Resource Partitioning Among Planktivorous Fish Larvae and Fry in a Mediterranean Coastal Lagoon

Resource partioning among the planktivorous stages of eight fish species occurring in a Mediterranean coastal lagoon was studied. Five species were migratory mullets that spawned in the sea (Liza ramada, L. aurata, L. saliens, Chelon labrosusandMugil cephalus), while the other three species were resident and spawned in the lagoon (Atherina boyeri, Cyprinus carpioandGambusia holbrooki).Mullet fry exhibited similar diets, based on the consumption of zooplanktonic Crustacea such as copepods and cladocerans, although adult chironomids were also important.Gambusia holbrookiandA. boyerifed on small prey such as copepod nauplii, copepodites and rotifers, whileC. carpioconsumed larger prey preferentially (cladocerans and copepods).According to the trophic overlap and niche width results, seven species pairs could be competing in the estuary, although further experimental evidence is still required.     

南海蜑螺科一新记录属和一新记录种记述 (软体动物门:腹足纲:珍珠蜑螺目)

作者在整理中国科学院海洋生物标本馆馆藏蜑螺科Neritidae标本时,鉴定出产自海南三亚的一新记录属饰纹蜑螺属Vittina Baker,1924和一新记录种：裂蜑螺Vittina pennata（von Born,1778）。文中详细描述了本种的贝壳形态特征,查明了其生活习性和地理分布特点,并与相似种进行了比较和总结。     

16S与gyrB基因联合建树快速鉴定海水中的一株地衣芽胞杆菌

在保守序列高度相似的细菌鉴定中,单独使用16S rDNA/RNA序列进行比对和构建进化树通常无法准确鉴定到种,需要增加测序基因数并对多基因进行分析。为实现快速鉴定,课题组对16S与gyrB基因联合建树的方法进行了研究,将海洋来源的一株杆菌,分别用通用引物扩增16S和gyrB基因并测序,在GeneBank进行序列比对后,选择各菌种保藏中心16S和gyrB基因均相似的菌株,取16S和gyrB基因序列,采用Paup*4.0构建进化树。使用16S与gyrB拼接序列构建的进化树中属于同一种的菌株均很好的聚合在一枝,种间分枝自展值均高于98,分类结构准确,筛选得到的杆菌与地衣芽胞杆菌(Bacilluslicheniformis)聚合在一枝,自展值为100,鉴定为地衣芽胞杆菌。经生理生化试验验证,该菌株与地衣芽胞杆菌特征完全一致,使用16S和gyrB基因联合建树得到的鉴定结果准确且快速简便。     

Bioenhancement of cadmium transfer along a multi-level food chain

Previous studies have shown that metal partitioned to a subcellular compartment containing trophically available metal (TAM) is readily available to predators and may be enhanced by increased binding of metal to heat-stable proteins (HSP - e.g., metallothioneins). The aim of the current investigation was to determine the influence of TAM on the trophic transfer of Cd along an experimental, three-level food chain: Artemia franciscana (brine shrimp)-->Palaemonetes pugio (grass shrimp)-->Fundulus heteroclitus (mummichog). P. pugio were fed for 7 days on A. franciscana exposed to Cd in solution (including (109)Cd as radiotracer) and subjected to subcellular fractionation or fed to F. heteroclitus. An HSP-driven increase in the percentage of Cd associated with TAM (TAM-Cd%) in A. franciscana exposed to 1 muM Cd resulted in a bioenhancement (i.e., a greater than linear increase with respect to A. franciscana exposure) of Cd trophic transfer to P. pugio. Increased dietary Cd exposure did not affect TAM-Cd% in P. pugio nor trophic transfer to F. heteroclitus.     

The response of primary producer assemblages to mitigation measures to reduce eutrophication in a temperate estuary

The Mondego estuary is a well-described system located on the North Atlantic Ocean, where cultural eutrophication progressed over the last decades of the 20th century. Consequently, and due to a large productivity of Ulva spp., Zostera noltii meadows were severely reduced with a concomitant decrease in environmental quality. In 1998, experimental mitigation measures were implemented, via changes in hydrology to increase circulation and diversion of nutrient-rich freshwater inflow, to reverse the process in the most affected area of the estuary – its South arm.The objective of this study was to assess the differences in response of primary producer assemblages to the implemented measures to reduce eutrophication.Results show that the mean concentrations of DIN suffered a notorious decrease due to a significant reduction in the ammonium concentration in the water column, while DIP increased significantly. Primary producer assemblages showed different responses to these changes: phytoplankton, measured as concentration of chlorophyll a, did not show any significant changes; green macroalgae, mostly Ulva spp., suffered a large reduction in biomass, whereas Gracilaria gracilis and the macrophyte Zostera noltii biomasses increased greatly. Results show that phytoplankton biomass has remained constant and suggest that the reduction in ammonium could have been responsible for the changes in the green macroalgal biomass. Light was the most likely factor in the response of seagrass whereas red macroalgal reaction seemed to be dependent on both light and ammonium.     

