黄河三角洲五号桩海区泥沙冲淤变化的初步研究

黄河三角洲五号桩海区位于山东半岛北部现代黄河水下三角洲部分,为1972～1976年黄河自神仙沟、刁口河行水入海的区段,其位置在现代黄河入海口西北约40km处,距东营市约100km。该段岸线向海突出,0～15m等深线距密集,坡降较邻近区段最大,是目前黄河三角洲遭受强烈冲刷后退的区段。这种状态与东南部的现代黄河入海口处的迅速向海淤进,及西部的黄河故道以西套儿河口附近趋于平衡的特点,形成鲜明的对照。本文以1986～1987年实测资料为主,结     

黄河三角洲体系与地貌特征

山东黄河三角洲包括古代、近代和现代三角洲,其顶点分别为蒲城、宁海和罗家屋子,形成年代分别为公元前40年至公元1048年、1855～1976年及1976年至今。本文在概要介绍古代和近代三角洲的同时,着重分析了现行黄河口形态演变与现代三角洲发育的动力关系。     

基于DSAS和FA的1959—2002年黄河三角洲海岸线演变规律及影响因素研究

采用数字岸线分析系统(DSAS)和岸线分形分析(FA),以不同年份测量的9期历史地图为数据源,对1959—2002年黄河三角洲海岸线长度、形态及变化过程进行了定量分析。结果表明,从1959—1984年黄河三角洲海岸线长度减小,岸线平面轮廓形态变得平滑、简单;从1984—2002年三角洲海岸线长度增加,岸线平面轮廓形态变得曲折、复杂。与此同时,整个三角洲海岸中前进、后退及进退平衡岸线的比例构成变化也具有显著的阶段性。从总体上看,前进岸线所占比例变化呈不断减小趋势,但1980—1984年、1996—2000年曾有两次短暂的突然增大。从岸线变化速率及其空间分布看,三角洲海岸线进退变化于1968—1974年、1992—1996年两度达到或接近平衡状态。根据初步分析,1959—2002年黄河三角洲岸线演变是在黄河入海泥沙总体减少的背景下发生的,受到河口地貌变迁、海岸沉积动力系统的深刻影响。     

近50年来刁口废弃亚三角洲海岸线变迁速率分析

刁口亚三角洲自废弃以来海岸地貌发生了巨大变化,监测海岸线的变化对于保护和开发海岸带具有重要意义。本文以1976—2021年间典型年份的Landsat遥感影像和Google Earth高分辨率影像为数据源,通过RS、GIS技术对刁口废弃亚三角洲地区的岸线进行提取,最后用数字岸线分析系统对1976—2021年间的海岸线变迁进行定量分析。结果显示:1976—2021年间海岸线以均值–23.24m/a的速率向陆蚀退,侵蚀程度逐年减弱,且海岸线时空变化特征显著。就侵蚀程度而言,刁口河口及东侧烂泥湾地区侵蚀强度最大(–165.49 m/a),挑河口—刁口河口岸段次之(–127.61 m/a),东北侧防海大堤岸段最小(–80.66 m/a)。1976—1986年研究区岸段处于快速侵蚀状态,蚀退面积达102.7 km2; 1986—2006年处于持续侵蚀后退状态,蚀退面积约为88.79 km2;2006—2016年基本达到冲淤平衡状态,2016年面积和2006年相差不大;自2016年呈现缓慢蚀退状态,年均蚀退速率为仅2.51 km2。岸线长度总体上表现为减少趋势,但在1996年成为最低点后有所增加。刁...     

1976年黄河改道以来三角洲近岸区变化遥感监测

通过对黄河三角洲沿岸10个河口、潮汐汉道的23景陆地卫星影像高潮线的解译与对比,探讨自1976年黄河改道以来,三角洲岸线的变化特征;同时,利用GIS软件处理1976年和1992年滨海区水深测量数据,并与黄河利津站同期入海沙量进行对照分析。结果表明：1)目前黄河三角洲总体处于侵蚀破坏阶段,侵蚀岸线长相当于淤积岸线的2倍;2)人类活动对三角洲岸线变化的影响不断增强,人工海岸长度大幅度增加,总岸线长度缩短,岸线趋于平直;3)52．6％的黄河入海泥沙堆积于入海口附近,其中92％的泥沙堆积在15m水深线以内,向外迅速减少,20m水深线以外出现侵蚀;4)87％黄河入海泥沙往东、东南方向扩散与沉积,往南、东北方向扩散与沉积的泥沙很少,河口的北、西北方向整体上处于侵蚀状态。海岸侵蚀与河口泥沙的输移密切相关。     

