Characteristics of carbonaceous particles in Beijing during winter and summer 2003

Campaigns were conducted to measure Organic Carbon (OC) and Elemental Carbon (EC) in PM2.5 during winter and summer 2003 in Beijing. Modest differences of PM2.5 and PM10 mean concentrations were observed between the winter and summer campaigns. The mean PM2.5/PM10 ratio in both seasons was around 60%, indicating PM2.5 contributed significantly to PM10. The mean concentrations of OC and EC in PM2.5 were 11.2±7.5 and 6.0±5.0μg m-3 for the winter campaign, and 9.4±2.1 and 4.3±3.0 μg m-3 for the summer campaign, respectively. Diurnal concentrations of OC and EC in PM2.5 were found high at night and low during the daytime in winter, and characterized by an obvious minimum in the summer afternoon. The mean OC/EC ratio was 1.87±0.09 for winter and Z39±0.49 for summer. The higher OC/EC ratio in summer indicates some formation of Secondary Organic Carbon (SOC). The estimated SOC was 2.8 μg m-3 for winter and 4.2μg m-3 for summer.     

Tests for individual Sulfate－Containing Particles in Urban Atmosphere in Beijing

Thin film methods and X ray energy dispersive technique were applied to analyze sulfate-containing particles in Beijing in order to examine their features and sources. Atmospheric aerosol particles were collected on electron mi-croscope meshes according to two size ranges: coarse particles (r>0.5μm) and fine particles (0.5μm≥r≥0.1μm) by using a two-stage impactor. It was found fiat more than seventy percent of the fine particles and about twenty percent of the coarse particles were sulfate-containing particles. These particles were formed mainly through heterogeneous nucleation. The element composition analyses revealed that the atmospheric aerosol particles in Beijing were domi-nated by crustal particles and construction dust.     

Impact of carbonaceous aerosol emissions on regional climate change

The past and future evolution of atmospheric composition and climate has been simulated with a version of the Max Planck Institute Earth System Model (MPI-ESM). The system consists of the atmosphere, including a detailed representation of tropospheric aerosols, the land surface, and the ocean, including a model of the marine biogeochemistry which interacts with the atmosphere via the dust and sulfur cycles. In addition to the prescribed concentrations of carbon dioxide, ozone and other greenhouse gases, the model is driven by natural forcings (solar irradiance and volcanic aerosol), and by emissions of mineral dust, sea salt, sulfur, black carbon (BC) and particulate organic matter (POM). Transient climate simulations were performed for the twentieth century and extended into the twenty-first century, according to SRES scenario A1B, with two different assumptions on future emissions of carbonaceous aerosols (BC, POM). In the first experiment, BC and POM emissions decrease over Europe and China but increase at lower latitudes (central and South America, Africa, Middle East, India, Southeast Asia). In the second experiment, the BC and POM emissions are frozen at their levels of year 2000. According to these experiments the impact of projected changes in carbonaceaous aerosols on the global mean temperature is negligible, but significant changes are found at low latitudes. This includes a cooling of the surface, enhanced precipitation and runoff, and a wetter surface. These regional changes in surface climate are caused primarily by the atmospheric absorption of sunlight by increasing BC levels and, subsequently, by thermally driven circulations which favour the transport of moisture from the adjacent oceans. The vertical redistribution of solar energy is particularly large during the dry season in central Africa when the anomalous atmospheric heating of up to 60 W m⁻² and a corresponding decrease in surface solar radiation leads to a marked surface cooling, reduced evaporation and a higher level of soil moisture, which persists throughout the year and contributes to the enhancement of precipitation during the wet season.     

7月份两种东亚阻塞形势对中国主要雨带位置的不同影响

根据长期的业务实践,把7月份东亚阻塞形势分为副热带高压偏西型(W型)和副热带高压偏东型(E型)两类阻塞形势,对比两种阻塞形势下中国主要雨带位置的差别后发现,W型主要雨带在长江流域,1951年以来较严重的长江大水是此类阻塞形势造成的;E型主要雨带位于江南至华南地区,长江流域洪涝较轻。不仅两种阻塞形势的7月份环流有重大差别,其前期秋、冬、春季海洋、大气和天气气候特点也大不相同。     

