五大连池老黑山火山弹和喷发柱动力学模拟

火山喷发是一个气体、液体和固体混合物的复杂的流体动力学过程。正确理解这个过程是研究火山喷发的关键因素。Eject和Plumeria软件可以很好地模拟现实火山喷发过程中火山弹和喷发柱的动力学过程。在详细调查五大连池老黑山地区火山弹、火山碎屑物和整理已有数据的基础上,运用Eject和Plumeria软件对老黑山火山的火山弹和喷发柱进行了动力学模拟。结果表明:老黑山火山喷发的火山弹喷射最大高度为530 m,喷射角度45°时喷射水平距离最远为1 000 m,喷发柱最大高度为4.7 km,喷发柱半径为2.3 km。通过对其喷发规模和火山灰构成比例的探讨,认为老黑山火山喷发属于镁铁质火山小型喷发,对环境的影响范围有限。     

火山岩天然气成藏要素时空匹配及对成藏的控制作用: 以徐家围子地区深层为例

通过研究徐家围子地区深层火山岩气藏3个主要成藏要素——沙河子组气源岩、火山岩圈闭和断裂输导通道的时空匹配关系, 得到该区火山岩圈闭与沙河子组气源岩在空间上可以直接接触, 也可以在空间上相距一定距离, 但均由断裂沟通连接.沙河子组气源岩、火山岩圈闭和断裂输导通道在泉头组沉积末期-青山口组沉积中期、嫩江组沉积末期和明水组沉积末期三者时间匹配关系最好, 有利于天然气在火山岩中大规模富集成藏.通过3个主要成藏要素时空分布与火山岩气藏分布之间关系研究得到, 沙河子组气源岩区、Ⅰ、Ⅱ类火山岩储集圈闭和断裂分布在空间上共同控制着火山岩气藏的形成与分布.泉头组沉积末期-青山口组沉积末期、嫩江组沉积末期和明水组沉积末期应是该区火山岩气藏形成的主要时期, 3个主要成藏要素良好的时空匹配关系是造成该区深层火山岩中能形成大、中型气田的根本原因.      

内蒙锡林浩特鸽子山火山地质研究

鸽子山火山位于内蒙古自治区锡林浩特市东南,处于大兴安岭-大同新生代火山喷发带中段,是锡林浩特-阿巴嘎火山群中保存最为完好的一座玄武质火山。火山喷发物的分布面积约55km²,主要为降落火山渣、溅落熔结火山碎屑岩和熔岩流,成分主要为碧玄岩,晚期有少量的橄榄拉斑玄武岩,碧玄岩中含有较多二辉橄榄岩包体和辉石及歪长石巨晶。火山由锥体、熔岩流和火山碎屑席组成,锥体由早期的降落锥和晚期溅落锥复合而成。火山口经历多次塌陷而成为破火口。锥体西侧及北东侧出露两个仍保留了原始形态的熔岩溢出口,熔岩流类型为结壳熔岩,由多个岩流单元组成,局部地区的熔岩流中发育较多保存完好的喷气锥、喷气碟或喷气塔。火山碎屑席主要分布在锥体的东侧,厚度由锥体向外逐渐减薄。火山活动可分为早、晚两个阶段,早期为爆破式喷发,形成火山渣锥和碎屑席,属亚布里尼型喷发,晚期主要为溢流式喷发,形成溅落锥和大规模熔岩流,其活动时代为晚更新世末-全新世。     

火山气体喷发量的一种计算方法——以汉诺坝浮岩为例

火山气体喷发量的一种计算方法———以汉诺坝浮岩为例夏成朱永峰王海华鲍景新（北京大学地质系,北京１００８７１）关键词浮岩二相分流气体喷发量以火山方式将地幔气体排出是地球内部向地表输出的一条重要途径。火山喷发过程中流体（岩浆及地幔气体）带出大量动能,喷出...     