黄河三角洲钓口叶瓣河道与岸线演化分析

现代黄河三角洲是由多个叶瓣组成,钓口流路叶瓣是1964—1976年形成,1976年之后废弃,这段时期历史记录相对比较完整。利用Landsat-TM卫星遥感图像,对黄河三角洲钓口叶瓣1964—2011年之间的岸线以及河道进行识别,结合历史测量资料,对钓口叶瓣岸线、河道变化规律进行了系统的分析。研究结果表明,1964年以来,岸线变化可划分为填湾取直—快速淤进—快速蚀退—缓慢蚀退4个演化阶段;河道变化可划分为漫流充填—河口突出—单一顺直—决口分叉—废弃5个阶段。     

现代黄河三角洲地面沉降对洲体演变的影响

对现代黄河三角洲地区地面沉降的特点和对三角洲发育演变的影响进行了分析研究。分析认为,现代黄河三角洲地区普遍发生的地面沉降具有多因素和时空不连续性的特点,给沉降区带来了一系列的危害,使多种海岸带灾害的破坏和影响加剧;地面沉降不仅可以造成地面标高损失,影响三角洲的垂向发育,还通过改变地面坡降来影响河道的演变和尾闾的摆动,同...     

苏北废黄河三角洲海岸时空演变遥感分析

基于遥感与地理信息系统技术,使用苏北废黄河三角洲海岸地区1978,1987和2000年的Landsat卫星遥感数据,选取岸线指标与波段,提取岸线信息,生成1978-1987年和1987-2000年海岸土地增减时空变化分布图,建立岸线变化距离及增速衡量指标,定量分析了废黄河三角洲海岸面积变化特征,以及灌河口-中山河口、中山河口-扁担港口和扁担港口-双洋河口以南岸段的时空变化格局与分布特征.研究结果表明,废黄河三角洲海岸的自然侵蚀速率呈减小趋势,但侵蚀作用仍在继续.侵蚀强度以废黄河口地区为中心,向南北两侧逐渐减弱.人工保滩护岸措施在一定程度上影响着自然侵蚀格局.其内部各岸段分别呈现缓蚀、侵蚀和基本侵淤平衡的变化格局.     

黄河三角洲海岸线动态变化规律与预测研究

通过10帧黄河三角洲地区不同时相卫星遥感影像对比和利用实测水深资料,对1976年以来黄河三角洲海岸线的冲淤变化规律及过程进行分析研究。利用遥感监测数据构建海岸线演变回归模型,对海岸线的未来形态变化进行预测。研究结果表明,三角洲总岸线长度自1992年来逐年减小;刁口岸段自1976年来由持续侵蚀向冲淤平衡过渡;新河口岸段自1976年来不断淤积扩张,但近年来陆域面积开始出现缩小趋势。     

现代黄河三角洲的结构、发育过程和形成模式

对现代黄河三角洲典型河道——钓口流路的不同钻孔剖面分析,阐明现代黄河三角洲单个流路所形成的三角洲叶片体的沉积物与沉积相的空间分布特征.结合单流路河道的小循环演化规律,划分现代黄河三角洲的发育过程为四个阶段,提出了三角洲的河口坝沉积相间分布的横向沉积序列、主河道型与出汊河道型两个不同的纵向沉积序列及河口坝型与口坝侧湾型两个不同的垂向沉积序列.在此基础上,提出了现代黄河三角洲的形成模式.     

Flocculation and sedimentation on the Po River Delta

With the goal of improving understanding of the effect of flocculation on the formation of fine-grained deposits on continental shelves, hydrographic profiling, in situ imaging of suspended matter, and collection of surficial sediment samples were conducted at the Po River Delta in June 2001. These data show that during medium flow conditions (1920 m³/s), sedimentation occurs rapidly immediately offshore of the main distributary, Po della Pila. Rapid sedimentation is promoted by large rapidly sinking flocs forming in the river well upstream of the mouth. The delivery of fine sediment to the seabed at the mouth of the Po is sufficient to overwhelm the erosive effects of waves and currents, leading to accumulation of mud in water depths as shallow as 4 m. On cross-shelf transects 2 km north and south of the mouth, however, suspended sediment supply from the river is reduced to the point that mud accumulates only seaward of the 8-m isobath. Along the central transect, suspended sediment concentration decreases rapidly seaward of the 6-m isobath where the emergence of a more organic-rich population of flocs along a mid-water density interface is suggested. Energetic activity along the 15-m isobath likely promotes resuspension with the potential for removal of material from the delta. Further investigation of floc properties, namely the relationship of floc size to settling velocity, is necessary to establish the degree to which the suspension is flocculated during transport and deposition.     

