基于岩石物理相的砂砾岩储层分类评价--以准噶尔盆地玛131井区块百二段为例

勘探实践表明,准噶尔盆地玛北斜坡主力油层段百二段砂砾岩储层非均质性强,孔隙结构差异大,需要综合影响储层的各种地质因素对其进行分类评价。利用岩芯、薄片、钻测井、物性、工业CT等资料,对准噶尔盆地玛北斜坡玛131井区块百二段砂砾岩储层沉积相、成岩相、裂缝相特征进行了研究,在此基础上分析了百二段储层岩石物理相,并基于岩石物理相对储层进行分类评价,预测有利储层发育区。通过沉积微相、成岩相的叠加聚类,对研究区百二段砂砾岩储层岩石物理相进行分类,划分出水下分流河道-不稳定组分溶蚀等岩石物理相;按照沉积相、成岩相对储层孔隙结构的建设与破坏作用归纳出3大类岩石物理相。依据三类岩石物理相将储层划分为3类,并结合压汞、薄片、CT、产能等资料进行表征与评价,其中一类和二类岩石物理相储集性能较好,三类岩石物理相为致密遮挡层。最后以亚段为单位,对百二段岩石物理相进行平面成图,预测有利储层分布区。     

基于岩石物理相分类确定特低渗透油层有效厚度——以安塞油田沿河湾地区长6特低渗透储层评价为例

针对陕北斜坡中部特低渗透储层受沉积环境、成岩作用、构造等因素影响,储层储集性能和渗流结构差异较大,测井响应复杂的特点,利用岩石物理相分类确定特低渗透油层有效厚度。通过安塞油田沿河湾地区长6储层各类测井、岩芯和试油资料,研究评价岩石物理相的多种信息、划分方法及其分类评价,建立不同类别岩石物理相油层有效厚度参数下限的差异、特征及评价标准,分析了微电极曲线提取特低渗储层岩石物理相背景特征。并以实例分析提取特低渗透储层岩石物理相分类表征参数,实现了将非均质、非线性问题转化为相对均质、线性问题解决,提高了测井精细解释油层有效厚度的精度和效果。     

利用相控模型进行井间参数预测

储层物性参数在空间的展布，一直是储层非均质性研究的难点，利用分形和蒙特卡洛方法，在精细的沉积微相及小层对比研究基础之上，预测了井间的岩石相分布，并根据取心井资料，建立了各种岩石相的渗透率相控模型，从而预测出井间渗透率的分布。该方法以地质特征为基础，将地质资料与数学方法相结合，充分体现了渗透率在井间既具有连续性，同时变化又非常剧烈的特点，为储层物性空间预测提供了新的思路。     

秦岭造山带泥盆系热水沉积岩相的亚相和微相划分及特征

提出秦岭泥盆纪热水沉积岩相，划分了热水沉积岩相的亚相，微相，并总结其特征，按成岩成矿作用方式可划分为热水同生沉积亚相，热水同生交代亚相，热水浊流沉积亚相，热水液压致裂一隐爆亚相，热卤水渗滤交代亚相，热水（岩浆）流体隐爆－液压致裂亚相等6个亚相，沉积盆地分析中，它们是建立热水沉积盆地中地层格架的构造岩石地层单位组成单元，按地球化学动力学－岩石组合可划分为硅质岩亚相，重晶石岩亚相，钠长石岩亚相，铁镁碳酸盐岩亚相，方柱石－黑云母岩亚相，硫化物岩亚相等6个亚相，在热水沉积成矿盆地的地球化学分析与模拟中，它们是建立热水沉积体系及古热水成矿流体场地球化学类型的岩石地球化学地层层序单元及古热水成矿流体场地球化学类型单元。     

