Impact of Global Oceanic Warming on Winter Eurasian Climate

In the 20 th century, Eurasian warming was observed and was closely related to global oceanic warming(the first leading rotated empirical orthogonal function of annual mean sea surface temperature over the period 1901–2004). Here, large-scale patterns of covariability between global oceanic warming and circulation anomalies are investigated based on NCEP–NCAR reanalysis data. In winter, certain dominant features are found, such as a positive pattern of the North Atlantic Oscillation(NAO), low-pressure anomalies over northern Eurasia, and a weakened East Asian trough. Numerical experiments with the CAM3.5, CCM3 and GFDL models are used to explore the contribution of global oceanic warming to the winter Eurasian climate. Results show that a positive NAO anomaly, low-pressure anomalies in northern Eurasia, and a weaker-than-normal East Asian trough are induced by global oceanic warming. Consequently, there are warmer winters in Europe and the northern part of East Asia. However, the Eurasian climate changes differ slightly among the three models. Eddy forcing and convective heating from those models may be the reason for the different responses of Eurasian climate.     

The influence of geopotential heights on New South Wales rainfall

Summary An investigation of the relationships between New South Wales (NSW) seasonal rainfalls and fluctuations of geopotential height at four Australian radiosonde stations is presented. The connection between the Southern Oscillation Index (SOI) and the geopotential height was explored up to the mid-troposphere. The study determined that the 800 and 600 hPa heights at Woomera show stronger and more consistent correlations with winter and spring rainfalls respectively, than occur between SOI and rainfall. The 900 hPa height at Brisbane is also strongly correlated with autumn rainfall for much of coastal NSW. These correlations are found to be stable during high and low phases of the SO cycle. It was found that the effects of the considered geopotential data on rainfall are independent of the influence of the SO phenomenon. The study also found that the fluctuations of geopotential heights at Woomera are related to rainfall variability over a wide region of southern Australia. At Darwin the 800 hPa surface appears to be the highest altitude at which there is any influence from the Southern Oscillation during winter. Furthermore, airmass movement over inland NSW is quite strongly related to SOI but coastal airmass movement is only weakly related to SOI. A mechanism for the influence of the Southern Oscillation on NSW rainfall is suggested.With 9 Figures     

Potential Effects of Differential Day-Night Warming in Global Climate Change on Crop Production

Recent studies on the nature of global warming indicate the likelihood of an asymmetric change in temperature, where night-time minimum temperature increases more rapidly than the day-time maximum temperature. We used a physically based scenario of asymmetric warming combined with climate change scenarios from General Circulation Models (GCMs) outputs and the EPIC (Erosion Productivity Impact Calculator) plant process model to examine the effects of asymmetric temperature change on crop productivity. Our results indicated that the potential effects of global change on crop productivity may be less severe with asymmetric day-night warming than with equal day-night warming.     

海洋对全球变暖的响应及南海观测证据

回顾了世界各大洋和若干区域海洋的海平面、热含量、温盐结构及珊瑚变化等方面的主要成果,并对中国南海温盐结构的长期变化趋势进行了初步分析。结果表明,对全球增暖的响应,南海中层水盐度的长期变化表现出一定的淡化趋势。     

气候变暖对冬小麦徐麦33产量和品质影响

利用2017—2022年江苏徐州农业气象试验站试验数据研究作物品种、土壤物理化学性质和管理措施均相同条件下,气候变暖对半冬性冬小麦品种产量结构和籽粒品质的影响。研究发现：不同播期冬小麦生长季平均气温升温幅度为0.1~1.7℃。平均气温升高对冬小麦产量结构造成影响,平均气温每升高1℃,冬小麦穗粒数减少14.7%;平均气温升高对籽粒蛋白质、脂肪和氨基酸含量造成负面影响,进而影响籽粒品质。平均气温与籽粒蛋白质含量相关系数为-0.72（达到0.01显著性水平）,与脂肪含量相关系数为-0.52（达到0.05显著性水平）。此外,气温升高对16种氨基酸中的14种产生负面影响,其中对天冬氨酸和精氨酸含量负面影响达到0.05显著性水平。导致上述结果的主要原因是气候变暖夜间最低气温升高,冬小麦呼吸作用加强,不利于冬小麦同化作用和有机物积累;气候变暖导致冬小麦开花期到成熟期高温热害增多,影响冬小麦生理生化过程,特别是限制了冬小麦营养物质的吸收和合成。     