新疆东准噶尔石炭纪火山机构类型与时限

东准噶尔卡拉麦里大气田的主要储层是石炭纪火山岩,石炭纪古火山机构的样式与组合特征,与火山岩储层展布关系密切。野外调查表明,隐爆角砾岩是东准噶尔石炭纪古火山机构最常见的标志之一。东准噶尔石炭纪古火山机构类型主要有中心式、裂隙式和裂隙-中心式等样式。中心式火山机构以大石头层状火山、柯克巴斯套锥状火山最为典型;巴塔玛依内山附近沿断裂分布的带状火山岩具有裂隙式喷发的特征;东黑山火山具有火山口串珠状排列特征,是裂隙-中心式喷发的产物。大石头地区原缪林托凯陶山组火山岩的锆石SHRIMP U-Pb年龄为345.6±7.1 Ma,而已知巴塔玛依内山组火山岩年龄是350.0±6.3Ma,因此东准噶尔火山活动的主要时期是早石炭世。     

Evolution of Irruputuncu volcano,Central Andes,northern Chile

The Irruputuncu is an active volcano located in northern Chile within the Central Andean Volcanic Zone (CAVZ) and that has produced andesitic to trachy-andesitic magmas over the last ∼258 ± 49 ka. We report petrographical and geochemical data, new geochronological ages and for the first time a detailed geological map representing the eruptive products generated by the Irruputuncu volcano. The detailed study on the volcanic products allows us to establish a temporal evolution of the edifice. We propose that the Irruputuncu volcanic history can be divided in two stages, both dominated by effusive activity: Irruputuncu I and II. The oldest identified products that mark the beginning of Irruputuncu I are small-volume pyroclastic flow deposits generated during an explosive phase that may have been triggered by magma injection as suggested by mingling features in the clasts. This event was followed by generation of large lava flows and the edifice grew until destabilization of its SW flank through the generation of a debris avalanche, which ended Irruputuncu I. New effusive activity generated lavas flows to the NW at the beginning of Irruputuncu II. In the meantime, lava domes that grew in the summit were destabilized, as shown by two well-preserved block-and-ash flow deposits. The first phase of dome collapse, in particular, generated highly mobile pyroclastic flows that propagated up to ∼8 km from their source on gentle slopes as low as 11° in distal areas. The actual activity is characterized by deposition of sulfur and permanent gas emissions, producing a gas plume that reaches 200 m above the crater. The maximum volume of this volcanic system is of ∼4 km³, being one of the smallest active volcano of Central Andes.     

Susceptibility of intrusion-related landslides at volcanic islands: the Stromboli case study

Susceptibility of intrusion-related landslides in an active volcano was evaluated coupling the landslide susceptibility estimation by random forest (RF), and the probabilistic volcanic vent opening distribution, as proxy for magma injection, using the QVAST tool. In order to develop and test the method proposed here, the RF/QVAST approach was adopted for Stromboli volcano (Southern Italy) since it experienced moderate to huge instability events, it is geomorphologically prone to instability events, and it is affected by active intense volcanic activity that can produce slope instability. The main destabilizing factors of the volcanic flanks are the slope, the aspect, the terrain roughness, the land cover and the litho-technical features of the outcropping rocks. Estimation of volcanic susceptibility shows that the areas with high probability of new vent opening are located in the north-western unstable volcano flank (Sciara del Fuoco), in the volcano summit and the north-eastern volcano flank coherent with the possible re-activation of the eruptive fissures related to the regional tectonic setting. The areas with higher probability of intrusion-related landslides are located in the upper part of the Sciara del Fuoco, while the rest of the island show moderate to low probability of intrusion-related landslide occurrence.     

松辽盆地徐家围子断陷营城组火山岩相和火山机构分析

徐家围子断陷营城组火山岩极为发育。文章通过对火山岩的岩芯观察、薄片鉴定、岩芯测试及测井资料、二维、三维地震资料的综合分析 ,将营城组火山岩盆地分为 3大相区 ,即火山喷发区、过渡区和沉积区。火山喷发区岩性由各种熔岩、火山碎屑岩和少量砂砾岩组成 ;过渡区岩性以火山碎屑岩与沉积岩互层为特征 ,夹少量火山熔岩 ;沉积区岩性包括砂砾岩、砂岩、粉砂岩和泥岩。火山喷发区内可识别出 8种类型的火山岩相 (空落相、溢流相、基底涌流相、火山碎屑流相、火山泥石流相、火山沉积相、次火山相、隐爆角砾岩相 )和 3种类型的火山机构 (层火山、微型盾火山和渣锥火山 )。不同类型的火山机构具有不同火山作用、岩相分布特征和含油气性。因此火山岩相及火山机构分析对火山作用研究和油气勘探均有重要意义。     

Estimation of tsunami hazard from volcanic activity — Suggested methodology with Augustine volcano,Alaska as an example

A general approach for the estimation of tsunami height and hazard in the vicinity of active volcanoes has been developed. An empirical relationship has been developed to estimate the height of the tsunami generated for an eruption of a given size. This relationship can be used to estimate the tsunami hazard based on the frequency of eruptive activity of a particular volcano. This technique is then applied to the estimation of tsunami hazard from the eruption of the Augustine volcano in Alaska. Modification of this approach to account for a less than satisfactory data base and differing volcanic characteristics is also discussed with the case of the Augustine volcano as an example. This approach can be used elsewhere with only slight modifications and, for the first time, provides a technique to estimate tsunami hazard from volcanic activity, similar to a well-established approach for the estimation of tsunami hazard from earthquake activity.     

