景谷6.6级、鲁甸6.5级地震序列应力降变化对比研究

利用云南2014年10月7日景谷6.6级、8月3日鲁甸6.5级地震序列的波形与震相资料,消除区域地震波衰减与台站场地响应后,计算得到2次地震序列的应力降。结果显示,在研究所涉及的震级范围内,应力降呈现随震级增大而增大的趋势。为尽可能消除震级对应力降的影响,对比了相同震级档地震的应力降,结果显示,景谷地震序列的平均应力降明显高于鲁甸地震,这可能与2次6.5级左右地震后震源区的应力状态有关。从序列余震应力降的时、空变化对比来看,景谷6.6级地震后至2014年12月6日5.8、5.9级强余震发生前,应力降变化呈现先缓慢下降、进而转折升高并持续高值的变化过程;同时,高应力降地震在空间上主要集中于5.8级强余震区域。这表明,主震发生后经过一个较短期的调整之后,5.8级强余震震源区的应力环境可能持续增强。5.8、5.9级强余震发生后,地震序列应力降快速下降至相对稳定状态。研究表明,2次6级左右强余震发生后,震源附近区域应力得到一定程度的释放,应力环境降低,地震序列活动也趋于结束。对于后续没有强余震发生的鲁甸地震序列,余震应力降小于景谷地震序列相同震级档地震的平均应力降,同时,主震后余震序列的应力降在时间上几乎未发生太大的变化;结合主震能量释放特点推测,震源区的应力在主震破裂过程中已得到较多的释放,主震后震源区应力变化呈现逐渐恢复的过程,这可能是鲁甸地震余震活动明显较弱,后续亦未有较强余震发生的原因之一。     

1999年9月21日台湾集集地震地表运动的二维重建

本文给出了1999年9月21台湾集集地震中全岛地表运动的观测记录与空间的依存关系。首次披露了使用强震记录在近源和近震地区所作遥随时间变化的空间地表运动分析，集集地震的二维地表运动是由400多个经绝对时间校正的自由场强震记录重建的，重建的地震波坡可被看作是一种新的观测数据，称其为“三维地震图”，本研究得出的结晶为基三维数字模型的震源与波传传播研究提供了一些见解，并极大地增强了我们区分地震波是由震源还是由地震构造了产生的能力。     

新疆天山中段中小地震视应力特征研究

正地震视应力定义为:单位地震矩释放的地震波能量,或者是在单位断层面积上的单位错动释放的地震波能量。视应力是表征震源区应力水平的物理量,与发震过程中释放的应变能有关,反映了地震通过地震波辐射能量的效率,进而反映了地震断层的应力强度;其与引起地震滑动的平均应力水平之间通过地震波辐射效率联系,是震源区平均应力的下限。     

2016年门源M_S 6.4地震前后视应力变化

利用青海区域地震台网数字地震波资料,计算2010—2016年研究区域184个M_L≥2.5地震及2016年门源地震序列150个M_L≥2.0地震的震源动力学参数,分析视应力时空变化。结果显示:视应力与震级呈正相关,随震级增大而升高;门源6.4级地震前中小震视应力存在起伏变化,可能反映了区域应力场的增强;门源M_L 5.0强余震前小震视应力呈升高趋势。     

2008年汶川MS8.0地震和2013 年芦山MS7.0地震震源特征比较分析

2013年4月20日四川芦山发生了MS7.0地震,芦山地震震中距离2008年5月12日汶川MS8.0地震震中约85km,距离其余震密集分布区约60km。汶川地震和芦山地震均发生在龙门山断裂带上,震源机制均以逆冲为主,针对二者震源特征的比较分析,对解释龙门山地区强震特征意义显著。本文基于地震波辐射能及视应力与应力降的关系,对比讨论汶川地震和芦山地震的动态破裂过程,初步研究结果显示,汶川地震属于应力上调模式,而芦山地震则属于应力下调模式,通常应力上调模式的震后能量释放较为充分,应力下调模式则对应震后能量释放相对不够充分,余震空间分布相对集中。     