Potential Effects of Global Warming on Waterfowl Populations Breeding in the Northern Great Plains

The Prairie Pothole Region (PPR) of the Northern Great Plains is the most important breeding area for waterfowl in North America. Historically, the size of breeding duck populations in the PPR has been highly correlated with spring wetland conditions. We show that one indicator of climate conditions, the Palmer Drought Severity Index (PDSI), is strongly correlated with annual counts (from 1955 to 1996) of both May ponds (R2 = 0.72, p < 0.0001) and breeding duck populations (R2 = 0.69, p < 0.0001) in the Northcentral U.S., suggesting the utility of PDSI as an index for climatic factors important to wetlands and ducks. We then use this relationship to project future pond and duck numbers based on PDSI values generated from sensitivity analyses and two general circulation model (GCM) scenarios. We investigate the sensitivity of PDSI to fixed changes in temperature of 0°C, +1.5°C, +2.5°C, and +4.0°C in combination with fixed changes in precipitation of -10%, +0%, +7%, and +15%, changes spanning the range of typically-projected values for this region from human-induced climatic change. Most (11 of 12) increased temperature scenarios tested result in increased drought (due to greater evapotranspiration under warmer temperatures) and declining numbers of both wetlands and ducks. Assuming a doubling of CO2 by 2060, both the equilibrium and transient GCM scenarios we use suggest a major increase in drought conditions. Under these scenarios, Northcentral U.S. breeding duck populations would fluctuate around means of 2.1 or 2.7 million ducks based on the two GCMs, respectively, instead of the present long-term mean of 5.0 million. May pond numbers would fluctuate around means of 0.6 or 0.8 million ponds instead of the present mean of 1.3 million. The results suggest that the ecologically and economically important PPR could be significantly damaged by climate changes typically projected. We make several recommendations for policy and research to help mitigate potential effects.     

Alternatives to the Global Warming Potential for Comparing Climate Impacts of Emissions of Greenhouse Gases

The Global Warming Potential (GWP) is used within the Kyoto Protocol to the United Nations Framework Convention on Climate Change as a metric for weighting the climatic impact of emissions of different greenhouse gases. The GWP has been subjected to many criticisms because of its formulation, but nevertheless it has retained some favour because of the simplicity of its design and application, and its transparency compared to proposed alternatives. Here, two new metrics are proposed, which are based on a simple analytical climate model. The first metric is called the Global Temperature Change Potential and represents the temperature change at a given time due to a pulse emission of a gas (GTP_P); the second is similar but represents the effect of a sustainedemission change (hence GTP_S). Both GTP_P and GTP_S are presented as relative to the temperature change due to a similar emission change of a reference gas, here taken to be carbon dioxide. Both metrics are compared against an upwelling-diffusion energy balance model that resolves land and ocean and the hemispheres. The GTP_P does not perform well, compared to the energy balance model, except for long-lived gases. By contrast, the GTP_S is shown to perform well relative to the energy balance model, for gases with a wide variety of lifetimes. It is also shown that for time horizons in excess of about 100 years, the GTP_S and GWP produce very similar results, indicating an alternative interpretation for the GWP. The GTP_S retains the advantage of the GWP in terms of transparency, and the relatively small number of input parameters required for calculation. However, it has an enhanced relevance, as it is further down the cause–effect chain of the impacts of greenhouse gases emissions and has an unambiguous interpretation. It appears to be robust to key uncertainties and simplifications in its derivation and may be an attractive alternative to the GWP.     

气候变暖对黑龙江省主要农作物的影响

利用黑龙江省和哈尔滨市的气温资料,通过5种气候模式,对黑龙江省及哈尔滨市的气温变化特点,以及未来50 a的变化趋势作了分析。结果表明：20世纪80年代以来,黑龙江省气候明显变暖,在1881-2001年120 a间哈尔滨年平均气温上升了1.4℃,全省1981-2000年较1951-1980年间平均气温上升近1.0℃。数值模拟结果显示,2030年和2050年的气温将分别升高1.9℃和2.4℃,到2050年≥10℃积温带将北移约5个纬距。气候变暖对水稻、玉米、大豆和小麦生长发育的影响很大,除大豆增产外,其他作物产量均有所降低。因此,必须进行作物结构调整才能逐步适应气候变化,获得增产     