岩浆补给作用对硅质火山岩浆系统演化的制约

硅质火山喷发作为大陆地壳岩浆活动的重要表现，在研究大陆地壳形成与演化、探讨岩浆过程与动力学机制等方面具有重要的价值，其通常所表现的强烈爆炸式喷发，甚至可以导致全球性的环境和气候变迁。硅质岩浆系统在开放体系中不同来源岩浆的贡献和相互作用是目前研究的热点问题。持续的岩浆补给可以延长岩浆存储的时间，促进岩浆房的对流、岩浆的分异演化以及晶体 熔体的分离和晶粥的再活化，同时也是触发火山喷发的重要机制之一。此外，岩浆补给以及硅质岩浆的晶体 熔体演化过程也是火山喷发产物多样性的原因，导致同一火山在其活动过程中喷发产物规律性的变化，如富晶体火山岩、贫晶体火山岩、火山岩成分分层、以及复活岩穹和中央侵入体等。因此，岩浆补给作用是制约硅质火山岩浆系统演化和火山岩成分多样性的重要因素，也是活动火山监测和灾害评估的重要依据。岩石学、岩石地球化学、矿物(长石、石英、石榴子石、锆石等)同位素及成分变化，以及模拟实验、地震层析成像等研究为揭示硅质岩浆系统中的岩浆补给作用和复杂岩浆过程提供了多种视角。     

长白山区地质地貌演化历史

本文综合前人的研究成果以及笔者的实地考察研究,论述了长白山地质历史,包括长白山的基底形成阶段的划分、地台形成阶段、各地质时期活动状况。将长白山复式层状火山锥地质演化历史划分成7个旋回,并阐明了那几个旋回造盾、造锥、造席和造池。使人们对长白山火山成因有进一步的了解。     

Sources of volatiles for a subduction zone volcano: Mutnovsky volcano,Kamchatka

Mass balance calculations of volatiles were performed for Mutnovsky volcano, Kamchatka, by comparing the chemical and isotopic compositions of gas emissions with the compositions of the main geochemical reservoirs in the subduction zone using a simple mixing model. The predominant deep component (up to 73% in the highest temperature fumaroles) is composed of slab fluid released during dehydration of the Pacific Plate. The mantle component does not exceed 2.1%. The fraction of gases from the continental crust varies from 0.5 to 5% depending on the composition of the crustal endmember that was used in the calculations. In terms of the gas composition, Mutnovsky volcano is a typical subduction volcano, but its fluid system has a complex structure. The observed compositional pattern in the volcanic fumaroles can be explained by degassing of two independent magma bodies.     

腾冲火山区上新世以来的火山活动

对腾冲火山区上新世以来的火山,尤其是具有最新活动的黑空山、打鹰山和鞍山进行了比较系统的Ｋ－年龄分析。去除样品中含有过剩氩的斜长石斑晶和橄榄石斑晶以后获得了一系列准确的基质Ｋ－Ａｒ年龄;根据火山活动的时空变化把腾冲火山活动分为三个期。第一期为上新世晚期,火山活动集中于火山区的西北和东南两端;第二期为早更新世期间,火山活动向腾冲盆地中心迁移和扩展,活动规模和分布面积最大;第三期为早更新世末期至全新世,     

Volcanic flame: source of fuel and relation to volcanic gas-lava equilibrium

Flame formation at or near volcanic vents is a somewhat unusual phenomenon, but during October 1970 true flames were observed to issue at intervals from a series of vents in a lava tube or from spatter cones associated with the new eruptive center (Mauna Ulu) on the southeast rift of Kilauea volcano, Hawaii. This situation was similar to that under which successful volcanic gas collections have been made in the past in Hawaii and elsewhere. After several attempts two gas samples were collected successfully between flaming episodes. Analysis showed these to be chiefly water vapor with a small amount of hydrogen and carbon dioxide. The probable source of the hydrogen in the gas is explained on the basis of the high-temperature equilibria involved. The flame-forming properties of dilute mixtures of hydrogen and non-combustible gas were studied and the most dilutemixtures that would produce flames under volcanic conditions were measured (flammability limit). Intermittent flaming can be ascribed to the periodic attainment of the flammability limit for hydrogen in the volcanic gas mixture, which was found to be achieved in one of the collected samples.     

