中国海鞭毛藻新纪录目柄钟藻目一新纪录梨形假柄钟藻

对从青岛沿海分离的一株鞭毛藻进行了显微和超微结构研究, 发现其为中国海一新纪录种——梨形柄钟藻（Pseudopedinella pyriforme Carter）。该藻细胞为辐射对称结构; 具6 个色素体, 色素体内侧具蛋白核, 与细胞核相邻; 线粒体具管状嵴; 细胞前端具一根鞭毛, 鞭毛向一侧加宽形成翼; 尾部具一与...     

胶州湾有毒藻华形成种里氏金色藻(Chrysochromulina leadbeateri)的分类学研究

利用光学显微镜和透射电镜对从青岛胶州湾海水样品中分离的一种微型鞭毛藻进行了超微结构和分类学研究。结果表明,该藻为里氏金色藻(Chrysochromulina leadbeateri Estep,Davis,Hargraveset Sieburth)。其特征为:细胞呈球形,直径4—6μm,两条鞭毛略不等长,分别为8—10μm和12—16μm。一条定鞭能够卷曲,完全伸展后约20—30μm。细胞外被两层不同类型的圆形鳞片,都具十字形中央。外层鳞片表面有放射状细纹,内层鳞片在周边环上有25—30个穿孔。细胞一般有两个色素体,每个色素体内有一个包埋的蛋白核。里氏金色藻曾在挪威沿岸形成大规模有毒藻华,并引起养殖鱼类大量死亡。该种为我国的新记录种。     

等鞭金藻属(等鞭金藻目)1新种——湛江等鞭金藻(Isochrysis zhanjiangensis sp.nov)及其超微结构的观察

描述了从广东湛江南三岛沿岸采集、分离的等鞭金藻1新种———湛江等鞭金藻,应用电镜技术观察了湛江等鞭金藻运动细胞的超微结构.电镜观察证明,其运动细胞表面覆盖2~4层鳞片,鳞片有两种类型,一种较大,椭圆形;另一种较小,圆形.细胞顶端具有2条等长的平滑的鞭毛,两鞭毛间具有一条退化的定鞭(haptonema),很短,仅有1~2条微管.湛江等鞭金藻鞭毛过渡区中央轴丝与周边微管之间有5~6条螺旋条纹.两个金褐色色素体位于细胞两侧.3条类囊体为一组,无带片层.每个质体内侧具1个单层膜包裹的裸露的蛋白核.蛋白核内常具1对横列的类囊体.高尔基器位于鞭毛基体基部.线粒体长管状,具多个不分枝或分枝的脊.细胞中下部具1个至多个金藻昆布糖(Chrysolaminaran)颗粒.细胞核位于两质体之间、细胞基部.     

等鞭金藻属(等鞭金藻目)1新种——湛江等鞭金藻(Isochrysis zhanjiangensis sp.nov)及其超微结构的观察

描述了从广东湛江南三岛沿岸采集、分离的等鞭金藻1新种———湛江等鞭金藻,应用电镜技术观察了湛江等鞭金藻运动细胞的超微结构.电镜观察证明,其运动细胞表面覆盖2~4层鳞片,鳞片有两种类型,一种较大,椭圆形;另一种较小,圆形.细胞顶端具有2条等长的平滑的鞭毛,两鞭毛间具有一条退化的定鞭(haptonema),很短,仅有1~2条微管.湛江等鞭金藻鞭毛过渡区中央轴丝与周边微管之间有5~6条螺旋条纹.两个金褐色色素体位于细胞两侧.3条类囊体为一组,无带片层.每个质体内侧具1个单层膜包裹的裸露的蛋白核.蛋白核内常具1对横列的类囊体.高尔基器位于鞭毛基体基部.线粒体长管状,具多个不分枝或分枝的脊.细胞中下部具1个至多个金藻昆布糖(Chrysolaminaran)颗粒.细胞核位于两质体之间、细胞基部.     