Sulfate-coated dust particles in the free troposphere over Japan

Airborne aerosol collections were performed over Wakasa bay (36°00′N, 135°30′E) in March and Kumano open sea (34°00′N, 136°50′E) and Seto (35°10′N, 137°10′E) in July 2001 at altitudes between 1.0 and 5.8 km. The particles were individually analyzed using transmission electron microscopy (TEM). Relatively large mineral-dust (mostly clay) particles were abundant in the March samples. They also dominated in July in the mid-troposphere higher than 4 km altitude, whereas sea salt and ammonium sulfate were more abundant at lower altitudes. Ca-coated grid samples show many traces of aqueous sulfate droplets. The proportions of former sulfate droplets to the total collected particles apparently increased with increasing relative humidity at the time of sampling. TEM analysis revealed that a significant fraction of these former droplets enclose mineral-dust particles as well as sea salt, soot, and fly ash. Some enclose mixtures of mineral-dust, sea-salt, soot, and fly ash particles. The results provide evidence that mineral dust from the Asian continent could acquire coatings of sulfate while being transported in the free troposphere. The mineral-dust particles probably acquired the sulfate coatings either through heterogeneous uptake of gaseous SO₂ and subsequent oxidation or through coagulation with cloud or fog droplets. The presence of the mixed particles in sulfate droplets also indicates that aggregation of particles of different origins occurred through cloud processing. Such sulfate-coated dust particles would affect cloud formation, precipitation, and chemistry of the free troposphere.     

中国区域主要颗粒物及污染气体的排放源清单

长三角4个省会（直辖市）城市（上海、南京、合肥、杭州）中,合肥与南京的PM_2.5浓度演变有较高的一致性。应用聚类分析的方法对2013-2015年合肥非降水日（日降水量低于10 mm）100 m高度（代表近地层）和1000 m高度（代表边界层中上部）的72 h后向轨迹进行分类,结合合肥2013-2015年PM_2.5日均浓度资料,探讨近地层和边界层中上部输送轨迹与长三角西部PM_2.5浓度的关系。近地层和边界层中上部分别得到7组和6组不同的后向轨迹;不同输送轨迹对应的PM_2.5浓度、重污染（重度以上污染,PM_2.5日均浓度大于150 μg/m³）天数、能见度、地面风速、相对湿度等都有显著不同,尤其是在近地层。100 m高度,平均长度最短、来向偏东的轨迹组对应的PM_2.5浓度均值最高（约是组内均值最低值的2倍）、重污染天数最多,且占比最高（30%）,重污染日对应的气流在过去72 h下降高度均值仅28 m,明显低于其他PM_2.5污染等级日;来向偏西北、长度较短的轨迹组,PM_2.5浓度均值和重污染天数为第2高,这一类轨迹占比14%,气流到达本地前存在明显的下沉运动,反映了远距离输送加剧本地PM_2.5重污染的特征。这两类轨迹常对应PM_2.5日均浓度的上升。PM_2.5平均浓度最低的2个轨迹组分别是来自东北和西南的较长轨迹组,所占比例分别为6.4%和10.3%,这2类轨迹往往对应着PM_2.5日均浓度下降。1000 m高度的结果与100 m高度结果类似,但PM_2.5平均浓度的组间差异不及100 m高度,与2001-2005年PM₁₀浓度与输送轨迹的关系不同。对3 a中84个重污染日两个高度的后向轨迹进行聚类,近地层和边界层中上部各得到7类和6类PM_2.5重污染日的天气形势。近地层92%的重污染日对应的海平面气压形势场上,从华北到华东属于均压区,气压梯度小,轨迹来向以偏东到偏北方向为主,垂直方向延伸高度在950 hPa以下。1000 m高度,77%的重污染日属于相对较短的轨迹组,对应的850 hPa高度场特征为从中国西北（新疆）到东南受高压控制,长三角或位于高压底部,或位于两高压之间的均压区。这对PM_2.5浓度预报有较好的指示意义。     

焦作市连阴雨天气分析与预报

利用1980-2002年气象资料，分析了焦作市连阴雨天气的气候特征和环流特征，并在寻找出连阴雨预报和结束指标的基础上，利用T213预报场确定相似场，通过计算相似系数，作出连阴雨天开始、持续和结束的预报。     

GMS卫星红外云图强对流云团的识别与追踪

利用ＧＭＳ静止气象卫星探测所得到的红外云图资料，用计算机图像学技术来研究经对流云图的识别和追踪，以求能够准确，及时地发现并追踪象强对流云团这种能够造成强烈灾害的天气系统。对红我云图的图象处理，提出区域平滑滤波和阈值剔除相结合的强对流云团算法，对于过滤出的经对流云团，应用图象处轮廓编码法的Ｔ算法和ＩＰ算法提取出它的边界，边界初始点。     

西太平洋热带地区环流低频变化的主振荡型预测试验

用1994年逐日西太平洋热带地区200 hPa纬向风场资料建立主振荡预测模型,对低频纬向风场（30～50天）的传播进行独立预报试验。试验结果表明,在夏半年109次预测中提前15天预报的相关性预报技巧在0.50以上。它是揭示低频时空演变的有效工具。同时也讨论了有关模型参数的选取方法。     

