTREAM BLOCKING EVENT

ＡＮＵＭＥＲＩＣＡＬＥＸＰＥＲＩＭＥＮＴＯＮＴＨＥＩＮＦＬＵＥＮＣＥＳＯＦＴＨＥＱＩＮＧＨＡＩ－ＸＩＺＡＮＧＰＬＡＴＥＡＵＯＮＴＨＥＵＰＳＴＲＥＡＭＢＬＯＣＫＩＮＧＥＶＥＮＴＺｈｅｎｇＱｉｎｇｌｉｎ（郑庆林），ＧｕＹｕ（古瑜），ＳｏｎｇＱｉｎｇｌｉ（...     

TIBETAN PLATEAU FIELD EXPERIMENT（TIPEX）AND STUDY ON THE IMPACT OF PHYSICAL PROCESSES OVER TIBETAN PL

ＴＩＢＥＴＡＮＰＬＡＴＥＡＵＦＩＥＬＤＥＸＰＥＲＩＭＥＮＴ（ＴＩＰＥＸ）ＡＮＤＳＴＵＤＹＯＮＴＨＥＩＭＰＡＣＴＯＦＰＨＹＳＩＣＡＬＰＲＯＣＥＳＳＥＳＯＶＥＲＴＩＢＥＴＡＮＰＬＡＴＥＡＵＯＮＧＬＯＢＡＬＣＬＩＭＡＴＥＡＮＤＤＩＳＡＳＴＲＯＵＳＷＥＡＴＨ...     

三维山体过山气流流场特征的数值模拟

采用高阶矩湍流闭合方案，建立了一个细网格、高分辨率、三维非静力ＰＢＬ数值模式，并由其模拟了三维山体条件下的流场结构和湍流场特征。为反映数值模拟结果的可靠性，对中性条件下三维山体流场进行了风洞试验。与数值模拟结果对比分析表明，数值计算与风洞试验结果有较好的一致性；使用该模式模拟山体条件下的流场结构能取得较好的结果；将模拟结果作为随机游动扩散模式的三维风场及湍流场资料输入，为复杂地形条件下大气污染的研     

PROGRESSONTIBETANPLATEAUFIELDEXPERIMENT（TIPEX）ANDITSRESEARCHPROGRAMME

ＰＲＯＧＲＥＳＳＯＮＴＩＢＥＴＡＮＰＬＡＴＥＡＵＦＩＥＬＤＥＸＰＥＲＩＭＥＮＴ（ＴＩＰＥＸ）ＡＮＤＩＴＳＲＥＳＥＡＲＣＨＰＲＯＧＲＡＭＭＥ￥ＣｈｅｎＬｉａｎｓｈｏｕ（陈联寿）ａｎｄＸｕＸｉａｎｇｄｅ（徐祥德）ＰＲＯＧＲＥＳＳＯＮＴＩＢＥＴＡＮＰＬＡＴ...     

Estimation of Vertical Wind Field from Single-Doppler Radar RHI Observations

ＥＳＴＩＭＡＴＩＯＮＯＦＶＥＲＴＩＣＡＬＷＩＮＤＦＩＥＬＤＦＲＯＭＳＩＮＧＬＥ－ＤＯＰＰＬＥＲＲＡＤＡＲＲＨＩＯＢＳＥＲＶＡＴＩＯＮＳＰｅｎｇＨｏｎｇ（彭红）ａｎｄＧｅＲｕｎｓｈｅｎｇ（葛润生）ＩｎｓｔｉｔｕｔｅｏｆＭｅｓｏｓｃａｌｅＭｅｔｅｏｒｏｌ...     

The East Asian Monsoon Simulation with IAP AGCMs-A Composite Study

Ｔｈｅ　Ｅａｓｔ　Ａｓｉａｎ　Ｍｏｎｓｏｏｎ　Ｓｉｍｕｌａｔｉｏｎ　ｗｉｔｈ　ＩＡＰ　ＡＧＣＭｓ－Ａ　Ｃｏｍｐｏｓｉｔｅ　ＳｔｕｄｙＷａｎｇＨｕｉｊｕｎａｎｄＢｉＸｕｎｑｉａｎｇ（ＩｎｓｔｉｔｕｔｅｏｆＡｔｍｏｓｐｈｅｒｉｃＰｈｙｓｉｃｓ（ＩＡＰ），...     

