Analyzing the commercial activities of a street network by ranking their nodes: a case study in Murcia,Spain

Urban researchers and planners are often interested in understanding how economic activities are distributed in urban regions, what forces influence their special pattern and how urban structure and functions are mutually dependent. In this paper, we want to show how an algorithm for ranking the nodes in a network can be used to understand and visualize certain commercial activities of a city. The first part of the method consists of collecting real information about different types of commercial activities at each location in the urban network of the city of Murcia, Spain. Four clearly differentiated commercial activities are studied, such as restaurants and bars, shops, banks and supermarkets or department stores, but obviously we can study other. The information collected is then quantified by means of a data matrix, which is used as the basis for the implementation of a PageRank algorithm which produces a ranking of all the nodes in the network, according to their significance within it. Finally, we visualize the resulting classification using a colour scale that helps us to represent the business network.     

Race and (Online) Sites of Consumption

Due to the hybrid nature of material and digital spaces, more decisions are being made online that have a direct effect on offline actions. This is increasingly true for the locations where people are choosing to consume goods and services such as restaurants or retail outlets. The growth of the GeoWeb—personal data uploaded to certain Internet sites such as social media platforms—has established large databases showing the locations where people go during their daily lives for the purposes of consumption. One such repository is the social network, Foursquare, which people use to display their physical location to their friends, digitally. In looking more closely at datasets from Foursquare overlaid with information on racial characteristics in census tracts, a pattern emerges: predominantly African‐American tracts are increasingly left out of this type of online participation. This paper will compare Foursquare data from several U.S. cities to discuss the implications of being left off of social media platforms tied to economic activity. It is likely that these virtually invisible areas will have a direct impact on the economic vitality of their physical counterparts     

基于微博数据的北京市热点区域意象感知

“城市意象”研究对城市文化感知、城市管理与规划、旅游资源开发等具有重要意义。近年来,随着智能移动终端和社交媒体的普及,产生了大量城市内包含有文本和地理位置等信息的社交媒体数据,涉及城市的各个区域,为开展城市意象的综合感知研究提供了新的途径。本文以2016年北京市带位置签到的新浪微博数据为例,在空间聚类发现热点区域的基础上,采用词频—逆文件频率(TF-IDF)与文档主题生成模型LDA两类典型的文本分析的方法,挖掘城市不同热点区域的主题,以感知北京市不同热点区域的社会文化功能和人群行为,并在此基础上通过对热点区域高频主题词进行共词聚类分析,深度挖掘北京市的总体意象。研究表明,运用文本挖掘及地理大数据分析的城市意象研究方法,能及时感知人群在城市不同场所的活动、态度、偏好,从而揭示城市的社会文化及功能特征,是对刻画城市物质形态的城市意象五要素模型的重要补充。此外,以北京市热点区域为例的实证研究结果对现实中的城市特色传承与空间品质塑造等有一定的启发意义。     

A context-aware personalized travel recommendation system based on geotagged social media data mining

The proliferation of digital cameras and the growing practice of online photo sharing using social media sites such as Flickr have resulted in huge volumes of geotagged photos available on the Web. Based on users' traveling preferences elicited from their travel experiences exposed on social media sites by sharing geotagged photos, we propose a new method for recommending tourist locations that are relevant to users (i.e., personalization) in the given context (i.e., context awareness). We obtain user-specific travel preferences from his/her travel history in one city and use these to recommend tourist locations in another city. Our technique is illustrated on a sample of publicly available Flickr dataset containing photos taken in various cities of China. Results show that our context-aware personalized method is able to predict tourists' preferences in a new or unknown city more precisely and generate better recommendations compared to other state-of-the-art landmark recommendation methods.     

A hybrid ensemble learning method for tourist route recommendations based on geo-tagged social networks

Geo-tagged travel photos on social networks often contain location data such as points of interest (POIs), and also users’ travel preferences. In this paper, we propose a hybrid ensemble learning method, BAyes-Knn, that predicts personalized tourist routes for travelers by mining their geographical preferences from these location-tagged data. Our method trains two types of base classifiers to jointly predict the next travel destination: (1) The K-nearest neighbor (KNN) classifier quantifies users’ location history, weather condition, temperature and seasonality and uses a feature-weighted distance model to predict a user’s personalized interests in an unvisited location. (2) A Bayes classifier introduces a smooth kernel function to estimate a-priori probabilities of features and then combines these probabilities to predict a user’s latent interests in a location. All the outcomes from these subclassifiers are merged into one final prediction result by using the Borda count voting method. We evaluated our method on geo-tagged Flickr photos and Beijing weather data collected from 1 January 2005 to 1 July 2016. The results demonstrated that our ensemble approach outperformed 12 other baseline models. In addition, the results showed that our framework has better prediction accuracy than do context-aware significant travel-sequence-patterns recommendations and frequent travel-sequence patterns.     