松辽盆地白垩系岩石组合与粒度分布特征

采用岩石学与粒度分布特征相对比的方法，系统研究了松辽盆地３个典型剖面和１０余口探井的白垩系碎屑岩层序。结果表明，陆相碎屑沉积的岩石组合及其岩性、岩相特征与相应的薄片粒度分布结果（直方图、概率累积曲线、偏度（ＳＫ１）和标准偏差（δ１）等）具有良好对应关系。据此可明显识别出松辽盆地白垩系（泉头组－嫩江组）的５种主要沉积相，即冲积扇相、冲泛平原相、三角洲相、滨浅湖相和（湖泊）水下重力流相。文中分别论述了上述５种沉积相的岩石组合特征与粒度分布特征，探讨了二者内在联系。本文提出的陆相沉积环境定量判别标志，在其它陆相盆地沉积环境研究中具有借鉴意义。     

马尔科夫链分析在东海陆架盆地花港组沉积微相分析中的应用

通过对东海陆架盆地某凹陷取心井岩心仔细观察和描述,采用双属性划分标准,在研究区花港组岩心中识别出了28种岩石相类型.其中砾岩相5种,砂岩相15种,细粒岩相8种.针对22口取心井岩心详细划分沉积微相和岩石相,共取得2227个岩石相数据.针对研究区发育的湖泊、三角洲、河流3种沉积体系,运用马尔科夫链分析不同沉积微相类型中岩石相沉积序列模式,建立了不同沉积微相类型可能的岩石相组合规律及岩石相定量组合概率,为后期研究相同或相似类型的沉积相提供地质知识库,并为沉积相的识别提供定量的基础.     

基于沉积微相-岩石相建立砾岩油藏测井参数解释模型

为了进一步提高砾岩储层测井参数的解释精度,为计算储量提供合理的参数,以克拉玛依油田六中区克下组为例,从其砾岩油藏主控因素的沉积微相-岩石相角度出发,首先利用密闭取心井资料识别出辫状水道砂砾岩相、辫状水道粗砂岩相、辫流砂坝砂砾岩相、辫流砂坝粗砂岩相、漫流带粉砂岩相5种类型的沉积微相-岩石相,然后建立了不同沉积微相-岩石相的孔隙度、渗透率、含油饱和度测井解释模型,最后用取心井进行误差分析。结果表明,各项参数的解释精度都有不同程度的提高,相对误差降低幅度分别平均为：孔隙度3.09%,渗透率6.95%,饱和度5.38%。     

广西合山马滩大隆组的沉积序列研究及其环境指示意义

马滩地区的大隆组,以火山碎屑岩和硅质岩沉积为主。镜下研究表明,火山碎屑岩可分为凝灰岩、沉凝灰岩和凝灰质沉积岩3亚类共8种岩石微相;硅质岩可分为生物成因硅质岩和生物火山成因硅质岩两亚类共5种岩石微相。这些岩石微相构成了12种主要的岩石相,而岩石相垂向上组成了6种主要的沉积序列。沉积序列指示该区存在两种类型的浊流沉积,一种是水下火山喷发形成的火山碎屑流向高密度浊流进而向低密度浊流演化的沉积,一种是早期沉积的凝灰质和硅质生物颗粒在滑塌作用下形成的浊流沉积。沉积序列研究并结合马滩地区大隆组沉积时期的古地形,表明当时该区不易发育海底扇沉积,而易接受低密度浊流沉积,形成了连续性好的较薄层沉积。     

