渤海冬季溶解氧与表观耗氧量年际时空变化

根据渤海断面1978-2013年历年2月表底层海水温度、盐度、溶解氧观测资料,采用旋转经验正交函数(REOF)、最大熵谱和延迟相关分析等方法,分析得出:渤海冬季表底层溶解氧年际变化主要有2种时空模态:开阔海型和黄河口型,第1种模态时间分量为显著周期和线性下降趋势变化,表底层水体存在溶解氧显著线性降低趋势;第2种模态时间分量为显著周期准平衡变化。渤海冬季表底层表现耗氧量年际变化主要有2种时空模态:渤中-黄河口型和辽河口型,第1种模态时间分量为显著周期和线性上升趋势变化,表底层水体存在显著线性贫氧趋势;第2种模态时间分量为显著周期准平衡变化。冬季渤海中部和黄河口附近海域是出现溶解氧降低与贫氧状况显著线性趋势的主要海域,海洋生化效应和冬季水温模态年际变化是影响渤海冬季溶解氧、表观耗氧量模态年际变化的主要因素之一。渤海冬季表层溶解氧、表现耗氧量时空模态出现10a尺度跃变。     

南黄海夏季低氧、贫氧长期时空演变与机制

根据1977—2016年历年8月南黄海断面标准层调查资料,采用时空分析等方法,研究了南黄海断面8月份低氧、贫氧长期时空演变与机制。溶解氧(DO)含量与表观耗氧量(AOU)年际变化分别有4种主要时空模态,溶解氧含量第一模态与表观耗氧量第一、二模态是断面海域显著线性低氧、贫氧趋势的主要影响分量,溶解氧第二~四模态与表观耗氧量第三、四模态为准平衡态长期变化。南黄海夏季低氧、贫氧变化的主要机制是生物活性组分(BAC)耗氧过程增多和增强,低氧和贫氧准平衡态长期变化的主要机制是生物活性组分、饱和溶解氧与海流输送的增减氧效应处于准平衡态状态。黄海冷水团中平均溶解氧含量、表观耗氧量存在显著线性低氧、贫氧趋势。南黄海夏季表层海气氧通量强度显著线性减弱,并且呈现“氧源”、“氧汇”相间变化。黄海夏季风生环流、海气氧通量强度逐渐减弱为黄海夏季低氧、贫氧发展提供了物理条件。目前黄海溶解氧含量、表观耗氧量场季节循环时空分布已经发生显著改变。     

北黄海夏季溶解氧与表观耗氧量年际变化时空模态

根据北黄海夏季断面1976~2015年历年8月监测资料,采用时空分析等方法,研究了北黄海夏季断面溶解氧含量和表观耗氧量年际变化时空模态.溶解氧含量与表观耗氧量年际变化分别有3种主要时空模态,第一、二模态是近底层水体低氧、贫氧年际变化的主要影响分量,第三模态是混合层水体高氧、富氧年际变化主要影响分量.生物活性组分(BAC)耗-生氧与海洋环流输送增减氧过程是夏季溶解氧含量与表观耗氧量年际变化主要影响因素,温跃层强度年际变化不是主要影响因素.2001年后,表层月海气氧通量年际变化由氧汇分布为主转变为氧源分布,表层溶解氧含量增大以及生物活性组分生氧作用增强年际变化是这种转变的原因.北黄海夏季断面年平均溶解氧含量、表观耗氧量空间分布相似性较低,夏季断面年平均温度、盐度以及沉积物需氧、风生环流是年平均溶解氧含量、表观耗氧量分布的主要影响因素.生物活性组分耗-生氧过程是断面各层月平均溶解氧含量、表观耗氧量年际变化主要影响因素,温度变化是次要因素.由于断面水体低氧幅度与贫氧面积显著线性增大,与30多年前比较,黄海溶解氧含量、表观耗氧量场季节变化空间分布与时间形态已经发生改变.     