Source terms and source strengths of the carbonaceous aerosol in the tropics

Atmospheric aerosol samples were collected in the Ivory Coast, primarily at Lamto (6°N, 5°W) between 1979 and 1981. The samples were analysed for total particulate carbon concentration and isotopic composition (¹³C/¹²C) by mass spectrometry. Observed concentrations were found high compared to values reported for temperate regions. Fine particulate carbon in the submicrometersize range accounted for 50 to 80% of the reported concentrations. At Lamto, both particulate carbon concentrations and isotopic ratios exhibit a large temporal variability which is shown to reflect the diversity of sources and their seasonal evolution. Natural emissions from the equatorial forest during the wet season, and biomass burning during the dry season, appear to be the major sources. The latter, though active during only a third of the year, is, on an annual basis, the most important source. Based on the data obtained at Lamto, an attempt has been made to estimate the flux of fine particulate carbon emitted from the tropical regions into the global troposphere. This flux, which is of the order of 20×10¹² g C/yr, appears to be equivalent to the flux of fine particulate carbon emitted from industrial sources. These results suggest that the tropospheric burden of fine particulate carbon in lowlatitude regions is dominated by the long-range transport of carbonaceous aerosols originating from the Tropics.     

Analytical electron microscope studies of size-segregated particles collected during AGASP-II,flights 201–203

Cascade impactor samples were collected over the Alaskan Arctic during the first three research flights of AGASP-II. These samples were analyzed using analytical electron microscopy to determine the morphology, mineralogy and elemental composition of individual particles. For analytical considerations, a typical impactor sample was run for approximately 20 min, thus giving excellent time resolution of discrete events.Samples collected during flights 201 and 202 consisted of stratospheric aerosol and lower-altitude haze samples. Stratospheric samples were characterized by moderate loadings of H₂SO₄ droplets with relatively few particles of other types. Samples collected in tropospheric haze layers generally exhibited light-to-moderate particle loadings. H₂SO₄ was again the most prevalent species, with crustal and anthropogenic particles also observed. One sample taken over south-central Alaska near the end of flight 203 showed high concentrations of solid crustal particles, with relatively little associated H₂SO₄. Giant particles larger than 5 m were occasionally observed in this aerosol. The composition of this material closely matches that of bulk ash from the Mt. Augustine volcano, which erupted 9–13 days before collection of this sample. This brings forth the possibility that pockets of ash-rich aerosol existed over parts of south and central Alska during the AGASP-II field mission. There is no evidence that these volcanic aerosols were present in the AGASP study area north of the Brooks Range.     

Using Föhn conditions to characterize urban and regional sources of particles

Characterizations of urban and regional sources of particulate matter (PM) were performed in the Milan area (North of Italy) during Föhn and stagnant (non-Föhn) conditions. The measurements were performed at two different places: in an urban area North of Milan (Bresso) and in a regional area at the EMEP-GAW station in Ispra (about 65 km NW from Milan) during the winter periods of the years 2002–2007. Particle size distributions and chemical bulk analysis of aerosols are combined with single particle mass spectrometry to obtain information about the chemical content of the particles and their mixing state. Föhn conditions are characterized by extremely clean background air from which background aerosol is scavenged, and consequently local sources (here defined as sources between the sampling sites and the mountain range top about 100–150 km away depending on the wind direction) determine the aerosol properties.It was observed that during Föhn events the accumulation mode in the size range 50 nm < d < 300 nm practically disappears and that the size fraction below 50 nm dominates the total number distribution. The significant change in the number size distribution and the large decrease in PM10 mass during Föhn events are accompanied by a significant change in the chemical composition of the particles. Results from bulk chemical analysis showed high amounts of carbonaceous compounds and very low concentrations of ammonium nitrate (as indicator for secondary chemistry) during Föhn episodes, in contrast to stagnant conditions, when secondary components are dominating the aerosol composition. Single particle measurements confirm the high contribution of carbonaceous compounds in locally emitted particles.It was concluded that particles that originated in the urban area come mainly from combustion processes, especially direct traffic emissions, domestic heating and industrial activities, whereas the regionally emitted particles are different with much less traffic contribution.We estimate that under prevailing (non-Föhn) winter conditions, about 50–65% of the aerosol mass load in the city of Milan are caused by local emissions, and about 35–50% come from regional background. This finding suggests that in order to improve air quality in a big city like Milan, it is important to combine local traffic restriction interventions with other long-term regional scale air-quality-measures.     