地震视应力及其物理意义的探讨

对NEIC宽频带地震辐射能量目录和哈佛CMT目录,给出全球震级大于5．5级的有能量记录的地震资料进行统计研究。首先,拟合得到全球浅源地震和不同类型地震平均视应力的大小和范围,验证了前人得到的“走滑型视应力大于倾滑型视应力”的结论;其次,对折合能量和地震矩关系分析得到：正断层型地震的折合能量随着地震矩增大而减小,而对于走滑型和逆冲型地震未得到前人给出的明确结论;对主震视应力和余震视应力的分析比较表明,它们在量值上没有规律性,必须要结合实际的地震事件,才能反映出它们之间大小关系的真正物理内涵,因为不同的主震可能对震源区的应力场有不同的影响——造成震源区应力场的应力集中（障碍体模式）,大部分余震的视应力高于主震视应力;或使应力场更加均匀（凹凸体模式）,大部分余震视应力低于主震视应力。这些结论对地震震源理论研究具有一定意义。     

华北地区的晚期强余震特征

本文对中国大陆(M≥5)浅源强震的余震活动进行了分析,其持续时间分布具有一定的规律性,可分为初期、中期、晚期和特晚期四个阶段。文中根据华北地区的地震活动特征,提出了对强余震和晚期强余震的预测方法。地震序列b值曲线的横截距与最大余震的震级之间,以及b值曲线的偏离点与可能发生的较大余震的震次之间存在着一定的对应关系。强震破裂的扩展方向和余震区内的空段及余震区的边缘是发生强余震的可能地点。强震序列余震区的地震频度变化与强余震的发生时间之间有一定的对应关系。最后,本文对强余震的成因作了理论上的探讨。初期和中期发生的强余震与震源区的剩余应变能和本区的应力状态与水平有关。晚期和特晚期发生的强余震则可能与周围区域应力的加强並传递、叠加在震源区岩层介质上的过程有关。     

澜沧耿马地震序列特征

本文对1988年8月15日澜沧中强震序列,以及1988年11月6日澜沧——耿马强震序列的地震活动性特征和地震波特征进行了探讨。研究表明在某些方面,8月15日中强震序列反映出其前震特征,而11月6日强震序列则明显反映出双震型地震的特征。在余震区的北区和南区,余震活动在地震波初动、震源深度、大小地震比例关系和能量释放等方面均表现出不同的特征。本文同时对强余震前的地震活动性特征作了一些初步的探讨。     

2016年新西兰MS8.0地震震源及强地面运动特征分析

2016年11月13日新西兰发生M_S8.0地震,该地震造成2人死亡,20多人受伤,仅10余栋房屋严重受损,致灾特征较轻. 本文针对新西兰M_S8.0地震的震源参数特征,对该地震的震源过程进行了分析. 结果表明,该地震的地震波辐射能量和视应力均偏低,震源破裂过程为应力上调模式,发震断层破裂相对充分,余震相对丰富.结合新一代衰减关系(NGA)的分析结果显示,该地震的强地面运动峰值加速度(PGA)观测记录整体偏低,与基于震源参数对该地震PGA的理论估算结果较为一致. 进一步选取10 km范围内6个台站的强震观测记录进行比较研究,初步认为影响该地震近断层区域PGA高值的因素主要是断层破裂面上最大滑动集中区的位置,而非主震的初始破裂位置. 综合研究表明,新西兰M_S8.0地震的强地面运动主要受到应力上调模式和最大滑动集中区位置的影响,致灾特征较轻则可能源于峰值加速度偏低和地表破坏较大地区的人口相对稀少.      

新源、和静交界M_L6.8地震序列的应力降和震源机制研究

采用新疆区域台网记录的2012年6月30日新源、和静交界M_L6.8地震序列的数字波形资料,研究分析了余震序列应力降的变化特征及其地震序列震源机制的相关性。采用波谱分析方法和Brune震源模型,计算了新源、和静交界M_L6.8地震序列震源参数、地震序列中不同事件在相同台站的体波零频震源谱值、地震谱振幅相关系数;并对地震序列震源机制解进行聚类分组。结果表明:①在余震序列平静阶段,应力降呈平稳态势,强余震前应力降出现升高-回落变化过程;②滑动平均谱振幅相关系数在主震后发散,表明余震的震源机制解与主震的相关性降低;③震源机制解聚类分组结果显示,M_L6.8地震序列主要以走滑型地震为主,主压应力轴呈近NS向,与近NS向的构造应力场结果基本一致,一定程度上显示了地震前天山中段受NS向水平挤压应力作用明显;④震级、震源机制演化表明,强余震前震源机制解表现较好的一致性,显示了区域应力场控制作用增强,对后续强余震发生具有预测意义。     