Thermal activation of current in an inhomogeneous Schottky diode with a Gaussian distribution of barrier height

This paper investigates the thermal activation behaviour of current in an inhomogeneous Schottky diode with a Gaussian distribution of barrier height by numerical simulation. The analytical Gaussian distribution model predicted that the I--V--T curves may intersect with the possibility of the negative thermal activation of current, but may be contradictory to the thermionic emission mechanism in a Schottky diode. It shows that the cause of the unphysical phenomenon is related to the incorrect calculation of current across very low barriers. It proposes that junction voltage V_j, excluding the voltage drop across series resistance from the external bias, is a crucial parameter for correct calculation of the current across very low barriers. For correctly employing the thermionic emission model, V_j needs to be smaller than the barrier height Ф. With proper scheme of series resistance connection where the condition of V_j > Ф is guaranteed, I--V--T curves of an inhomogeneous Schottky diode with a Gaussian distribution of barrier height have been simulated, which demonstrate normal thermal activation. Although the calculated results exclude the intersecting possibility of I--V--T curves with an assumption of temperature-independent series resistance, it shows that the intersecting is possible when the series resistance has a positive temperature coefficient. Finally, the comparison of our numerical and analytical results indicates that the analytical Gaussian distribution model is valid and accurate in analysing I--V--T curves only for small barrier height inhomogeneity.     

Spatial Heterogeneity in Distributions of Chlorophyll a Derivatives in the Subarctic North Pacific during Summer

The distribution of chlorophyll a derivatives was examined in samples collected from the subarctic North Pacific during July to September 1997. Pheophorbide a, pheophytin a and pyropheophorbide a as determined by high performance liquid chromatography (HPLC) were the major derivatives recorded. The distribution patterns of chlorophyll a and its derivatives showed a strong vertical and horizontal heterogeneity. Patches with high concentration of derivatives seemed to be associated with high concentration of chlorophyll a. A clear east-west gradient was observed in both chlorophyll a and pheophorbide a integrated from the surface to 100 m depth with significantly higher amounts of both the pigments in the Western Subarctic Gyre and in the Bering Sea than in the Alaskan Gyre. In contrast, no apparent gradient was observed in the integrated pyropheophorbide a and pheophytin a. Grazing experiments conducted with the copepod (Neocalanus cristatus) and salp (Cyclosalpa bakeri) fed on five species of phytoplankton cultures, showed a marked difference in the composition of the derivatives in their fecal pellets. Pyropheophorbide a was dominant in the copepod fecal pellet regardless of the phytoplankton species fed on. In the salp, however, pheophytin a and pheophorbide a were found in the fecal pellets, the relative concentrations varying with the algal food. Spatial heterogeneity in the distribution of the derivatives is considered to reflect local variations in dominant herbivorous processes.     

Cross-shelf distribution of copepods and the role of event-scale winds in a northern California upwelling zone

Cross-shelf distribution and abundance of copepod nauplii and copepodids were measured during three summer upwelling seasons (2000–2002) in a coastal upwelling zone off northern California. These 3 years varied considerably in the intensity of winds, abundance of chlorophyll, and water temperature. The cruises in 2000 were characterized by relaxation conditions, with generally high levels of chlorophyll and high water temperature. The cruises in 2001 and 2002 were dominated by strong and persistent upwelling events, leading to lower chlorophyll and water temperatures. The copepod assemblage was dominated by Oithona spp., Acartia spp. and Pseudocalanus spp., with Metridia pacifica (lucens), Microsetella rosea, Oncaea spp. and Tortanus discaudatus also common during all 3 years. The cross-shelf distribution of copepods was generally shifted offshore during upwelling and onshore during relaxation events, although some variability between species occurred. Abundance of all life stages generally exhibited a negative correlation with cross-shelf transport averaged over at least 1–4 days and lagged by 0–3 days, indicating lower abundances during and immediately after active upwelling. However, copepod nauplii seemed to respond positively to wind events lasting 1–5 days followed by a period of relaxation lasting 6 or 7 days. These rapid rates of change in abundance are probably too great to be due to in situ growth and reproduction alone; physical processes must also play a role. These results suggest a highly dynamic relationship between copepods and upwelling events off northern California, with species-specific responses to upwelling to be expected.     