模式水平扩散参数化的数值分析与试验

为了研究整个对流层中水平扩散系数（Ｋｙ）随高度变化的参数化形式以及平流格式的数值扩攻对物质浓度分布的影响及二者对模式结果影响的相互关系,本文用“高分辨对流层物质交换模式”（ＥＭ３）对三咱不同ＫＹ参数化型能对行星边界层（ＰＢＬ）内受下垫面影响的高湍流ＰＢＬ以上整个对流层受水平风切变产生的切变湍流分层结构具有良好的描述能力;模式采用几乎无数值扩散二阶矩守恒的Ｐｒａｔｈｅｒ平流差分格式代替模式Ｓｍｏｌａ     

修正WRF次网格地形方案及其对风速模拟的影响

复杂地形区域风场模拟的准确率一直是风能研究领域的难点和重点。WRF模式是目前风能评估领域应用最广泛的天气数值模式之一,但该模式在复杂地形区域存在对平原、山谷风速高估且对山顶风速低估的系统性误差,并有研究建立次网格地形方案以订正误差。而次网格地形方案在不同水平分辨率下常出现错误的修正结果,该文基于高精度地形高程数据分析了方案失效的主要原因,发现其方程组中判断山体形态特征的阈值-20在过低和过高水平分辨率下均失去参考性。针对这一原因,将方案中影响关键参数C_t的地形高度算子与模式水平分辨率进行拟合,形成地形高度算子与水平分辨率相依赖的线性关系,获得不同分辨率下更适合的山体形态阈值。通过与自动气象站10 m风速对比分析了修正前后WRF对低层风速的模拟效果,结果显示:修正后的次网格地形方案能够分别在较低和较高分辨率下,部分矫正原方案错误的订正结果,使低层风速模拟更接近实况。修正后的次网格地形方案可为复杂地形区域开展高分辨率风场模拟提供参考。     

The impact of the PBL scheme and the vertical distribution of model layers on simulations of Alpine foehn

Summary This paper investigates the influence of the planetary boundary-layer (PBL) parameterization and the vertical distribution of model layers on simulations of an Alpine foehn case that was observed during the Mesoscale Alpine Programme (MAP) in autumn 1999. The study is based on the PSU/NCAR MM5 modelling system and combines five different PBL schemes with three model layer settings, which mainly differ in the height above ground of the lowest model level (z ₁). Specifically, z ₁ takes values of about 7 m, 22 m and 36 m, and the experiments with z ₁ = 7 m are set up such that the second model level is located at z = 36 m. To assess if the different model setups have a systematic impact on the model performance, the simulation results are compared against wind lidar, radiosonde and surface measurements gathered along the Austrian Wipp Valley. Moreover, the dependence of the simulated wind and temperature fields at a given height (36 m above ground) on z ₁ is examined for several different regions. Our validation results show that at least over the Wipp Valley, the dependence of the model skill on z ₁ tends to be larger and more systematic than the impact of the PBL scheme. The agreement of the simulated wind field with observations tends to benefit from moving the lowest model layer closer to the ground, which appears to be related to the dependence of lee-side flow separation on z ₁. However, the simulated 2 m-temperatures are closest to observations for the intermediate z ₁ of 22 m. This is mainly related to the fact that the simulated low-level temperatures decrease systematically with decreasing z ₁ for all PBL schemes, turning a positive bias at z ₁ = 36 m into a negative bias at z ₁ = 7 m. The systematic z ₁-dependence is also observed for the temperatures at a fixed height of 36 m, indicating a deficiency in the self-consistency of the model results that is not related to a specific PBL formulation. Possible reasons for this deficiency are discussed in the paper. On the other hand, a systematic z ₁-dependence of the 36-m wind speed is encountered only for one out of the five PBL schemes. This turns out to be related to an unrealistic profile of the vertical mixing coefficient. Correspondence: Günther Z?ngl, Meteorologisches Institut der Universitat München, 80333 München, Germany     

Effects of Topographical Slope Angle and Atmospheric Stratification on Surface-Layer Turbulence

The effect of topographical slope angle and atmospheric stratification on turbulence intensities in the unstably stratified surface layer have been parameterized using observations obtained from a three-dimensional sonic anemometer installed at 8 m height above the ground at the Seoul National University (SNU) campus site in Korea for the years 1999–2001. Winds obtained from the sonic anemometer are analyzed according to the mean wind direction, since the topographical slope angle changes significantly along the azimuthal direction. The effects of the topographical slope angle and atmospheric stratification on surface-layer turbulence intensity are examined with these data. It is found that both the friction velocity and the variance for each component of wind normalized by the mean wind speed decrease with increase of the topographical slope angle, having a maximum decreasing rate at very unstable stratification. The decreasing rate of the normalized friction velocity (u _* /U) is found to be much larger than that of the turbulence intensity of each wind component due to the reduction of wind shear with increase in slope angle under unstable stratification. The decreasing rate of the w component of turbulence intensity (σ _w /U) is the smallest over the downslope surface whereas that of the u component (σ _u /U) has a minimum over the upslope surface. Consequently, σ _w /u _* has a maximum increasing rate with increase in slope angle for the downslope wind, whereas σ _u /u _* has its maximum for the upslope wind. The sloping terrain is found to reduce both the friction velocity and turbulence intensity compared with those on a flat surface. However, the reduction of the friction velocity over the sloping terrain is larger than that of the turbulence intensity, thereby enhancing the turbulence intensity normalized by the friction velocity over sloping terrain compared with that over a flat surface.     