岩石物理相的控制因素及其定量表征方法研究

在现今以“相控论”为主导、以地层及岩性等隐蔽型油气藏为主要目标的油气勘探阶段,岩石物理相在优质储集体预测、储层参数评价和剩余油气分布规律研究等储层地质学领域体现出了广阔的应用前景.然而对于其分类命名方案则尚未达成共识,目前虽有以数学为主和以地质研究为主的两大类划分方法,但这些方法要不适用条件有限,要不划分依据存在缺陷,且命名法则相对并不科学.基于以上现状和存在问题,本文在大量文献阅读的基础上,提出了一种基于“相控论”的岩石物理相划分方法,即通过岩石物理相的主要控制因素——构造相、沉积相和成岩相的叠加与复合来对其进行分类命名.最后以四川盆地蓬莱地区须二段储层为例,在对其构造相、沉积相和成岩相划分的基础上,通过三者的有机叠加与耦合对其岩石物理相进行分类命名,并提出了相应的定量表征方法,并进一步探讨不同岩石物理相类型与天然气产能的关系,利用岩石物理相寻找优质储集体及含气有利区,验证了该方法的有效性.该划分方法从地质相的角度出发,一方面充分考虑了影响油气富集的各因素,避免了从单一因素出发而造成的误差,能实现油藏精细描述,另一方面对岩石物理相的命名也更具科学性.     

基于岩石物理相的储集层分类评价:以北部湾盆地乌石凹陷东区始新统流沙港组三段Ⅱ油组为例*

目前储集层分类方法多数只是从储集层的物性特征角度进行分类,而没有从储集层的成因机制进行分类。通过利用分析化验资料、钻测井资料和测试资料,对北部湾盆地乌石凹陷东区始新统流沙港组三段Ⅱ油组(L₃Ⅱ油组)的沉积特征、成岩作用和构造特征进行分析,进而研究其对储集层物性的影响,并对储集层进行分类。结果表明: L₃Ⅱ油组主要发育扇三角洲内前缘水下分流河道、外前缘水下分流河道和席状砂3种沉积微相;成岩相主要识别出泥质杂基充填相、不稳定组分溶蚀相和强压实致密相3种成岩相;裂缝相则以无裂缝相为主,局部可观察到高角度和网状裂缝相。在此基础上通过三者的叠加对储集层的岩石物理相进行分类命名,划分出内前缘水下分流河道—泥质杂基充填相—高角度裂缝相等9种不同的岩石物理相。根据不同的岩石物理相特征,总结归纳出了Ⅰ类好储集层、Ⅱ类中等储集层和Ⅲ类差储集层共3类储集层,实现了从储集层成因机制的角度对储集层进行分类和评价。     

The terrestrial fauna of the Late Triassic Pant-y-ffynnon Quarry fissures,South Wales,UK and a new species of Clevosaurus (Lepidosauria: Rhynchocephalia)

Pant-y-ffynnon Quarry in South Wales yielded a rich cache of fossils in the early 1950s, including articulated specimens of new species (the small sauropodomorph dinosaur Pantydraco caducus and the crocodylomorph Terrestrisuchus gracilis), but no substantial study of the wider fauna of the Pant-y-ffynnon fissure systems has been published. Here, our overview of existing specimens, a few described but mostly undescribed, as well as freshly processed material, provides a comprehensive picture of the Pant-y-ffynnon palaeo-island of the Late Triassic. This was an island with a relatively impoverished fauna dominated by small clevosaurs (rhynchocephalians), including a new species, Clevosaurus cambrica, described here from a partially articulated specimen and isolated bones. The new species has a dental morphology that is intermediate between the Late Triassic Clevosaurus hudsoni, from Cromhall Quarry to the east, and the younger C. convallis from Pant Quarry to the west, suggesting adaptive radiation of clevosaurs in the palaeo-archipelago. The larger reptiles on the palaeo-island do not exceed 1.5?m in length, including a small carnivorous crocodylomorph, Terrestrisuchus, and a possible example of insular dwarfism in the basal dinosaur Pantydraco.     