基于全球价值链的全球化城市网络分析——以苹果手机供应商为例

本文基于2019年苹果手机供应商数据,从全球价值链视角构建全球化城市网络,将具有全球化职能的专业城市与世界城市纳入同一分析框架,运用社会网络与社区发现方法,研究了研发型、生产型、代工服务型城市网络的节点中心性、整体拓扑结构、社群结构及影响机制.结果 发现:①苹果手机零部件的全球化城市网络均具有多中心与多样化、节点等级化...     

基于因子分析的三大都市密集地区的城市发展优势——对城市竞争力排序的商榷

近年来,随着城市竞争力概念的兴起,城市排序及城市排行榜成为各界瞩目的焦点。本文首先指出盲目追求城市排名的危害,之后从理论角度论述造成城市简单排序误区的根本原因在于对城市所属区域以及城市体系的忽视,提出应在对各城市进行定量评估的基础上,将城市发展优势与地域空间以及城市体系相结合,在地域空间中确定各城市功能定位。并以我国三大都市密集地区为实例,运用因子分析法对各城市发展优势进行定量评估。以实例阐明城市发展优势应在所属地域空间与其城市体系紧密结合,对城市简单排序提出了反驳。通过三大都市密集地区之间不同城市体系结构及其变化的比较研究,对城市集群的形成及其发展理论做了积极的探索。     

Reflections on the iconography of environmental justice activism

The United States environmental justice movement has grown in the last 20 years from tactical cooperation between civil rights and environmental activists on hazardous waste issues into a broad-based movement for social change. As dozens of organizations invest resources in an environmental justice agenda, it is important to examine how such organizations portray their stance toward the goals of the larger movement in order to better understand tensions within the movement between social justice and environmental protection, diversity and commonality, and localized and broader movement agendas. This paper explores what contemporary environmental justice imagery tells us about this social movement through a critical discourse analysis of environmental justice organizations' logos. The conceptual approach used here links a tradition of critical discourse analysis of textual materials with elements of a critical visual methodology. The paper examines how the social grievance of environmental injustice is constructed in relation to the social and natural world, and considers what these images tell us about the identities, relationships and modes of authority that constitute the contemporary environmental justice movement.     

Playing the Field: Questions of Fieldwork in Geography

Many questions-practical, strategic, political, ethical, personal-are raised by conducting field research. Some of these seem, or are constituted as, separate from the “research itself,” yet are integral to it. In this paper I attempt to cut through the breach that divides the doing of fieldwork and the fieldwork itself by addressing what constitutes the “field,” what constitutes a field researcher, and what constitutes data under contemporary conditions of globalization. Drawing on my work in New York City and Sudan, I argue that by interrogating the multiple positionings of intellectuals and the means by which knowledge is produced and exchanged, field researchers and those with whom they work can find common ground to construct a politics of engagement that does not compartmentalize social actors along solitary axes.     

云南省食用菌产业物流网络研究

构建合理高效的农产品物流网络,是实现农产品流通与增值并促进区域农业发展的重要基础。为构建云南省食用菌物流网络,分析了2004—2015年食用菌产业数据,揭示了食用菌产业的分散化、边缘化、不均衡的空间分布特征。从资源状况、社会经济、交通区位3个方面提出了物流节点等级的评价指标体系。依据货运联系强度模型确定轴心城市辐射范围,构建了以昆明市、曲靖市、楚雄州为中心城市圈,辐射带动滇东北、滇南的滇中食用菌物流圈和以大理州为物流核心、辐射带动滇西北地区的滇西食用菌物流圈。并以此形成云南省食用菌轴辐式物流网络。     

基于无人机航拍照片的西安城市形象感知研究

随着消费级无人机技术的快速发展,无人机航拍摄影资料成为城市形象感知研究的重要数据来源。论文基于社交平台“天空之城”获取的西安市无人机航拍照片、简介文本和拍摄地位置等信息,综合运用计算机视觉图片分析、计算机文本情感分析、社会网络分析和GIS空间分析等方法,探究无人机视角下的西安城市形象。研究发现:① 无人机航拍照片主要集中在主城区,周边郊县较为疏散,呈现“内密外疏”的空间格局,其核密度最高值区位于三区交界的城市中心地带,为南北向的“哑铃型”布局;② 视觉形象侧重对现代城市景观的描述,以人文景观类照片为最;③ 情感评价整体趋于积极正向,在主城区热门景点两极分化明显。最后,探索了无人机视角下城市形象建构与提升的综合机制,并对西安城市形象建设和无人机使用政策提出优化建议。     