广西涠洲岛南湾火山喷发特征

涠洲岛是北部湾内的一座火山岛, 火山熔岩构筑了该岛的基底, 岛南端的南湾火山喷发物形成了涠洲岛现代火山地貌.南湾火山喷发以岩浆喷发和射气岩浆喷发交替进行为特征, 火山碎屑岩和基浪堆积物向岛北延伸, 覆盖了大半个涠洲岛.选取了鳄鱼嘴和猪仔岛2个典型剖面, 对南湾火山喷发活动进行详细的观察和描述, 发现了诸如爬升层理、大型低角度交错层理和板状层理等射气岩浆喷发成因的基浪堆积物中特有的构造, 并且观察到射气岩浆作用的指相物质——增生火山砾.所有这些现象都反映了南湾火山是射气与岩浆交替喷发成因的复合火山, 其中射气岩浆喷发占据重要地位, 而喷发中心位于南湾海中.      

An assessment of the risk from future eruptions of the Soufriere volcano of St. Vincent,West Indies

The Soufriere volcano is a 1220 m high stratovolcano which occupies the northern part of the island of St. Vincent. It is one of the most active centres of volcanism in the Caribbean and has a record of activity dating back to the Pleistocene. Historic eruptions (since 1718) have caused over 1600 deaths and resulted in damage to property valued in excess of 4.8 million USD. In addition, current development plans for the area point towards increased risk of disastrous consequences from future activity at the volcano.All aspects of risk relevant to the volcano, are discussed, with particular emphasis on the manner in which these are perceived and on the question of acceptable risk. A method is presented for use in risk assessment of volcanic hazard and a number of risk zones are defined for the Soufriere volcano. Numerical estimates of the relative loss expected within each zone are obtained from a consideration of the value of property at risk, its vulnerability to the hazardous volcanic events and the expected spatial impact of volcanic events. Such estimates suggest that the northern-most third of the island is at least ten times more at risk than areas further south. The likelihood of death and destruction is extreme in such high risk areas, while the most feasible method of loss reduction is evacuation before an eruption occurs.Formerly at Department of Earth Sciences, University of Leeds, Leeds LS2 9JT, United Kingdom.     

中国大陆火山活动对气候与环境影响的研究进展

本文简要回顾了我国中、新生代典型中酸性火山活动的气候环境效应的研究进展,重点讨论了新生代长白山天池火山喷发和中生代辽西火山活动对气候环境造成的影响。天池火山气体含量呈现两个相同趋势的旋回式变化,从早到晚,卤化物和H2O呈降低趋势,而硫化物气体呈增加趋势。火山旋回早期富含HF气体导致动物窒息、甚至大批集群死亡;晚期喷出的大量硫化物气体可以形成大规模酸雨和剧毒火山灰云幕,对周围的动植物生长有严重影响。辽西火山气体可分为三种组合,形成酸雨,导致地表温度下降,加速臭氧浓度降低,甚至破坏臭氧层,从而对生物的生存环境造成严重危害。     

闽浙赣粤中生代晚期火山岩岩石地层划分综述

将闽浙赣粤中生代晚期火山岩西区带分区分为江南区、武夷区和南岭区三个构造－岩浆活动区。根据岩性岩相特征，结合岩石地层单位群与火山旋回或沉积旋回相对应的原则，将江南划分为两个群，武夷区划分为三个群，南岭区划分为四个群。根据组与火山－沉积复合岩相或沉积岩相相对应的原则，各群又可进一步划分为若干个组。     

四海龙湾玛珥湖沉积物中碱流质火山灰的来源及其意义

四海龙湾玛珥湖位于东北新生代龙岗火山区内,在玛珥湖沉积物距湖底69-70cm处分离出新鲜的火山灰。根据火山灰产出的层位、原生沉积特征、形貌和碱流质化学成分特征,属于长白山天池火山公元1199-1200年大喷发的产物。这一结果不仅表明天池火山历史时期大喷发的规模比原来估计的还要大,并且为建立千年以来四海龙湾沉积物及古气候演化的时间标尺提供了依据。