The effect of water on accessory phase solubility in subaluminous and peralkaline granitic melts

The solubilities of columbite, tantalite, wolframite, rutile, zircon and hafnon were determined as a function of the water contents in peralkaline and subaluminous granite melts. All experiments were conducted at 1035 °C and 2 kbar and the water contents of the melts ranged from nominally dry to approximately 6 wt.% H₂O. Accessory phase solubilities are not affected by the water content of the peralkaline melt. By contrast, solubilities are affected by the water content of the subaluminous melt, where the solubilities of all the accessory phases examined increase with the water content of the melt, up to 2 wt.% H₂O. At higher water contents, solubilities are nearly constant. It can be concluded that water is not an important control of accessory phase solubility, although the water content will affect diffusivities of components in the melt, thus whether or not accessory phases will be present as restite material. The solubility behaviour in the subaluminous and peralkaline melts supports previous spectroscopic studies, which have observed differences in the coordination of high field strength elements in dry vs. wet subaluminous granitic glasses, but not for peralkaline granitic glasses. Lastly, the fact that wolframite solubility increases with increasing water content in the subaluminous melt suggests that tungsten dissolved as a hexavalent species.     

Quaternary stresses revealed by calcite twinning inversion: insights from observations in the Savonnières underground quarry (eastern France)

Calcite samples were extracted both from the rock matrix and the superficial coating of a karstified fault plane of an underground quarry, located in the eastern border of the Paris basin. The karstification is dated as Quaternary. Analysis of mechanical calcite twinning reveals that only the calcite matrix has also undergone a compression trending WNW that can be attributed to the Mio-Pliocene alpine collision. Both coating and matrix have undergone a strike-slip regime with σ₁ roughly trending north–south, that could correspond to the regional present-day state of stress, a strike-slip compression rather trending NNW, modified by local phenomena. To cite this article: M. Rocher et al., C. R. Geoscience 335 (2003).     

HYDROGEOLOGY

正20141756 Chen Ruige(Mathematical College,China University of Geosciences,Beijing100083,China);Zhou Xun Numerical Simulation of Groundwater Level Fluctuation in a Coastal Confined Aquifer with Sloping Initial Groundwater Level Induced by the Tide(Geological Bulletin of China,ISSN1671-2552,CN11-4648/P,32(7),2013,p.1099-1104,6 illus.,16 refs.) Key words:confined water,groundwater level     

METAMORPHIC PETROLOGY

正20141408 Cai Jia(Institute of Geology,Chinese Academy of Geological Sciences,Beijing100037,China);Liu Fulai Petrogenesis and Metamorphic P-T Conditions of Garnet-Spinel-Biotitebearing Paragneiss in Danangou Area,Daqingshan-Wulashan Metamorphic Complex Belt(Acta Petrologica Sinica,ISSN1000-0569,CN11-1922/P,29(7),     

SERIALS

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GEOPHYSICAL EXPLORATION

正20142386An Guoying(China Aero Geophysical Survey and Remote Sensing Center for Land and Resources,Beijing 100083,China)Application of Satellite Remote Sensing in Regional Hydrogeological Investigation:Taking Cenozoic Strata in Wenquan Sheet(1∶250 000)of Karakoram Range as an Example(Geosci-     

QUATERNARY GEOLOGY & GEOMORPHOLOGY

正20141016An Chengbang(Key Laboratory of Western China’s Environmental Systems,Ministry of Education,Lanzhou University,Lanzhou 730000,China);Zhao Yongtao Lake Records during the Last Glacial Maximum from Xinjiang,NW China and Their Climatic Impli-     

PETROLEUM GEOLOGY

正20141538 Cao Qing(School of Earth Sciences and Engineering,Xi’an Petroleum University,Xi’an 710065,China);Zhao Jingzhou Characteristics and Significance of Fluid Inclusions from Majiagou Formation,Yichuan Huangling Area,Ordos Basin(Advances in Earth Science,ISSN1001-8166,CN62-1091/P,28(7),2013,p.819-828,7 illus.,3 tables,43 refs.)     

GEOCHEMISTRY

正20142002 Wei Hualing(Institute of Geophysical and Geochemical Exploration,Chinese Academy of Geological Sciences,Langfang065000,China);Zhou Guohua Element Content and Mineral Compositions in Different Sizes of Soil in Tongling Area,Anhui Province(Geological Bulletin of China,ISSN1671-2552,CN11-4648/P,32(11),2013,p.1861