Identifying Stakeholder Groups in Natural Resource Management: Comparing Quantitative and Qualitative Social Network Approaches

Abstract

This study compares the efficiency of two analytic approaches—qualitative and quantitative—to social network analysis for identifying stakeholder groups. Social network data were collected from 23 water and agriculture stakeholders in Arizona, USA, and analyzed quantitatively and qualitatively. Analysis of the sample in the original order of data collection found qualitative analysis was more efficient, in that it yielded a stable result—the identification of four stakeholder groups—within 16 interviews. In contrast, the quantitative analysis did not produce a stable result after 23 interviews. Repeated analyses with randomized order and reverse order samples found qualitative approaches yielded more stable results, took about the same number of interviews to yield results, and produced slightly fewer stakeholder groups compared to quantitative approaches. Our findings suggest that, in resource-constrained projects, qualitative social network analysis for identifying stakeholder groups can provide an efficient alternative to conventional quantitative social network analysis.     

基于高速公路流的江苏省城市网络空间结构与演化特征

高速交通网络是城市网络发育的重要指示器。以江苏省2004~2012年的高速公路流数据为支撑,辅以路网为背景,借助社区发现模型对其城市网络的空间结构与演化过程进行分析。结论如下：① 城市网络的演化由稀疏到稠密,但“南密北疏”的宏观格局与松散化的空间结构未发生明显改变;② 不同年份城市网络的空间结构可视为由多个“城市社区”组成,并凸显一体化效应、行政区效应、袭夺与被袭夺效应等区域效应;③ 苏南、苏中和苏北的空间关联特征可分别概括为“一体化、多层次”“由均一到分化”和“破碎化、分散化”的网络结构。在此基础上,归纳了一个涵盖城镇化中早期、中期和中后期的“破碎化、分散化网络-逐步分化的多层级网络-多中心、多层级网络”三阶段的城市网络演化模型。     

Masculinist Epistemologies and the Politics of Fieldwork in Latin Americanist Geography*

Given the importance of fieldwork in Latin Americanist geography, it is intriguing to note the absence of a dialogue about the politics of fieldwork within the subdiscipline. Drawing from feminist theories about the production of knowledge, this article suggests that the silence about fieldwork is rooted in masculinist epistemologies that predominate in Latin Americanist geography. After analyzing the epistemological and pedagogical implications of masculinism, I argue for increased attention to the nexus of power and knowledge and in particular, to how the researcher's geographic location, social status, race, and gender fundamentally shape the questions asked, the data collected, and the interpretation of the data. Dialogue about these issues in our teaching and writing not only will better prepare students for fieldwork, but also has the potential to foster research that subverts rather than reproduces power inequalities.     

City generics: external urban relations in ancient-Mesopotamian and modern-global city networks

City generics is a research choice to explore continuities of urban process across time and space. Central flow theory is interpreted as generic and is operationalized using the interlocking network model. A nuanced generic approach is developed that respects differences in inter-city relations found in dissimilar social worlds, defined as world-systems. This is illustrated through the application of the interlocking network model to extremely different world-systems – the contemporary world-economy and the ancient Mesopotamian world-empire. In both cases data is collected and analysed to reveal a city network at the centre of societal reproduction; advanced producer services are enabling of corporate globalization through cities; advanced divine services are enabling of spiritual-political change through cities. Both analyses produce credible geographical results so that similarities and differences in results can be discussed as generic inter-city relations.     