煤气中毒事件气象条件初步分析

利用河北省疾病预防与控制中心提供的2006、2007年冬季采暖期石家庄非职业性煤气中毒病例数据,采用相关分析的方法,从大尺度天气形势、气象要素变化两方面分析了发生煤气中毒事故与气象条件的关系.结果表明:(1)煤气中毒事件主要发生在夜间到早晨时段,特别是最寒冷的12月、1月是煤气中毒的多发季节;(2)风速小(1～2级)、近地面层有逆温、气温变化不大(±3.0℃之内)、有雾霾等气象条件,不利于污染物扩散,易发生煤气中毒;(3)500hPa高空处于偏西气流、西来槽、高空槽等环流形势下,地面受低压类、均压类、高压底部等天气系统影响,不利于一氧化碳气体扩散,发生煤气中毒的可能性大,在预报服务中应重点考虑.     

天津市城区静风与污染物浓度变化规律的分析

利用2000—2004年天津市城区气象和污染物资料,采用统计分析方法,研究了城区静风分布及污染物浓度变化规律。结果表明:静风分布有明显的日、年变化规律,在华北地形槽或低压、高压前部和高压的天气形势下易出现静风天气现象且持续时间较长。污染物浓度与风速呈现出较好的负相关,即风速越大、污染物浓度越小。但风速达到一定临界值时,TSP与风速呈正相关,大风可以引起二次扬尘并增加了空气中颗粒物的含量;PM10,SO2和NO2三种污染物在静风日的浓度值均高于非静风时的浓度值。     

On equilibrium profiles of suspended particles

A power law is often used to represent the vertical profile of uniform suspended particles above a horizontally homogeneous surface. It serves as an analytical solution representing an equilibrium between vertical turbulent diffusion and gravitational settling, andcan be used to extract settling velocity information from observed particle number density profiles. In this note, we analyse this situation and use a numerical model to investigate the temporal change of particle number density and of the net vertical flux due to turbulent diffusion and gravitational settling. The results show that the net flux approaches zero very slowly for small particles (w_s/ u_* < 1), and show that the power law does not hold for small particles. If the power law is used to extract settling velocities from observed vertical distributions of particle number density in these cases, the estimated settling velocity may be unrealistically large.     

SACOL站冰云粒子下降末速度的反演及其时空分布特征研究

冰云是影响气候变化最为重要的因子之一,其生命周期的变化在很大程度上决定了冰云的气候辐射效应。冰云粒子下降末速度是影响冰云生命周期的关键参数。为了开展对冰云粒子下降末速度的研究,利用兰州大学半干旱气候与环境监测站Ka波段毫米波云雷达2013年8月至2015年7月连续观测数据,反演了冰云粒子的下降末速度(V_t),并根据雷达反射率因子(Z)与V_t的关系计算了拟合因子a、b的值;在此基础上应用聚类分析方法,对比分析了4种不同特性冰云Z、V_t和拟合因子a、b的时、空分布特征,进而尝试通过参数垂直分布特征识别研究云中不同位置上云微物理过程的变化。结果表明:冰云粒子下降末速度的分布与雷达反射率因子有很好的对应,最大频率都出现在距离地面约7 km高度处,且具有显著的季节变化,粒子下降末速度在暖季较冷季可增大25%,峰值出现在6月和9月;云层较厚且持续时间长的第一、三类冰云,其雷达反射率因子、粒子下降末速度及拟合因子a和b的平均值都显著大于云层较薄且持续时间短的第二、四类云。垂直方向上,Z、V_t和拟合因子b从云顶到云...     

球形粒子毫米波k-Z关系研究

星载毫米波雷达衰减严重,而不同云降水类型中所包含的云雨粒子微物理特性差异较大,其所造成的衰减影响差异也很明显。基于WRF模式模拟的不同云降水场景,利用星载毫米波雷达模拟器仿真得到衰减后的回波,并对云中粒子的衰减特性进行敏感性分析,说明引起衰减不确定性的重要影响因素。结果表明,仿真得到的衰减后回波与云廓线雷达（CPR）实测回波一致性较好,回波结构和强度近似,平均反射率因子廓线差异均在20%以内,衰减估计结果可靠有效。通过对衰减系数（K）进行敏感性分析发现,云雨粒子均对粒子谱分布中的含水量（W）最为敏感,中值体积直径（D₀）的影响也较大,其变化可能引起雨滴衰减系数的平均相对误差达25%左右;雪和霰受密度参数（a、b）的影响大于斜率参数（Λ）,a引起的不确定性在25%以内。在相同滴谱参数的情况下,冰态和液态造成衰减系数的差异达90%左右。考虑到衰减对相态的高度敏感性,将基于相态分类的K-W关系应用于CPR实测个例衰减订正中,订正后的回波与波段校正后的星载双频测雨雷达（DPR）Ka波段探测回波强度接近,衰减订正的不确定性主要来自于液水含量反演结果与实际情况的差异。