泛协克里金的对偶形式

针对最一般的泛协克里金,借助矩阵分析方法表述出了它的对偶形式,并用空间自伴算子和空间共轭空间的观点给对偶克里金的实质作出了解释．借助对偶克金的结果,把泛协克里金的估计结果表成线性插值形式,从而请楚地显示出泛协克里格估计的插值和外推性质．     

Dual models of pore spaces

We present a model for pore spaces that consists of two parts related by duality: (1) a decomposition of an open polyhedral pore space into open contractible pore bodies separated by relatively open interfaces and (2) a pore network that is homotopy equivalent to the pore space. The dual model is unique and free of parameters, but it relies on regularity conditions for the pore space. We show how to approximate any pore space by the interior of a polyhedral complex such that the regularity conditions are fulfilled. Thus, we are able to calculate the dual model from synthetic porous media and images of real porous media. The pore bodies are unions of relatively open Delaunay cells with respect to the corners of the pore boundary, and the pore network consists of certain at most two-dimensional (2D) Voronoi cells with respect to the corners of the pore boundary. The pore network describes the neighborhood relations between the pore bodies. In particular, any relatively open 2D Delaunay face f separating two pore bodies has a unique (relatively open) dual network edge. In our model, f is a pore throat only if it is hit by its dual network edge. Thus, as opposed to widespread intuition, any pore throat is convex, and adjacent pore bodies are not necessarily separated by pore throats. Due to the duality between the pore network and the decomposition of the pore space into pore bodies it is straightforward to store the geometrical properties of the pore bodies [pore throats] as attributes of the dual network vertices [edges]. Such an attributed network is used to perform 2D drainage simulations. The results agree very well with those from a pore-morphology based modeling approach performed directly on the digital image of a porous medium. Contractibility of the pore bodies and homotopy equivalence of the pore space and the pore network is proven using discrete Morse theory and the nerve theorem from combinatorial topology.     

ISC概况和ISC观测报告的编辑与出版

简介国际地震中心(ISC)的发展历史、主要任务、人员组成和出版物。对ISC出版的地震观测报告《Bulletin of the International Seismological Centre》,详细阐述其数据汇总和分析流程。     

A note on publication and citation rates of female academics in earthquake engineering

Publication and citation rates of female engineering faculty (FEF) who work in earthquake engineering are analyzed and compared with a group of leading male engineering faculty (MEF) in the same field. After correcting for the effects of rank and gender, it is found that the future performance of FEF, given the opportunity, can rank as high as the recognized leaders in the field.     

实验性急性肺栓塞双源CT双能量肺灌注成像与CTPA的对照研究

目的:探讨CT双能量肺灌注成像(DEPI)与CT肺动脉成像(CTPA)在诊断急性肺栓塞敏感性和特异性上的差异以及CTPA联合DEPI诊断急性肺栓塞的价值。方法:在22只新西兰兔中,实验组20只经耳缘静脉入路注射明胶海绵制成急性肺栓塞模型;对照组2只经耳缘静脉注入生理盐水。栓塞后2小时行CTPA检查及双源CT双能量肺灌注扫描。扫描完毕,处死新西兰兔,行大体解剖及镜下切片观察。以病理为金标准,观察CTPA联合DEPI诊断急性肺栓塞的准确性。结果:对照组CTPA显示肺动脉血管通畅,未见充盈缺损,DEPI图像表现为大致均匀的黄红色伪彩;实验组栓塞后CTPA可见新西兰兔部分段、亚段肺动脉对应肺组织呈磨玻璃、肺纹理稀疏及马赛克改变,栓塞区域灌注图像显示为蓝色或黑色的灌注缺损或者不均匀灌注。病理检查发现亚段以下细小肺动脉栓子,CTPA未发现血管充盈缺损,而DEPI表现为与周围正常灌注区域颜色稍不均匀,呈伪彩图像表现。CTPA及DEPI诊断肺栓塞的敏感度、特异度、阳性预测值、阴性预测值分别为97.22%,98.65%,97.22%,98.65%;97.37%,95.83%,92.50%,98.57%。结论:DEPI对于急性肺栓塞的检出率具有较高敏感度;CTPA联合DEPI可提高急性肺栓塞的诊断率。     

Closed Basin Modes of a Dual Basin Harbour

Closed basin seiches have been studied in Port Kembla, Australia, a compound harbour comprising two basins linked by a narrow channel. Despite the irregular geometry, there are well defined closed basin resonances which may be excited by long waves incident on the harbour entrance. The March 2011 Japanese tsunami excited open-basin modes, but did not significantly excite closed-basin modes. This is attributed to the very low incident wave energy at those frequencies. While the direct forcing of a closed basin mode has been extensively studied, the indirect forcing via an independent open-basin mode found here has not been extensively studied. It was found that single basin modes are more readily excited than the higher dual basin harmonics and the role of the irregular geometry in inhibiting some modes is discussed. The non-linear generation of a higher frequency mode unrelated to the forcing mode is demonstrated.     

Dual laterolog borehole correction based on dynamic tool constants

The positive and negative difference of deep and shallow resisitivity in formation without invasion is caused mainly by the fixed two tool constants from numerical simulations. A dynamic calibration method for tool constants is proposed based on the effects of the mud and formation resisitivity ratio on the two constants calculated using the finite element method (FEM). Finally, four specific examples are given to validate the dynamic calibration method. It is an automatic borehole correction method and can give more accurate formation resistivity. The method is useful for dual laterolog logging.     