尼罗河三角洲全新世海平面变动及其对环境的影响——与长江三角洲的对比

利用泥炭(33个)和潟湖(65个)14C测年数据重建了尼罗河三角洲全新世海平面的变动过程,结果显示潟湖样品比泥炭更为有效地反映出海平面变动特征:距今7000a时海平面约位于现今-10m,距今5000a时约为-5m,距离2000a时已接近现代.海侵强度和范围受古地貌和区域沉降的影响呈现出东北部大、中部其次、西部最小.随着海平面上升速率减小,三角洲在约距今7000a时开始建造,并广泛发育潟湖、沙坝和平原河流沉积体系.此后,海平面趋于稳定,人类活动增强,导致海岸沉积环境大片萎缩、消亡.同样利用泥炭(45个)测年数据重建了长江三角洲全新世海平面变动,结果与尼罗河的差异较大,可能是两地沉降差异所致.近代长江三角洲人类活动也是导致环境退化的主要原因.     

Natural and Anthropic Middle-term Variations in the Delta System at the Mouth of the Goro River (Po Delta, Italy)

Abstract. The modern delta system of the Po River is the result of an evolution strictly controlled by anthropic factors and mainly developed during a period of climatic deterioration (Little Ice Age 1550/1850).
At the beginning of the 17^th century the main branch of the Po River, Fornaci Po, was modified with the "Cut of Viro" in order to avoid landfill of the Venetian Lagoon. Simultaneously, the southernmost branch of Ariano, or Goro, was forced to flow southwards. Subsequent sedimentary variations, caused by changes in the climatic conditions, contributed to make the area supplied by the Goro Po River increasingly lagoonary. In the second half of the 19^th century (end of the Little Ice Age – L.I.A. –), the first coastal spits started to take shape and developed in different systems throughout the entire following century. Coastal spits turned out to produce in the original bay, a progressive closure towards the sea. The strong decrease in solid loads, characterising the second half of the 20^th century and mainly due to anthropic factors, marks the beginning of a new phase extending to the overall Po Delta system, in which the mouth layout is controlled by wave energy.     

Evolution history and trend of the modern Huanghe River Delta

The evolvement history of modern Huanghe River Delta tidal flat, coastline and underwater terrain were studied based on the analysis of remote sensing images and water depth data. Based on the analysis of seafloor terrain evolution on different historical stages, a formula simulating the erosion and deposition evolvement model of subaqueous Huanghe River Delta slope was proposed, and the evolvement trend of the subaqueous delta terrain was predicted. The result shows that the equilibrium transition zone is near the water depth of 12 m with seabed erosion in shallower water and accumulation in deeper water during the first 150 a after the river channel was deserted. In the meantime, the underwater slope became gentler and the coastal erosion rate became slow gradually. Then, the subaqueous delta slope changed to up concave from upper convex, and the shape of subaqueous delta disappeared. The coast type changed to silt-mud coast about 100-150 a after the river course was deserted. The erosion depth in the foot of the seawall is calculated based on the formula.     

黄河三角洲湿地生物多样性及其保护

黄河三角洲湿地是典型的滨海河口湿地,重要的鸟类栖息地、繁殖地和中转站,具有典型的原生性、脆弱性,稀有性等特征,其生物资源丰富,有各种野生动物1 543种,种子植物393种,鸟类283种,其中属国家一级重点保护鸟类有9种,属国家二级重点保护鸟类有41种.该湿地的研究和保护,可以为生物多样性保护,特别是鸟类保护提供巨大支持.黄河三角洲自然保护区的建设为湿地及其生物多样性的保护和可持续利用创造了良好的条件和平台.近年来的调查发现,三角洲区域油田开发对湿地的影响正在逐步减少,自然保护区管理局先后实施的一系列工程,使生态环境得到明显改善,区内鸟类种类和数量明显增加,黄河三角洲在湿地生物多样性保护中的地位和作用也在进一步加强.     

黄河三角洲陆海划界方案研究

河口区域划界是进行河口区域开发管理的重要基础性工作,全面了解和深入研究我国重要河口区域的自然地理情况及管理现状,科学合理的确定河口区陆海分界线已成为当务之急.通过对黄河三角洲的调查研究以及资料收集和处理分析,遵守河口划界的原则,并根据相关的法律和条例,参照国外的河口管理经验以及我国其他河口的划界建议,对现代黄河三角洲陆海划界提出了几种初步建议,并分析了这几种划界方法的优势和不足,推荐使用平均低潮线或黄河口三角洲自然保护区的沿岸界线作为入海口区的陆海界线,海堤作为其他区域陆海界线.     