地球形成和演化过程中的分异能计算方法研究

地球形成初期,构成地球的物质在组成上是大致均一的.目前地球的地核-地幔-地壳圈层结构,是由分异作用形成的.分异过程释放的能量称为分异能.Sorokhtin和Chilingarian等人从行星吸积的定义出发,导出了基于地球内部密度分布的势能计算公式,计算出的分异能大小为1.698×1031J.本文采用计算球体势能的思路,导出分异能计算的解析公式和数值计算公式,通过求取原始地球模型与均匀分层模型、PREM模型的势能差计算分异能.两种方法的计算结果分别为1.535×1031J和1.698×1031J.前者与Sorokhtin等的结果相近,后者与之相同.本文初步分析了方法间的异同以及造成结果偏差的主要原因.     

A study of energy conversion in the wave number domain

Energy conversions from potential to kinetic energy have been studied for a part of the Northern Hemisphere in the wave number domain. The vertical distribution of energy conversions were examined and the results have been compared with the other's observational results as well as that of forecast models.     

基于能量的新型消能摇摆结构体系抗震性能研究

利用能量法分析新型消能摇摆结构体系在地震动过程中的耗能机制,并对其抗震性能进行系统研究。以某已建成的6层框架结构为研究对象,建立新型消能摇摆结构体系的计算模型,利用Opensees软件获得新型消能摇摆结构体系在不同地震动激励下的动力响应,分析其各子结构的耗能部位及所占比例。结果表明:新型消能摇摆结构体系的耗能机制更为合理,其抗震性能优于传统结构体系,为工程设计和研究提供一些参考。     

Ms8.0汶川地震断层的应力状态以及对余震危险性的影响

利用中国地震局在汶川地震前后对四川盆地以及龙门山断裂进行的水压致裂绝对应力测量数据、近断层强震记录、以及由美国USGS公布的包括地震矩和地震波能量等在内的远场震源参数解,从简单断层模型出发,应用地震能量分配原理和库仑摩擦准则,初步估算和判断了2008年Ms8.0汶川地震断层破裂过程和震源参数,以及滑移弱化模型下应力变化...     

基于不同摩擦系数水平的滑移隔震体系的相对输入能量与绝对输入能量的差异性分析

定义了能量变化率指标,以简谐激励作用下的滑移隔震结构为例,探讨了摩擦系数对滑移隔震结构能量变化率指标的影响,通过对这些能量指标的研究,分析了系统的相对输入能量和绝对输入能量的差异性随摩擦系数的变化规律,为后续研究提供理论依据。     

An energy-based methodology for the assessment of seismic demand

A methodology for the assessment of the seismic energy demands imposed on structures is proposed. The research was carried out through two consecutive phases. Inelastic design input energy spectra for systems with a prescribed displacement ductility ratio were first developed. The study of the inelastic behavior of energy factors and the evaluation of the response modification in comparison with the elastic case were performed by introducing two new parameters, namely: (1) the Response Modification Factor of the earthquake input energy (R_E), representing the ratio of the elastic to inelastic input energy spectral values and (2) the ratio α of the area enclosed by the inelastic input energy spectrum in the range of periods between 0.05 and 4.0 s to the corresponding elastic value. The proposed design inelastic energy spectra, resulting from the study of a large set of strong motion records, were obtained as a function of ductility, soil type, source-to-site distance and magnitude.Subsequently, with reference to single degree of freedom systems, the spectra of the hysteretic to input energy ratio were evaluated, for different soil types and target ductility ratios. These spectra, defined to evaluate the hysteretic energy demand of structures, were described by a piecewise linear idealization that allows to distinguish three distinct regions as a function of the vibration period. In this manner, once the inelastic design input energy spectra were determined, the definition of the energy dissipated by means of inelastic deformations followed directly from the knowledge of hysteretic to input energy ratio.The design spectra of both input energy and hysteretic to input energy ratio were defined considering an elasto-plastic behavior. Nevertheless, other constitutive models were taken into account for comparison purposes.     