基于随机二元指标的边坡稳定性分析

考虑岩土体抗剪强度参数的变异性,综合极限平衡法和可靠性理论构建了安全系数概率密度分布函数模型。结合实际工程特点,以安全系数大于临界值为标准构建有效区,将有效区安全系数均值与对应可靠度相乘,得到以安全系数和可靠度为随机二元指标的有效安全系数。以有效安全系数为定量指标,将边坡宏观特征现象与定量分析相联系,构建意义更为明确的边坡稳定性分析及评价方法。通过工程实例对比了有效安全系数与传统评价指标之间的差异。所得结论可为工程建设提供参考和借鉴。     

《华北地震科学》创刊20周年纪念会在石家庄召开

2003年,《华北地震科学》迎来了20岁的生日。在河北省地震局领导的大力支持下,于11月20日召开了纪念会。前来祝贺的来宾有中国地震局数据信息中心期刊负责人冯树文;中国地震局地震数据信息中心期刊专业委员会秘书长赵萍;天津市地震局局长赵国敏;天津市地震局办公室主任王树义;山西省地震局原副局长齐书勤;河北省科技厅政策法规处处长李蔷薇。30多位历届主编、副主编、现任编委参加了纪念会。会上,杨国宝副局长代表局领导作了祝词,主编罗兰格对《华北地震科学》创刊20周年进行了回顾,20年来,《华北地震科学》可谓硕果满枝,经过几代编辑人员的…     

西门子Somatom Plus全身CT的双数据通道原理

双数据通道是西门子Ｓｏｍａｔｏｍ Ｐｌｕｓ全身ＣＴ的采样系统中采用的一项新技术，它实现了积分的间隔时间为零，确保了积分在时间上的连续性。本文简要介绍了西门子Ｓｏｍａｔｏｍ Ｐｌｕｓ全身的ＣＴ的双数据通道原理。     

双能X射线骨密度仪技术进展综述

骨质疏松的日趋严重使得骨密度的测量越来越受到人们的关注。随着医疗技术的不断进步,双能X射线骨密度仪以其精确的测量结果,较低的辐射剂量以及多种类多型号,被广泛运用于骨质疏松的诊断中。本文介绍骨密度的概念、测量方法和部位,重点介绍双能X射线骨密度测量的基本原理和关键技术。通过不同的分类方法对现有双能X射线骨密度仪进行分析和阐述,并通过硬件和软件对目前双能X射线骨密度仪存在的问题进行分析,对未来该技术的发展趋势进行了讨论和预测。     

Dual compensation strategy for real‐time hybrid testing

Real‐time hybrid testing is an experimental technique for evaluating the dynamic responses of structural systems under seismic loading. Servo‐hydraulic actuators, by nature, induce inevitable time delay between the command and the achieved displacements. This delay would lead to incorrect test results and even cause instability of the system; therefore, delay compensation is critical for stability and accuracy of hybrid simulations of structural dynamic response. In this paper, a dual delay compensation strategy is proposed by a combination of a phase lead compensator and a restoring force compensator. An outer‐loop feed‐forward phase lead compensator is derived by introducing the inverse model in the z domain. The adaptive law based on the gradient algorithm is used to estimate the system delay in the format of parametric model during the test. It is shown mathematically that the parameter in the delay estimator is guaranteed to converge. The restoring force compensator is adopted to improve the accuracy of experimental results especially when the structure is subjected to high frequency excitations. Finally, analytical simulations of an inelastic SDOF structure are conducted to investigate the feasibility of the proposed strategy. The accuracy of the dual compensation strategy is demonstrated through several shaking table tests. Copyright © 2012 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.     

Identification of Multiple Sources of Groundwater Contamination by Dual Isotopes

Chlorinated solvents are one of the most commonly detected groundwater contaminants in industrial areas. Identification of polluters and allocation of contaminant sources are important concerns in the evaluation of complex subsurface contamination with multiple sources. In recent years, compound‐specific isotope analyses (CSIA) have been employed to discriminate among different contaminant sources and to better understand the fate of contaminants in field‐site studies. In this study, the usefulness of dual isotopes (carbon and chlorine) was shown in assessments of groundwater contamination at an industrial complex in Wonju, Korea, where groundwater contamination with chlorinated solvents such as trichloroethene (TCE) and carbon tetrachloride (CT) was observed. In November 2009, the detected TCE concentrations at the study site ranged between nondetected and 10,066 µg/L, and the CT concentrations ranged between nondetected and 985 µg/L. In the upgradient area, TCE and CT metabolites were detected, whereas only TCE metabolites were detected in the downgradient area. The study revealed the presence of separate small but concentrated TCE pockets in the downgradient area, suggesting the possibility of multiple contaminant sources that created multiple comingling plumes. Furthermore, the variation of the isotopic (δ¹³C and δ³⁷Cl) TCE values between the upgradient and downgradient areas lends support to the idea of multiple contamination sources even in the presence of detectable biodegradation. This case study found it useful to apply a spatial distribution of contaminants coupled with their dual isotopic values for evaluation of the contaminated sites and identification of the presence of multiple sources in the study area.     

Dual inexact fuzzy chance-constrained programming for planning waste management systems

This study develops a dual inexact fuzzy chance-constrained programming (DIFCCP) method for planning municipal solid waste (MSW) management systems. The concept of random boundary interval (RBI) is introduced to address the high uncertain parameters in the studied system. Fuzzy flexible programming and chance-constrained programming are also introduced to take into account the uncertainties of RBIs and various uncertainties in MSW management system. Compared with the existing methods, the developed method could deal with the uncertainty without simplification and thus is more robust. Moreover, the potential system-failure risks in MSW management system due to the existing uncertainties could be quantified by means of violation levels and satisfaction levels in DIFCCP. The developed method then is applied to a MSW management system. The obtained solutions could be used for generating efficient management schemes. The values of violation and satisfaction levels could help decision makers understand the tradeoffs between system cost and system-failure risk, and identify desired strategy according to the practical economic and environmental situation.