Depth Correlated Benthic Faunal Quantity and Infaunal Burrow Structures on the Slopes of a Marine Depression

In the northern part of the Kattegat, western Sweden, a series of marine depressions remain since the last glaciation. One of these, the well-oxygenated Alkor Deep, is about 3 km long and 800 m wide and with a depth of 138 m. Random depth-stratified sampling was made along four transects on the slopes including benthic macrofauna (0·1 m²grab samples) and sediment profile imaging. A significant positive correlation was found between depth and the faunal variables abundance and biomass. Deposit feeders such as Maldane sarsi, Heteromastus filiformis andAbra alba were among the dominants and may have been supported by down-slope advected organic material. In many images, pockets and extensive burrows were seen in the sediment that appeared to be constructed by the crustaceans Calocaris macandreae and Maera loveni. The ecological significance of their irrigation of the sediment is discussed. Due to the faunal activity deep down in the sediments of the slopes, the mean apparent redox potential discontinuity (RPD) was found as deep as between 8·0 and 11·3 cm depth, and RPD was significantly positively correlated with water depth. On the slopes there appears to be a balance between the input of organic material and the capacity of the benthic organisms to assimilate that carbon.     

一株拮抗菌C-5 的分离及鉴定

针对目前海参养殖中水产微生态制剂品种单一、施用效果不稳定等现状,作者从地瓜参(Acaudina molpadioidea)肠道分离土著肠杆菌(Enterobacter),筛选到1株具有较好拮抗作用的海洋细菌C-5,该菌对副溶血弧菌(Vibrio parahaemolyticus)、溶藻弧菌(Vibrio alginolyticus)、杀鲑气单胞菌(Aeromonas salmonicida)等7种细菌有拮抗作用;通过形态观察、生理生化和16S rDNA基因序列分析鉴定为霍肠杆菌(Enterobacter hormaechei);通过卤虫(Artemia)和药敏实验检测该菌具有安全性,其对卤虫的72 h半致死浓度(LC50)为108cfu/m L,只对20种常规抗生素中的5种产生耐药性;对C-5的发酵条件进行优化,该菌优化后的发酵条件为:温度30℃,pH 7.0,盐度2%。结果表明,C-5有望作为一种益生菌应用于海水养殖病害控制。     

基于MALDI-TOF MS快速鉴定弧菌的数据库的扩展和应用

近年来由海洋细菌导致的感染越来越常见,弧菌是海洋细菌中最常见的细菌之一。目前,对弧菌缺乏快速有效的鉴定。基质辅助激光解吸电离飞行时间质谱仪（Matrix-assisted laser desorption ionization–time of flight mass spectrometry,MALDI-TOF MS）已成为快速鉴别细菌强有力的工具。然而,它的准确性取决于数据库中的菌株数量。本研究中,我们利用MALDI-TOF MS对弧菌数据库进行了扩展和应用。我们将74株弧菌纳入了新的数据库,构建了基于RpoB序列的进化树（邻接法和最大似然比法）,并针对扩展后数据库和扩展前数据库进行了聚类分析。我们利用30株弧菌,对扩展后数据库进行了评价,并进行了主成分分析。本研究中,我们创建了一个新的数据库,促进了弧菌的快速准确鉴定。MSP(main spectrum profile)和PCA（Principal Component Analysis）分析为追踪弧菌感染的来源和发生率提供了理论支持。此外,特征峰和差异峰的发现对弧菌的鉴定也有帮助。     

一株抑制浒苔生长海洋细菌的分离与鉴定

从青岛近海海泥中分离了57 株细菌, 通过毒性实验, 得到了一株对浒苔具有较强毒性的细菌EP23。对该菌株进行了菌落、菌体形态学观察、生理生化特征分析及16S rDNA 序列分析, 鉴定该菌为弯曲芽孢杆菌（Bacillus flexus）。该菌培养液高速离心的上清液对浒苔具有较强毒性, 表明弯曲芽孢杆菌EP23 是通过...     