诱变剂亚硝基胍对海洋微藻卡德藻细胞形态及生长的影响

利用化学诱变剂亚硝基胍(MNNG)处理海洋单细胞绿藻卡德藻(Tetraselmis sp.)，观测其对细胞形态和生长的影响。结果表明：MNNG导致卡德藻细胞出现鞭毛脱落、细胞膨胀、内部结构松散、胞质分布不均匀、色素体异常、产生休眠孢子以及致畸、致死等现象；MNNG对卡德藻在群体水平上的生长有明显的抑制作用，细胞死亡率与诱变剂剂量正相关，MNNG对卡德藻处理120nun的半致死浓度LC50为20μg／L。     

东海多环旋沟藻的形态特征和系统进化分析

本文首次对分离自我国东海海域的多环旋沟藻(Cochlodinium polykrikoides Margalef)藻株进行了详细的分类学报道。通过运用光学显微镜、荧光显微镜、电子扫描电镜和分子生物学方法,对多环旋沟藻的形态和显微特征进行了详细的描述,并对其核糖体大亚基序列(LSU rDNA)进行了系统进化分析。该藻以单细胞或链状细胞形态存在。通常链状包括2、4、8和16个细胞。横沟宽且深围绕细胞近2圈,内含鞭毛。纵沟窄并浅紧挨着横沟延伸。具有U形顶沟,细胞核大而圆,分布在上锥的前端。叶绿体棒状,数量较多并呈簇状分布。测序获得核糖体大亚基D1—D3区序列为870bp,通过构建系统发育树和Jukes-Cantor遗传距离矩阵可知东海多环旋沟藻藻株为东亚型。     

中国球状绿藻新纪录属-索囊藻属(Choricystis)

在西藏那曲的错鄂和湖北武汉的紫阳湖采集到两株淡水绿色海绵。形态观察显示,两株海绵呈现绿色是由于其内共生有球状绿藻。基于形态观察和分子系统发育分析确定为该球状绿藻为索囊藻属的寄生索囊藻(Choricystis parasitica(K.Brandt)Pr?scholdDarienko)。结果表明:(1)两株藻均为纺锤形或倒卵形,长1.2—2.8μm,宽0.8—1.5μm;具一个侧位片状色素体;(2)依据18S r DNA和rbc L cp DNA的进化分析显示这两株藻均位于胶球藻科(Coccomyxaceae),索囊藻属(Choricystis);(3)基于ITS2的二级结构分析显示这两株藻与寄生索囊藻具有相同的二级结构,表明这两株内共生的球状绿藻均为寄生索囊藻。寄生索囊藻为中国新纪录种,所在属索囊藻属为中国新纪录属。本研究以形态性状和分子性状描述了采自中国的寄生索囊藻标本,为今后研究提供依据和参考。     

我国北部湾球形棕囊藻(Phaeocystis globosa)的表面形态和细胞超微结构的电镜观察

本文首次对分离于我国广西北部湾的一株棕囊藻(Phaeocystis)纯培养进行了形态学研究。通过对其核糖体大亚基序列(LSU rDNA)进行了系统进化分析,并运用光学显微镜、扫描电镜和透射电镜等,对该藻的游动单细胞和囊体细胞表面结构和超微结构进行了详细的观察。结果表明,通过分子序列和形态学特征确证了该纯培养为球形棕囊藻(Phaeocystisglobosa)。通过分子系统进化分析,从北部湾获得的球形棕囊藻与同属的P. antarctica和P. rex的亲缘关系较近,但与P. jahnii的亲缘关系相对较远。我们发现该藻至少有两种类型的细胞:具鞭毛游动细胞和无鞭毛囊体细胞,其大小分别为2.30—3.98μm和3.69—6.49μm。具鞭毛游动细胞表面具有1—2个位置不固定但形状较为规则的圆盘状凸起,细胞表面的鳞片大小无明显差别;囊体细胞均匀地分布在囊体上,囊体细胞表面光滑,有三个较短的附属物。具鞭毛游动细胞和囊体细胞有2个或4个叶绿体,具鞭毛游动细胞的细胞核位于细胞的中下部,而囊体细胞的细胞核则位于细胞的中上部。细胞分泌物在扫描电镜样品处理过程后形成多数与细胞相连的丝状物,且丝状物形成较为规则的五角星形结构,每个角与一根丝相连,有些丝状体上有"瘤状"结构。研究结果填补了我国在球形棕囊藻形态学和超微结构研究上的空白,为深入认识其生物学特征及其成囊机理提供基础。     