Stratum energy of coal-bed gas reservoir and their control on the coal-bed gas reservoir formation

Stratum energy of coal-bed gas reservoir, including coal-radix flexibility energy, groundwater flexibility energy and gas flexibility energy (hereinafter "three energy"), depends on the energy homeostasis system, the core process of which is the effective transfer of energy and the geological selective process. Combining with the mechanics experimentations of coal samples, different flexibility energy has been analyzed and researched quantificationally, and a profound discussion to their controls on the coal-bed gas reservoir formation has been made. It is shown that when gas reservoir is surrounded by edge water and bottom water, the deposited energy in the early phase of forming gas reservoir is mostly coal-radix and gas flexibility energy, but the effect of groundwater flexibility energy increases while water-body increases. The deposited energy in the middle and later phase of forming gas reser voir is mostly gas flexibility energy, which is greater than 80% of all deposited energy. In the whole process, larger groundwater body exerts greater influences on gas accumulation. The paper indicated that higher stratum energy is more propitious to forming coal-bed gas reservoir. And higher coal-radix flexibility energy and gas flexibility energy are more propitious to higher yield of gas reservoirs, while higher groundwater flexibility energy is more propitious to stable yield of gas reservoirs. Therefore, the key to evaluating the coal-bed gas reservoir formation is the stratum energy of coal-bed gas reservoir.     

A consistent derivation of the wave-energy equation from basic hydrodynamic principles

Based on a decomposition of the velocity into mean flow, turbulent and wave components, momentum and hereafter a wave-energy equation is derived. It contains a turbulent energy dissipation term which is closed by applying a wave-related mixing length model and linear wave theory solutions. This closure produces a non-linear turbulent wave-energy dissipation including the wave energy in a 5/2 power law. The theory is able to predict correctly the shape of deep-water wave spectra according to Phillips' similarity law.Responsible Editor: Hans Burchard     

Multiple time scale evaluation of the energy balance during the maize growing season,and a new reason for energy imbalance

Energy imbalance is a common problem associated with the measurement of surface energy using the eddy covariance method. In the evaluation of the energy balance, people usually pay more attention to the statistical result that the effective energy (the sum of sensible and latent heat) is systematically lower than the available energy (the difference of net radiation and ground heat flux). However, little attention has been paid to the existence of the reversed situation when the effective energy is larger than the available energy or their contribution to the overall energy closure rate. In this paper, based on the analysis of the energy balance on multiple time scales across the maize growth season, we conclude that the non-synchronization of energy components is the main reason for the existence of the reversed case. By shifting the phase of the effective energy components half an hour ahead, the rates of energy closure over all time scales are improved and dramatically reduce the number of the half-hourly samples when the energy ratio exceeds 1 or is below 0.5. According to the characteristics of the energy distribution and transformation over multiple time scales, latent heat is always the main type of energy cost, and the residual of the energy balance increases with the growth of the maize plant surpassing the sensible heat for seventy days. It is suggested that the heat storage and photosynthetic energy play an important role in the energy balance during the growing period of maize. Supported by National Basic Research Program of China (Grant No.2007CB714402) and State Key Laboratory of Remote Sensing Science (Beijing Normal University)     

An improved input energy spectrum verified by the shake table tests

Input energy is the principal component of the energy balance equation. It is beneficial to determine, through its components, how the recoverable and irrecoverable energies are distributed within the structural elements. Several equations and attenuation relations to define mass-normalized input energy spectra exist in the literature. They are mainly proposed for elastic systems subjected to far-fault EQs. There is a lack of experimental verification of these proposed spectra. In this paper, experimental assessment was performed to the existing spectra, and further improvements were accomplished. For this purpose, steel cantilever columns were tested on the shake table for two specific historical EQs coincidently having similar spectral acceleration values. Based on the experimental results, a three-part mass-normalized relative input energy spectrum was formulated including soil type, EQ (corner period, intensity, duration, spectral acceleration, and velocity), and structural behavioral characteristics (period and structural damping). The proposed input energy spectrum was experimentally calibrated and numerically validated for various EQs featuring near- and far-field types. Analytical and experimental comparisons were made between the previously developed spectrum and the newly proposed one. The validation studies and the statistical evaluations exposed that the proposed spectrum yielded better agreement with the experimental and numerical results.