复杂下垫面地域边界层结构的三维细网格数值模拟

建立了一个可供复杂下垫面地域使用的非静力的三维细网格边界层模式，就复杂下垫面条件下的边界层结构和湍流特征作了以实例为对照的数值模拟试验，模式采用能量闭合方案，舍弃了静力近似。以实测资料为初台输入，同时还做了一些数值试验，分别获得了采用静力与非静力模式和不同闭合方案对ＰＢＬ模型的结果。     

étude expérimentale de la couche limite de montagne

The characteristics of the boundary layer over complex terrain (Lannemezan - lat.: 43.7° N and, long.: 0.7 ° E) are analyzed for various scales, using measurements obtained during the COCAGNE Experiment. In this first part, the dynamic characteristics of the flow are studied with respect to atmospheric stability and the relief at small (~20 km) and medium scales (~100 km). These relief scales depend on the topographical profile of the Lannemezan Plateau along the dominant axis of the wind (E-W) and the Pyrénées Mountains located at the south of the experimental site. The terrain heterogeneities have a standard deviation of ~48 m and a wavelength of ~2 km.The averaged vertical profiles of wind speed and direction over the heterogeneous terrain are analyzed. The decrease of wind speed within the boundary layer is greater than over flat terrain (WANGARA Experiment). However, a comparison between ETTEX (complex terrain) and COCAGNE vertical wind speed profiles shows good agreement during unstable conditions. In contrast, during neutral conditions a more rapid increase with normalized height is found with COCAGNE than with ETTEX and WANGARA data. The vertical profiles of wind direction reveal an influence of the Pyrénées Mountains on the wind flow. The wind rotation in the BL is determined by the geostrophic wind direction-Pyrénées axis angle (negative deviation) as the geostrophic wind is connected with the Mountain axis.When the geostrophic wind does not interact with the Pyrénées axis, the mean and turbulent wind flow characteristics (drag coefficient C _D, friction velocity u _*) depend on the topography of the plateau. When the wind speed is strong (>6 m s ^-1), an internal boundary layer is generated from the leading edge of the Plateau.     

An analysis of the turbulent structure in the unstable surface layer nearby a shelter belt

An analysis was performed of the turbulent data obtained from Yucheng experimental station in the Shandong Province in 1984. [t is shown that at variant wind speed, the spectra of streamwise velocity remain similar and the intensity of wind fluctuations is proportional to wind speed in the downwind area of shelter belt. Therefore, we may decide the similarity of wind fluctuations by a speed scale and a length scale which is not correlated with stability, σu /V0 = F(X / H). The -5/3 power range of temperature spectra extends to lower frequency. The variation of ratio σ0 /T. with stability becomes σ0 / T . = C(X / H)( - Z / L)-1/3 . There is not such an extension of -5 / 3 power range in the humidity spectra.     

Organised Motion in a Tall Spruce Canopy: Temporal Scales,Structure Spacing and Terrain Effects

This study investigates the organised motion near the canopy-atmosphere interface of a moderately dense spruce forest in heterogeneous, complex terrain. Wind direction is used to assess differences in topography and surface properties. Observations were obtained at several heights above and within the canopy using sonic anemometers and fast-response gas analysers over the course of several weeks. Analysed variables include the three-dimensional wind vector, the sonic temperature, and the concentration of carbon dioxide. Wavelet analysis was used to extract the organised motion from time series and to derive its temporal scales. Spectral Fourier analysis was deployed to compute power spectra and phase spectra. Profiles of temporal scales of ramp-like coherent structures in the vertical and longitudinal wind components showed a reversed variation with height and were of similar size within the canopy. Temporal scales of scalar fields were comparable to those of the longitudinal wind component suggesting that the lateral scalar transport dominates. The existence of a – 1 power law in the longitudinal power spectra was confirmed for a few cases only, with a majority showing a clear 5/3 decay. The variation of effective scales of organised motion in the longitudinal velocity and temperature were found to vary with atmospheric stability, suggesting that both Kelvin-Helmholtz instabilities and attached eddies dominate the flow with increasing convectional forcing. The canopy mixing-layer analogy was observed to be applicable for ramp-like coherent structures in the vertical wind component for selected wind directions only. Departures from the prediction of m = Λ _w L _s ⁻¹ = 8–10 (where Λ _w is the streamwise spacing of coherent structures in the vertical wind w and L _s is a canopy shear length scale) were caused by smaller shear length scales associated with large-scale changes in the terrain as well as the vertical structure of the canopy. The occurrence of linear gravity waves was related to a rise in local topography and can therefore be referred to as mountain-type gravity waves. Temporal scales of wave motion and ramp-like coherent structures were observed to be comparable.     