东海藻华高发区塔玛亚历山大藻(Alexandrium tamarense)的形态、分子及分布特征

本文对分离自我国东海藻华高发区的亚历山大藻进行了详细的形态特征描述和分子系统进化分析,通过运用光学显微镜、荧光显微镜、扫描电镜和分子生物学方法,确定该藻株为塔玛亚历山大藻Alexarium tamarense(Lebour)Balech,并对其ITS序列进行了系统进化分析。该藻体长21—35μm,体宽20—33μm,ITS序列长度为592bp,系统发育树中与中国东海、南海两株A.tamarense以及一株代表"亚洲温带"基因型的A.catenella聚合在一起,支持率为100%,形态特征与A.tamarense基本一致,核糖体基因型则为塔玛复合种"亚洲温带"基因型。通过现场观测,研究浙南至闽北东海藻华高发区的塔玛亚历山大藻分布变化特点,在东海原甲藻藻华消散期,塔玛亚历山大藻逆势而上,其细胞密度达到1.7×104cell/L,并逐渐向沿岸靠近,这与季风转向,台湾暖流入侵及水体层化密切相关。     

中国海膨胀巴夫藻(定鞭藻门,巴夫藻纲)的首次纪录

2015年5月,我们从天津近海分离出一株黄绿色具鞭毛的单细胞藻。这珠藻细胞形态不规则,从圆形到细长型都有出现。绝大多数细胞具有很强的运动能力,一些细胞也可以形成静止的群体。结合形态学、超显微结构观察以及分子生物学分析,我们将这株藻鉴定为定鞭藻门,巴夫藻纲的膨胀巴夫藻。在此之前,中国近海只有绿色巴夫藻的记录,绿色巴夫藻对于水产养殖起到了很重要的作用。巴夫藻纲的其他物种尚无中国海记录。这是膨胀巴夫藻在中国海的首次记录。     

Microbial Biomass and Organic Nutrients in the Deep-Sea Sediments of the Central Indian Ocean Basin

In order to assess the impact of deep-sea mining on the in situ benthic life, we measured the microbial standing stock and concentration of organic nutrients in the deep-sea sediments of the Central Indian Ocean Basin in the Indian pioneer area. Sediments were collected using box core and grab samples during September 1996. The total bacterial numbers ranged from 10 10 -10 11 cells per g -1 dry weight sediment. There was a marginal decrease in the number of bacteria from surface to 30 cm depth, though the subsurface section registered a higher number than did the surface. The highest numbers were encountered at depths of 4-8 cm. The retrievable number of bacteria were two orders less in comparison with the direct total counts of bacteria. An almost homogeneous distribution of bacteria, total organic carbon, living biomass, and lipids throughout the depth of cores indicates active microbial and benthic processes in the deep sea sediments. On the other hand, a uniform distribution of total counts of bacteria, carbohydrates, and total organic carbon in all the cores indicates their stable nature and suggests that they can serve as useful parameters for long-term monitoring of the area after the benthic disturbance. Further studies on temporal variability in this region would not only verify the observed norms of distribution of these variables but would also help to understand restabilization processes after the simulated benthic disturbance.     