Seafloor and buried mounds on the western slope of the Niger Delta

Seafloor mounds are potential geohazards to offshore rig emplacement and drilling operations and may contain evidence of underlying petroleum systems. Therefore, identifying and mapping them is crucial in de-risking exploration and production activities in offshore domains.A 738 km² high resolution three-dimensional seismic dataset was used to investigate the occurrence, seismic characteristics and distribution of features interpreted as seafloor and buried sediment mounds, at water-depths of 800–1600 m, on the western Niger Delta slope. Fifteen seafloor mounds and eighteen shallowly buried mounds were identified. The seafloor mounds are characterised by lower seismic amplitude anomalies than the surrounding seabed sediments, and overlie vertical zones of acoustic blanking. The buried mounds in contrast are characterised by high amplitude anomalies; they also directly overlie sub-vertical zones of acoustic blanking. Seismic evidences from the features, their distribution patterns and tectono-stratigraphic associations suggest that their formation was controlled by the juxtaposition of buried channels and structural highs and their formation caused by focused fluid flow and expulsion of entrained sediments at the seabed.Considering the acoustic and geometrical characteristics of the mounds and comparing them with mound-shaped features from around the world, we conclude that the mounds most likely comprise heterolithic seafloor extrusions of muds and sands from the Agbada Formation with gas and possibly oil in some of the pore space giving rise to the acoustic characteristics.     

Holocene cheniers in the Yangtze Delta, China

Nineteen cheniers formed in the middle and late Holocene have been distinguished and studied.

In fair weather the wave action along the Yangtze Delta is weak, with a wave height of 0.5–1.0 m and average wave energy of 0.127 erg/s. However, in late summer and early autumn the coastal area is usually swept by typhoons, which sometimes are extremely violent. The development of cheniers is mainly controlled by these strong typhoons. As a result, a number of the sedimentary characteristics of the cheniers are related to the typhoon-generated high-energy environment.

Moreover, the study shows that the top elevation of a fully developed chenier indicates the spring high water level during a violent typhoon (11–12 on the Beaufort scale).     

珠江三角洲径潮相互作用下潮能的传播和衰减

因径流潮汐相互作用,三角洲各水道的能通量包含径流引起的净通量及潮汐引起的潮能通量。本文利用珠江三角洲多断面实测水位及流量的同步测量数据,建立基于径潮耦合的调和分析模型,剥离径流信号,计算出各站的总潮能及M₂、K₁及高频浅水分潮的潮能,对珠江三角洲潮能的沿程传播及衰减进行研究。结果表明,通过虎门进入珠江三角洲的潮波能量约占51.2%,而通过崖门、蕉门、磨刀门传入三角洲的潮能约占37%;同时,因地形摩擦、径流耗能效应,三角洲各水道的总能量损耗为148.33 MW。潮波能量按汇聚型和分散型两大类型沿三角洲不同位置传播并沿程衰减。虎门狮子洋及珠江正干、崖门至潭江石咀两大水道体系,其潮能沿程分散传入不同汊道,断面总潮能的衰减幅度大于单宽潮能通量的衰减,单宽潮动能沿程平均衰减速率大于潮势能,半日分潮的潮能衰减速率大于全日分潮。虎门狮子洋因其形态影响,M₂分潮振幅（或势能）的衰减最小,虎门至泗盛围段增加,平均每千米约增加0.77%。西四口门潮能汇聚于西海水道天河断面,总潮能的衰减速率小于磨刀门水道单宽潮能衰减速率。沿横门、洪奇门、蕉门进入的潮波多次交汇、分散,自横门至小榄、南华,南沙至海尾、荣奇,其单宽潮动能及M₂、K₁分潮动能的衰减速率小于潮势能,高频分潮势能沿程增加。     

海南岛南渡江三角洲的废弃与侵蚀

讨论了海南岛南渡江三角洲由发展到废弃的演化过程,分析了不同废弃阶段的河口平面形态由东向西变化等特征,对比活动三角洲与废弃三角洲的显着地貌差异.此外还讨论了活动三角洲前缘潮流在岸外较深水区的侵蚀作用和泥沙的向东搬运,以及波浪在近岸较浅水区的侵蚀作用和泥沙的向西和向岸的搬运.