Abundance, population structure and production of macro-invertebrate shredders in a Mediterranean brackish lagoon, Lake Ichkeul, Tunisia

Abundance, population structure and production of the macro-invertebrates belonging to the functional feeding group of the shredders were studied in the Ichkeul wetland, northern Tunisia, from July 1993 to April 1994. Mean above-ground macrophyte biomass was at a maximum in September followed by a complete breakdown of the Potamogeton pectinatus L. meadow from October onward due to high salinity following an exceptionally dry winter. Only the meadow of Ruppia cirrhosa (Petagna) Grande at Tinja remained in place. Abundance of Gammarus aequicauda (Martynov 1931), Idotea chelipes (Pallas 1766) and Sphaeroma hookeri Leach 1814 was significantly related to the R. cirrhosa biomass. Gammarus aequicauda presented two recruitment periods in spring and autumn, and S. hookeri a third one in winter. The population of I. chelipes was renewed during winter by continued reproduction without any spring generation. Recruitment of all three species was not very successful during the study period. Life span of all three species was between 12 and 15 months. Despite their relatively low biomass and production rate, the shredders have a key function in processing macrophyte matter to different trophic levels through fragmentation and accelerating the decomposition of macrophyte biomass accumulated at the end of the growth season in the Ichkeul lagoon.     

大黄鱼抗菌肽hepcidin-like的抗菌和抗寄生虫活性分析

近年来,我国重要经济鱼类大黄鱼（Larimichthys crocea）遭受了严重的海水白点病的感染,造成了巨大的经济损失。海水白点病是由体外寄生虫刺激隐核虫（Cryptocaryon irritans）感染引起,不仅能引起被感染鱼类生理的破坏,还能够引发二次细菌感染。有报道指出一些抗菌肽（antimicrobial peptides）具有抗刺激隐核虫的活性。大黄鱼hepcidin-like（命名为Lc-HepL）是从刺激隐核虫感染大黄鱼后的比较转录组中挖掘到的一个差异表达基因。本研究中,在基因和蛋白水平上分析了该抗菌肽的生物活性。刺激隐核虫感染后,qRT-PCR检测到Lc-HepL在鳃、肌肉、肝脏、头肾、肠道和脾脏6种组织中显著上调,并且上调的时间点出现在幼虫感染阶段、滋养体脱落阶段和二次细菌感染阶段,结果显示Lc-HepL在抗刺激隐核虫和二次细菌感染的免疫反应中发挥重要作用。在体外成功诱导并纯化的重组Lc-HepL（rLc-HepL）对某些病原菌具有剂量和时间依赖性的强抗菌活性。本研究首次探究了rLc-HepL的抗刺激隐核虫活性,显微观察结果显示其能引起幼虫细胞膜破裂、内容物外泄,该结果首次提供了大黄鱼hepcidin-like具有强抗刺激隐核虫活性证据。研究数据表Lc-HepL很可能是大黄鱼抗刺激隐核虫感染的一种重要的先天免疫因子,具有应用到未来的药物中的潜力。     

海洋交替单胞菌YTW-10的鉴定及抑菌活性分析

菌株YTW-10分离自山东烟台海域近海盐场泥样中。该茵能在NaCl浓度为1％～15％的培养基中生长,最适生长NaCl浓度为7％,最适生长温度为37℃,最适pH值为8。经过形态学观察、生理生化特性分析及基于16SrDNA的系统进化分析,该菌株鉴定为交替单胞菌属。以3株水产生物致病细菌和3株农作物致病真菌作为指示菌,检测其...     

Temporal changes and spatial variation of soil oxygen consumption, nitrification and denitrification rates in a tidal salt marsh of the Lagoon of Venice, Italy

The aim of the present study was to investigate seasonal and spatial patterns of soil oxygen consumption, nitrification, denitrification and fluxes of dissolved inorganic nitrogen (DIN) in a tidal salt marsh of the Lagoon of Venice, Italy. In the salt marsh, intact soil cores including overlying water were collected monthly at high tide from April to October in salt marsh creeks and in areas covered by the dominant vegetation, Limonium serotinum. In May, cores were also collected in areas with vegetation dominated by Juncus maritimus and Halimione portulacoides. In laboratory incubations at in situ temperature in the dark, flux rates of oxygen and DIN were monitored in the overlying water of the intact cores. ¹⁵N-nitrate was added to the overlying water and nitrification and denitrification were measured using isotope-dilution and -pairing techniques. The results show that highest soil oxygen consumption coincided with the highest water temperature in June and July. The highest denitrification rates were recorded in spring and autumn coinciding with the highest nitrate concentrations. Soil oxygen consumption and nitrification rates differed between sampling sites, but denitrification rates were similar among the different vegetation types. The highest rates were recorded in areas covered with L. serotinum. Burrowing soil macrofauna enhanced oxygen consumption, nitrification and denitrification in April and May. The data presented in this study indicate high temporal as well as spatial variations in the flux of oxygen and DIN, and nitrogen transformations in the tidal salt marshes of the Venice lagoon during the growth season. The results identify the salt marshes of the Venice lagoon as being metabolically very active ecosystems with a high capacity to process nitrogen.     