海上大直径钢管桩打桩过程中桩周土强度弱化研究

海上大直径钢管桩打桩过程中,桩周土体受到强烈扰动而发生强度弱化,掌握桩周土体强度弱化规律对于准确预测打桩过程、保证工程安全具有重要意义。为研究土体强度弱化规律,开展了环剪试验模拟打桩对桩周土体的扰动,测试土体强度随剪切速率的变化规律,建立了描述土体强度弱化规律的拟合公式,引入到打桩分析软件中。研究结果表明：土体的强度折减程度不仅与土体本身的性质有关还受到土体的埋深和剪切速率的影响,埋深越深土体强度折减程度越低,剪切速率越高土体强度折减越高,在打桩分析中可采用这里推荐的线性折减方法来模拟不同深度处土体强度的折减规律。     

Geoacoustic Inversion via Genetic Algorithm and Its Application to Manganese Sediment Identification

An acoustic inversion method using a wide-band signal and two near field receivers is proposed and applied to multiple layered seabed models including a manganese sediment. The inversion problem can be formulated into a probabilistic model comprised of signals, a forward model, and additive noise. The forward model simulates wide-band signals, such as chirp signals, and is chosen to be the source-waveletconvolution plane wave modeling method. The wavelet matching technique, using weighted least-squares fitting, estimates the sediment sound-speed and thickness on which determination of the possible numerical ranges for a priori uniform distribution is based. The genetic algorithm is applied to a global optimization problem to find a maximum a posteriori solution for determined a priori search space. Here the object function is defined by an L 2 norm of the difference between measured and modeled signals. Not only the marginal pdf but also its statistics are calculated by numerical evaluation of integrals using the samples selected during importance sampling process of the genetic algorithm.     

A Review of Some Environmental Issues Affecting Marine Mining

This article reviews information recently available from existing marine and coastal mining for responses to environmental issues affecting marine mining at different depths. It is particularly but not exclusively concerned with those issues affecting seabed biodiversity impact and recovery. Much information has been gathered in the past 10 years from shallow mining operations for construction aggregate, diamonds, and gold, from coastal mines discharging tailings to shallow and deep water, and from experimental deep mining tests. The responses to issues identified are summarized in a series of eight tables intended to facilitate site-specific consideration. Since impacts can spread widely in the surface mixing layer SML, and can affect the biologically productive euphotic zone, the main issues considered arise from the depth of mining relative to the SML of the sea. Where mining is below the SML, the issue is whether it is environmentally better to bring the extraction products to the surface vessel for processing (and waste discharge), or to process the extraction products as much as possible on the seabed. Responses to the issues need to be sitespecific, and dependent on adequate preoperational environmental impact and recovery prediction. For deep tailings disposal from a surface vessel, there are four important environmental unknowns: (1) the possible growth of "marine snow" (bacterial flocs) utilizing the enormous quantities of fine tailings particles (hundreds or thousands of metric tons per day) as nuclei for growth, (2) the possibility that local keystone plankton and nekton species may migrate diurnally down to and beyond the depth of deep discharge and hence be subjected to tailings impact at depth, (3) the burrow-up capability of deep benthos and their ability to survive high rates of tailings deposition, and (4) the pattern and rate of dispersion of a tailings density current through the deep water column from discharge point to seabed. Actions to obtain relevant information in general and site-specifically are suggested.     

Increased Particle Fluxes at the INDEX Site Attributable to Simulated Benthic Disturbance

Particle fluxes were measured 7 m above the sea bottom during the predisturbance, disturbance, and postdisturbance periods by using time series sediment traps attached to seven deep-sea moorings deployed in the INDEX experiment site in the Central Indian Basin. The predisturbance particle fluxes varied between 22.3 to 55.1 mg m -2 day -1 . Increased and variable particle fluxes were recorded by the sediment traps during the disturbance period. The increase observed was 0.5 to 4 times more than the background predisturbance fluxes. The increases in particle fluxes (~4 times) recorded by the sediment trap located in the southwestern direction (DMS-1) were the greatest, which could be the result of preferential movement of resuspended particles generated during the deep-sea benthic disturbance along the general current direction prevailing in this area during the experimental period. Also, the traps located closer to the disturbance area recorded greater fluxes than did the traps far away, across the Deep Sea Sediment Resuspension System path. This variability in recorded particle fluxes by the traps around the disturbance area clearly indicates that physical characteristics such as grain size and density of the resuspended particles produced during the disturbance had an important effect on particle movement. The postdisturbance measurements during ~5 days showed a reduction in particle fluxes of ~50%, indicating rapid particle settlement.     