Relating Urban Surface-layer Structure to Upwind Terrain for the Salford Experiment (Salfex)

Profiles of wind and turbulence over an urban area evolve with fetch in response to surface characteristics. Sodar measurements, taken on 22 April 2002 during the Salford Experiment in the UK (Salfex), are here related to upstream terrain. A logarithmic layer up to z = 65m was observed in all half-hour averaged profiles. Above this height the profile showed a different vertical gradient, suggesting a change in surface cover upstream. The drag coefficient varied by a factor of two over only a 20° direction change. Turbulence intensity (σ _x ) for each wind component (x) decreased with height, but the ratio suggested an underestimate of σ _u compared to previous results. Mean urban and suburban cover fraction within the source area for each height decreased sharply between z = 20 and 50m, increasing slightly above. The near-convergence of cover fractions thus occured for source areas of minimum length ≈ 2,200 m. In comparison, the mean length scale of heterogeneity L _P was calculated from surface cover data to be 1,284 m, and the corresponding mean blending height h _b was 175 m. Finally, the mean streamline angle, α, was negative and the magnitude decreased with height. An exponential fit to α for z ≤ 65m gave an e-folding height scale of 159 m. A simple relationship between this height scale and L _P was assumed, giving L _P ≈ 1,080 m, which is in reasonable agreement with the estimate from surface cover type. The results suggest that more emphasis is required on modelling and measuring surface-layer flow over heterogeneous urban canopies.     

Dynamics of the planetary boundary layer with fine structure in the large scale background field

Summary On the basis of Wu and Blumen's work (1982) on the geostrophic momentum approximation (GMA) in the planetary boundary layer (PBL) and Tan and Wu (1992, 1994) on the Ekman momentum approximation (EMA) in the PBL, some improvements about the eddy exchange coefficientK, the advective inertial force and the lower boundary condition of the PBL are developed in this paper: (1) apply theK which is a gradually varying function of height instead of a constant value in the Ekamn layer, and introduce a surface layer; (2) take the effect of the vertical advective inertial force into account; (3) the solution technique is extended from level terrain to orographically formed terrain. Under the condition of the equilibrium among four forces (the pressure — gradient force, Coriolis force, eddy viscous force and inertial force including horizontal and vertical advective inertial forces), we have obtained the analytical solutions of the distributions of the wind and the vertical velocity. The computation of an individual example shows that: (1) both the wind velocity near surface and the angle between which and the non-viscous wind are more consistent with usual observations than that of Wu and Blumen (1982); (2) comparing with the horizontal advective inertial force, the vertical advective inertial force can not be neglected, when the orography is considered, the effect of the latter is even more important than the former.With 3 Figures     

On the Scaling Laws of the Velocity-Scalar Cospectra in the Canopy Sublayer Above Tall Forests

The scaling laws of the vertical (F _wc ) and longitudinal (F _uc ) velocity-scalar cospectra within the inertial subrange are explored using dimensional arguments and a simplified cospectral budget in the canopy sublayer above three distinct forested ecosystems. The cospectral budget was shown to be consistent with plausible scaling laws originating from dimensional considerations. Using the analytical solution to the novel cospectral budget, it was shown that F _wc (k) and F _uc (k) are governed by the linear superposition of two terms that scale as k ^−2/3−α and k ^−β , where k is the wavenumber, −α is the exponent of the velocity spectrum, and β( ≥ 7/3) depends on the ratio of the similarity constants for the pressure-scalar covariance and the flux transport terms. It was also demonstrated that, when the magnitude of the mean scalar concentration gradient is large, the k ^−2/3−α term dominates the velocity-scalar cospectral budget. For such a case, correcting for biases emerging from high frequency losses in eddy-covariance scalar flux measurements can be readily formulated by using the measured velocity spectral exponent in the inertial subrange.