渤海夏季温盐年际变化时空模态与气候响应

根据渤海夏季断面1978~2014年历年8月温度、盐度与气候要素、黄河年径流量等观测数据,采用旋转经验正交函数(REOF)、风驱海流模式诊断、最大熵谱分析和延迟相关分析等方法,研究了渤海夏季断面温度、盐度年际变化时空模态与气候响应.温度主要有4种时空模态,其中第一模态为准平衡态年际变化和10a尺度跃变,第二至四模态为显著线性降温趋势年际变化和10a尺度跃变.渤海夏季径向风应力强度是夏季温度年际变化的主要影响因素,夏季风应力强度逐年减弱使得夏季水温的季节增温减弱,并且抵消了夏季气温逐年升高对水温的增温影响,温度模态大部分分量出现显著线性降温趋势.夏季大尺度海洋温度、气温年际变化是夏季温度年际变化的次要影响因素.盐度主要有2种时空模态,其中第一模态是对辽河口入海径流量、夏季降水量和夏季风应力强度的响应;第二模态是对黄河口入海年径流量和夏季风应力强度的响应.黄河口、辽河口入海年径流量与夏季降水量是盐度年际变化的主要影响因素,夏季风应力强度是次要因素.盐度模态年际变化呈现准平衡态周期变化和10a尺度跃变.     

北黄海夏季温盐年际变化时空模态与气候响应

根据北黄海断面1976~2015年历年8月温度、盐度与长岛气候要素资料,采用旋转经验正交函数(REOF)、最大熵谱分析和延迟相关分析等方法,研究了北黄海断面夏季温度、盐度年际变化时空模态与气候响应.断面温度主要有4种时空模态:第一、二模态为海洋因素影响的年际变化分量,渤海断面夏季温度分量和7月太平洋年代际振荡(PDO)指数的线性与非线性作用是主要影响因素.第三、四模态为海洋与大气因素影响的年际变化分量,渤海断面夏季温度分量、断面冬季表层平均温度、7月风驱环流强度和5月PDO指数的线性和非线性作用是主要影响因素.断面盐度主要有4种时空模态:第一模态为海洋与大气因素影响的年际变化分量,渤海夏季盐度、夏季降水量及断面冬季表层盐度是主要影响因素;8月纬向风驱环流是次要影响因素.第二至四模态为大气因素影响的年际变化分量,7、8月风驱环流强度和夏季降水量是主要影响因素.北黄海夏季风驱环流分布是北黄海断面夏季温盐年际平均分布的主要影响因素.断面温盐垂直层结年际变化为准平衡态周期年际变化.北黄海断面冷水团月平均温度和面积为准平衡态周期年际变化,断面温度第三模态、断面冬季表层平均温度是断面冷水团月强度年际变化的主要影响因素,7月PDO指数是非线性影响因素.北黄海断面冷水团月平均盐度为显著线性低盐趋势周期年际变化,断面盐度的第一至三模态以及渤海断面夏季盐度分量的线性和非线性作用是冷水团月平均盐度年际变化的主要影响因素.北黄海断面夏季冷水团中平均温度、盐度的长期变化趋势是不同的,不存在长期稳定的比例关系.     

渤海冬季温盐年际变化时空模态与气候响应

根据渤海断面1978-2012 历年2 月表、底层海水温度、盐度和气候要素观测资料,采用旋转经验正交函数 （REOF）、最大熵谱分析和延迟相关分析等方法,研究了渤海冬季表底层温度、盐度年际变化时空模态与气候响应。渤海冬 季表底层温度年际变化分为三种时空模态：开阔海型、黄河口型和辽河口型,其中只有开阔海型模态是对冬季气温变暖的响 应,时间分量有显著线性升高趋势和跃变升高。黄河口型模态是对冬季西北季风强度逐渐减弱的响应,时间分量有显著线性 降低趋势。辽河口型模态是对局地海冰年际变化的响应,时间分量准平衡变化。渤海冬季表底层盐度年际变化分为二种时空 模态：辽东湾型和黄河口型,其中黄河口型模态与黄河口年径流量滞后5 年显著负线性相关,该模态时间分量有显著线性升 高趋势和跃变;辽东湾型模态与黄河年径流量滞后7 年显著负线性相关;滞后2 年显著非线性相关,该模态时间分量年际变 化为准平衡形态。黄河口年径流量是影响渤海冬季盐度年际变化的主要因素。     