基于空间句法视角的民国以来北京老城街道网络演变

研究基于空间句法理论与方法,结合不同时期的数字化历史地图,从街道网络显型、“局部—整体”层级关系及运转效率等三方面探讨民国以来北京老城的街道网络演变进程。结果表明：① 政权更替是其演变的分水岭。民国时期,老城街道网络由封建隔离结构向现代通达结构转型,环环相扣、中轴对称式的整合、穿行核心格局同时被打破。1949年中华人民共和国成立后,街道网络的几何格网特征越发明显,“环形+大格网”式的核心运动骨架凸显,不同街道段的可达性与穿行频率则逐渐趋同。② 老城各子区域的可达性层级关系在百余年来持续变化,穿行频率层级关系则保持稳定,与其他区域相比,东城的可达性与穿行频率优势明显。③ 政权更替之际新结构的集中嵌入与随后规划建设的路径依赖使得老城全域的运转效率历经“下降→上升→下降→上升”的起伏演变过程。这一过程同样出现在东城、西城与外城,但更强的几何格网特征促使前者的两次上升幅度较大,运转效率也相对较高,而皇城的运转效率则随小规模封闭系统的日益开放呈阶梯式下降。概括来讲,研究不仅运用数字化手段系统梳理了北京老城的街道发展史,为如何更好地保护古都风貌,传承历史文脉提供了街道网络视角的逻辑支撑,对于空间句法的理论算法体系也进行了一定拓展。     

基于众源地理数据的个性化路线服务框架及应用实验

随着移动通信与LBS的蓬勃发展,能够描述个体行为的众源时空大数据大量涌现,为感知群体时空行为模式与探究个性化路线提供了新视角。该文将众源时空信息与出行者的个人意愿映射到实际路网空间,融合大众偏好和定制趋势,构建包含主题序列生成、POI推荐、历史路线推荐的局部路网模型,进而实现一种利用众源时空数据改进的HMM路线规划方法,为用户提供合适且个性化的出行方案;以长沙市岳麓区为研究案例,利用真实路网数据与相关兴趣点作为实验数据,基于该方法可在短时间内提供满足用户需求的不同月份的最优路线。     

独角兽企业内部联系视角下中国城市创新网络空间结构研究

独角兽企业是新经济时代不同形式创新的集中组织和整合,其内部联系及空间组织反映了区域创新网络的格局和特征。论文基于独角兽企业内部联系,通过总部—分支机构联系模型构建中国城市创新网络,运用社会网络分析方法从网络层级、关联模式、网络节点3个层面探究新经济时代中国城市创新网络的空间结构和特征。研究表明：① 独角兽企业内部联系视角下中国城市创新网络呈现“1+3+N”的核心城市驱动发展格局,“北上杭深”组合领跑全局,空间极化现象明显;② 中国城市创新网络的空间结构整体呈菱形结构,且明显呈东强西弱的格局;强联系主要发生在核心节点城市之间,其他城市通过与重要节点城市连接进入网络,网络核心—边缘结构突出;③ 重要的节点城市在城市创新网络中展示出较强的权力和威望,但在网络中发挥的作用有一定差异。研究可为新时代中国城市创新网络的研究提供新的视角,文中构建的独角兽指数亦可为城市创新综合实力评估研究提供参考。     

A network approach to the production of geographic context using exponential random graph models

ABSTRACT

The notion of context continues to be both an enduring rationale and empirical problem for addressing human agency for geographers. Despite its centrality to geographic scholarship, context has largely been an abstraction in geography with relatively little effort to either clarify what it means or how to formally operationalize it for research purposes. When context has been formally addressed, it has primarily emphasized either impacts on agency at a specific scale through a reliance on a place-based interpretation. This paper takes up the issue of context by developing a multi-scalar theoretical framework that is suited for use with social network-based statistical models called exponential random graph models or ERGMs. The theory of context emphasizes the importance for both geographic and social contexts for agency while also recognizing place specific and larger scale influences. Using network data about World War I, a series of ERGMs are developed to demonstrate the importance of multiple types of contexts to the observed outcomes. The approach used in this paper reinforces the old truism that context matters by demonstrating it empirically. Most importantly, this paper illustrates the value of continued engagement with a wider spectrum of the theories of how and why context matters.     

Christaller and “big data”: recalibrating central place theory via the geoweb

This article utilizes central place theory (CPT) to navigate the “deluge” brought about by big data. While originating in the 1930s, CPT is a theoretical monument of 1960s spatial science. CPT aims to understand settlement geographies based on consumption behavior and is often presented as a singular, outdated, and rationalist theory. After critically reviewing the history of CPT, we assess the microfoundations of Christaller’s CPT – the threshold and range of goods – for various central functions in Louisville, Kentucky. The microfoundations are estimated through data from social media platforms Foursquare and Twitter. These sources alleviate many of the operationalization issues that traditionally hamper empirical use of CPT. The empirical application of CPT reveals that: (i) central functions have typical ranges and thresholds relating central places to population spread; (ii) central functions cluster based on an approximate hierarchical structure. The findings indicate the ongoing importance of CPT in shaping urban-economic geographies.