Determination of In Situ Sediment Shear Strength from Advanced Piston Corer Pullout Forces

The advanced piston corer (APC) has been used by the Ocean Drilling Program since 1985 for recovering soft sediments from the ocean floor. The pullout force measured on extracting the core barrel from the sediment is shown to correlate with the average shear strength of the sediment core measured in the ship's laboratory. A simple rule of thumb is derived relating the shear strength of the sediment to the pullout force. Multiple APC holes at individual sites allow the consistency of the pullout measurements to be assessed. The effects of different operational procedures during APC coring are also explored. Although generally applicable, the correlation between pullout force and laboratory measurements of shear strength breaks down for some APC holes, possibly because of the disturbance of some sediment types during the APC coring process. A better understanding of the physical process of APC coring, and its effect on the properties of the sediment both inside and immediately outside the core barrel, would indicate what confidence can be put on the measurement of pullout force as a way of evaluating the in situ shear strength of deep sea sediments.     

Phylogenetic diversity and phenotypic characterization of cultivable bacterioplankton isolated from polar oceans

A set of 27 marine planktonic bacteria isolated from the polar regions was characterized by 16S rDNA sequencing and physiological and biochemical testing. More than half of these bacteria were positive for caseinase, gelatinase and 13-glucosidase, and could utilize glucose, maltose or malic acid as carbon source for cell growth. Twelve isolates expressed nitrate reduction activities. Except for one antarctic isolate BSwlO175 belonging to Actinobacteria phylum, these isolates were classified as γ-Proteobacteria, suggesting that γ-Proteobacteria dominated in cultivable marine bacterioplankton at both poles. Genus Pseudoalteromonas was the predominant group in the Chukchi Sea and the Bering Sea, and genus ShewaneUa dominated in cultivable bacterioplankton in the Prydz Bay. With sequence similarities above 97%, genus Psychrobacter was found at both poles. These 27 isolates were psychrotolerant, and significant 16S rDNA sequence similarities were found not only between arctic and antarctic marine bacteria （ 〉 99% ）, but also between polar marine bacteria and bacteria from other aquatic environments （ ≥ 98.8% ）, including temperate ocean, deep sea, pond and lake, suggesting that in the polar oceans less temperature-sensitive bacteria may be cosmopolitan and have a bipolar, even global, distribution at the species level.     

Deep-Sea Sediment Compression Curves: Some Controlling Factors, Spurious Overconsolidation, Predictions, and Geophysical Reproduction

Oedometer tests have been carried out on 70 undisturbed surficial clays (at approximately 250 mm below the mudline), mostly collected by free-fall corers from sites widely scattered throughout the deep-sea North Atlantic. Acoustic measurements were also made, initially on contiguous samples and ultimately on the same sample using a geophysically instrumented oedometer which also collected electrical resistivity data. Apart from those quiescent areas below the carbonate compensation depth, such as north of the West Indies where very fine clays exist, most of the samples are silty clays whose geotechnical-geophysical properties are dependent on the type of clay minerals present (and their ability to take in moisture), the sand-size fraction, and the quantity of carbonate present. Thus the pure clays have high compressibilities which decrease on the addition of coarse particles, while the converse is true for the acoustic parameters, these increasing with the sand fraction. Using the notion of the intrinsic compression line for all samples, and comparison to it of the measured compression curves, it is clear that, contrary to some previously held ideas, most deep-sea clays are normally consolidated; the addition of carbonate has the effect of creating an open, stronger sediment skeleton. Interestingly, where information is available, the variation with depth of a sample's acoustic velocity follows the void ratio pressure relationship of the compression curve. This allows the construction of an in-situ sediment compression curve using the in-situ geophysical observations.