Hitching a ride on a hermit crabs home: Movement of gastropod shells inhabited by hermit crabs

There is little information on the movement and connectivity patterns for many species. The movement by shells occupied by the hermit crab Pagurus bernhardus and the organisms encrusting these shells was investigated on the south coast of Wales (UK). Hermit crabs shells moved considerable distances along the shore over 1 month periods, moving a minimum mean distance (±SE) of 148 (±8) and 174 (±9) m from release sites in the January and August respectively. Hermit crab-inhabited shells were also found to travel across habitats (sandy areas) that are unsuitable for both hermit crabs and epibionts. Through the examination of 150 of the most abundant shells used by P. bernhardus (Nucella lapillus), twelve epibiont species were found (10 animal and 2 algal species) and choice experiments demonstrated that hermit crabs preferred epibiont covered shells (84%), compared with bare shells (16%). The distance that shells were moved and the preference of hermit crabs for epibiont encrusted shells, coupled with the ability for epibionts to cross unsuitable habitats, may provide a dispersal advantage for epibiont species.     

大叶藻碎屑作为刺参食物来源的实验研究

采用室内模拟实验方法研究了刺参(Apostichopus japonicus Selenka)与大叶藻(Zostera marina L.)碎屑之间的营养关系, 将大叶藻碎屑与泥质沉积物按照一定的配比作为饵料投喂刺参, 测定刺参的特定生长率和排粪率。按照添加大叶藻碎屑比例的不同, 实验分为5 个处理组, 分别为ES0、ES10、ES20、ES40 和ES100, 大叶藻碎屑含量分别为0%, 10%, 20%, 40%和100%。结果表明, 饵料组成显著影响刺参的生长, 大叶藻碎屑与泥质沉积物混合物中的有机质含量为17%～20%, 水温为13～17℃, 刺参的生长效果较好, 最大特定生长率为1.54%/d, 最大排粪率为1.31g/(个· d)。海草床为刺参提供栖息地的同时, 大叶藻脱落腐败后的有机碎屑可以为刺参提供重要的食物来源, 这对于刺参的资源恢复和营养生态学方面的研究有着重要的意义。     

Observations of a mass occurrence of Macoma balthica larvae in midsummer

In 1995 the seasonal development of concentrations of both phytoplankton and larvae of the bivalve Macoma balthica was studied in the coastal zone behind the back-barrier island of Spiekeroog (German Wadden Sea). In July/August larvae reached maximum concentrations of about 1000 to 4200 ind. m⁻³ (depending on the sampling site and tidal period), probably in relation to a phytoplankton bloom in July. This observation of an unusually late maximum of Macoma larvae is discussed in detail in connection with the recent literature available about spawning of M. balthica in the Wadden Sea.     

夜光藻高效培养方法建立及其有性繁殖发生机制的初步研究

夜光藻(Noctilucascintillans)是典型的赤潮生物,在世界多个海域形成过大面积赤潮,对海洋生态系统构成一定的威胁。夜光藻赤潮的发生不仅受外界环境因子的影响,其有性繁殖的方式在赤潮发生过程中也起着重要作用。本研究从连云港海域分离获得一株夜光藻,利用自行设计的饵料藻投喂装置,以天然海水为培养基,在温度20～25℃范围内实现了夜光藻的室内长期培养,并观察记录了夜光藻配子发生全过程。研究结果表明,夜光藻不同生长阶段培养体系中配子母细胞与营养细胞密度变化趋势基本一致,显示夜光藻的有性繁殖发生与种群丰度存在一定的相关性,但它们之间的因果关系还有待进一步探讨。本研究结果加深了对夜光藻有性繁殖的认识,有助于阐明其种群增长模式,并深入理解其赤潮暴发机制。