气候变暖对刚察县采暖气象指标的影响及节能潜力分析

利用青海省刚察县1961—2008年逐日气温资料,运用数理统计等方法,分析了该地区采暖期气象条件变化及节能潜力。结果表明,1961—2008年间,刚察县采暖期平均气温上升,负积温减少,采暖初日推迟、终日提前,采暖长度明显缩短;采暖度日与采暖期平均气温关系密切,采暖度日呈极显著下降趋势,特别是1994年气温突变后,下降趋势更加明显,冬季寒冷程度有所减弱,能耗需求量减小;该县采暖能源需求异常偏多主要分布在20世纪60年代,偏多年份以70—80年代为主,偏少年份出现在80年代中期以后,主要集中在2000年以后。气候变暖所致采暖节能率为7%,这对节约能源、减少大气污染和温室气体排放较为有利。     

宁夏冬季采暖期对气候变暖的响应

利用1961~2014年(10月至次年4月)宁夏20个气象站气候资料,分析宁夏冬季采暖期的时空变化特征,以及采暖期内气候资源的变化特征及其对采暖强度的影响。结果表明:(1)宁夏由南到北采暖初日推迟,终日提前,采暖强度减弱;(2)与实际供暖初、终日期相比,北部引黄灌区采暖初日偏晚,终日偏早,采暖长度短于供暖长度;中部干旱带两者基本接近;南部山区采暖初日偏早,终日偏晚,采暖长度长于供暖长度;(3)随着气候变暖,近53 a宁夏采暖初日推后,终日提前,终日提前趋势较初日推后趋势更明显,采暖期长度缩短,北部引黄灌区缩短最多;整体上,采暖强度显著减弱,但2002年以后中北部地区气温降低,导致日平均采暖强度及采暖强度有增加趋势;(4)夜间升温对采暖强度减小的贡献大于白天升温的贡献;(5)近53 a日照时数和降水量变化对中南部地区采暖强度的影响大于北部引黄灌区;(6)气候变暖对减少冬季采暖能耗的贡献为12.8%~16.5%,但中北部地区2002年以后对减少采暖能耗的贡献有所降低。     

气候变暖对我国南方水稻可种植区的影响

利用我国南方稻区214站1961—2009年逐日气象资料,研究气候变化对南方水稻可种植区的影响。研究结果显示：气候变暖使南方稻区活动积温（日平均气温≥10℃）明显增加,49年增加了324.4℃?d。同时水稻生长季长度也明显延长,49年延长了17.9 d。双季稻可种植区北界明显北移,三季稻可种植区北界略有北移,20世纪60—80年代,双季稻可种植区仅限于长江以南地区,但21世纪初以来的10年双季稻可种植区北界移到长江以北,即向北推移近300 km,从而使新增双季稻可种植区扩展到四川东北部、贵州东部、重庆、湖北大部、安徽中部以及江苏南部。     

Quantifying the Impact of Global Climate Change on Potential Natural Vegetation

Impacts of climate change on vegetation are often summarized in biome maps, representing the potential natural vegetation class for each cell of a grid under current and changed climate. The amount of change between two biome maps is usually measured by the fraction of cells that change class, or by the kappa statistic. Neither measure takes account of varying structural and floristic dissimilarity among biomes. An attribute-based measure of dissimilarity (V) between vegetation classes is therefore introduced. V is based on (a) the relative importance of different plant life forms (e.g. tree, grass) in each class, and (b) a series of attributes (e.g. evergreen-deciduous, tropical-nontropical) of each life form with a weight for each attribute. V is implemented here for the most used biome model, BIOME 1 (Prentice, I. C. et al., 1992). Multidimensional scaling of pairwise V values verifies that the suggested importance values and attribute weights lead to a reasonable pattern of dissimilarities among biomes. Dissimilarity between two maps (V) is obtained by area-weighted averaging of V over the model grid. Using V, present global biome distribution from climatology is compared with anomaly-based scenarios for a doubling of atmospheric CO2 concentration (2 × CO2), and for extreme glacial and interglacial conditions. All scenarios are obtained from equilibrium simulations with an atmospheric general circulation model coupled to a mixed-layer ocean model. The 2 × CO2 simulations are the widely used OSU and GFDL runs from the 1980's, representing models with low and high climate sensitivity, respectively. The palaeoclimate simulations were made with CCM1, with sensitivity similar to GFDL. V values for the comparisons of 2 × CO2 with present climate are similar to values for the comparisons of the last interglacial and mid-Holocene with present climate. However, the two simulated 2 × CO2 cases are much more like each other than they are to the simulated interglacial cases. The largest V values were between the last glacial maximum and all other cases, including the present. These examples illustrate the potential of V in comparing the impacts of different climate change scenarios, and the possibility of calibrating climate change impacts against a palaeoclimatic benchmark.     

Numerical Experiment on Impact of Anomalous SST Warming in Kuroshio Extension in Previous Winter on East Asian Summer Monsoon

The impact of anomalous sea surface temperature (SST) warming in the Kuroshio Extension in the previous winter on the East Asian summer monsoon (EASM) was investigated by performing simulation tests using NCAR CAM3.The results show that anomalous SST warming in the Kuroshio Extension in winter causes the enhancement and northward movement of the EASM.The monsoon indexes for East Asian summer monsoon and land-sea thermal difference,which characterize the intensity of the EASM,show an obvious increase during the onset period of the EASM.Moreover,the land-sea thermal difference is more sensitive to warmer SST.Low-level southwesterly monsoon is clearly strengthened meanwhile westerly flows north (south) of the subtropical westerly jet axis are strengthened (weakened) in northern China,South China Sea,and the Western Pacific Ocean to the east of the Philippines.While there is an obvious decrease in precipitation over the Japanese archipelago and adjacent oceans and over the area from the south of the Yangtze River in eastern China to the Qinling Mountains in southern China,precipitation increases notably in northern China,the South China Sea,the East China Sea,the Yellow Sea,and the Western Pacific to the east of the Philippines.North China is the key area where the response of the EASM to the SST anomalous warming in the Kuroshio Extension is prominent.The surface air temperature shows a warming trend.The warming in the entire troposphere between 30oN and 50oN increases the land-sea thermal contrast,which plays an important role in the enhancement of the EASM.Atmospheric circulation and precipitation anomalies in China and its adjacent regions have a close relationship with the enhancement of the Western Pacific subtropical high and its northward extension.     

气候变暖对新疆乌昌地区棉花种植区划的影响

在对新疆乌昌地区1961-2010年≥10℃积温、最热月（7月）平均气温和无霜期等热量要素时空变化进行分析的基础上,结合北疆棉区区划指标,完成了2004年前、后乌昌地区棉花种植气候区划。并对未来年平均气温升高1～4℃时,棉花种植气候区划的可能变化进行了预估。结果表明：乌昌地区热量资源在空间分布上表现为“平原多,山区少”的格局。1961-2010年≥l0℃积温、最热月平均气温和无霜期分别以每10年52.3℃• d、0.1℃和3.3 d的速率增多（升高、延长）,并分别于1995年、2004年和1987年发生了突变。受其影响,2004年后乌昌地区宜棉区较之前明显扩大,次宜棉区、风险棉区和不宜棉区有不同程度的缩小。未来气候变暖将对乌昌地区棉花种植气候区划产生较大影响,年平均气温每升高1℃,宜棉区面积将扩大6600 km²,次宜棉区和不宜棉区分别缩小2100 km²和4700 km²,风险棉区面积变化不大。     

气候变暖对陕西农业生产的影响

根据陕西42 a(1960—2002)气候资料,分析评价气候变暖对积温、无霜期等热量资源的影响,用T uyn thw h ite M em ora l理论模式计算了气候变暖对陕西省农业气候生产力的影响。结果显示气候变暖使陕西农业生产的热量资源增加,但降水量减少,气候生产力降低。同时讨论了气候变暖后陕西农业生产的应对措施。     

冬季强低温天气对日光温室作物的影响

通过分析2001、2002年延安市日光温室内的温度资料，得出当外界气温达-20℃时，棚内温度可降至0℃以下，棚内作物受冻害，据此确定了强低温天气和气象服务标准；结合延安市宝塔区1951～2002年气象资料，分析了强低温天气分布特点及其对日光温室农业生产的影响，同时给出对策措施、建议和气象服务重点。     

Potential Impact of Tonga Volcano Eruption on Global Mean Surface Air Temperature

The undersea volcano, located in the South Pacific island nation of Tonga, violently erupted from 14 to 15 January 2022. The Tonga volcano eruption has aroused ...