南黄海夏季温盐年际变化时空模态与气候响应

根据南黄海断面1977—2016年历年8月标准层温度、盐度与气候要素观测资料,采用时空分析等方法,分析了南黄海断面夏季温度、盐度年际时空变化与气候响应。断面温度主要有4种时空模态,夏季风生环流、冷水团强度、面积与断面冬季温度模态是主要温度模态年际变化的主要影响因素;夏季风生流场形态、春季PDO指数与断面冬季温度模态是次要温度模态年际变化的主要影响因素;温度模态时间分量均为准平衡态长期变化。断面盐度主要有4种时空模态,夏季苏北沿海低盐度水体、南黄海中部高盐度水体与夏季黄海风生流输送作用是盐度主要模态年际变化的主要影响因素;夏季南黄海降水量减少与风生流输送减弱是盐度次要模态年际变化的主要影响因素。盐度主要模态时间分量为准平衡态长期变化,次要模态时间分量存在显著线性低盐趋势变化。断面夏季温盐多年平均分布主要受到夏季多年平均风生环流影响。断面核心冷水团月平均温度为准平衡态长期变化;面积存在显著线性减小趋势,黄海风生流场季节与年际变化是南黄海核心冷水团年际变化主要影响因素,春季PDO指数对冷水团面积年际变化有显著非线性影响。断面冷水团、核心冷水团月平均盐度为显著线性低盐趋势周期年际变化。由于黄海温盐长期线性趋势变化,与30多年前状况相比,目前黄海温盐场季节循环时空变化形态可能已经发生显著改变。     

北黄海冬季温盐年际变化时空模态与气候响应

根据1977-2012年历年2 月份北黄海断面表底层温度、盐度观测资料,采用旋转经验正交函数（REOF）、跃变分 析、最大熵谱分析和延迟相关分析等方法,分析了断面温度、盐度年际变化时空模态和机制。断面表底层温度、盐度时空模 态主要有两种：开阔海型和近岸（近海） 型。温度、盐度模态的时间分量变化主要有准周期变化和线性趋势变化,温度模态 时间分量存在显著线性升高趋势。历年2月平均气温年际变化主要影响开阔海型温度模态,历年1 月经向伪风应力和年际变 化主要影响近岸型温度模态。盐度模态主要受渤南（鲁北）水和辽南水盐度年际变化影响,受渤南（鲁北） 水影响的盐度模 态,模态时间分量存在显著线性升高趋势;受辽南水影响的盐度模态,模态时间分量存在显著线性降低趋势,其中模态线性 升高的斜率大于模态线性降低的斜率。     

黄海表观耗氧量场季节循环时空模态与机制

根据黄海1977年5月至1981年11月逐月大面温度、盐度和溶解氧调查资料,采用旋转经验正交函数(REOF)、调和分析和延迟相关分析等方法,分析了黄海表观耗氧量(AOU)场季节循环时空模态与机制.黄海年平均表观耗氧量场表层至30 m层为富氧状态;底层为贫氧状态,涌升流、涡旋流对浅层年平均表观耗氧量场水平分布有显著影响,生物活性组分(BAC)耗-生氧作用是影响年平均表观耗氧量场水平与垂直差异的主要因素.黄海表观耗氧量场季节循环主要有两种时空模态:第一模态中涌升流、涡旋流、径向风应力、黄海暖流、沉积物需氧(SOD)以及营养盐调控的生物活性组分耗-生氧作用季节变化是主要影响因素,模态空间分量为三层垂直结构分布,模态时间分量季节变化位相为自表层向深层与自底层向上层传播两种形态;第二模态中涡旋流、涌升流、纬向风应力以及营养盐调控的生物活性组分耗-生氧作用季节变化是主要影响因素,模态空间分量为准四层垂直结构分布,模态时间分量季节变化位相为自表层至30 m层同步季节变化与自30 m层向底层传播两种形态.两种模态时间分量中周期分量是主要分量,贫、富氧期准对称季节分布.增氧过程多数出现在贫氧期,使得贫氧期向富氧期转变,耗氧过程多数出现在富氧期,使得富氧期向贫氧期转变,由此形成表观耗氧量模态季节周期循环过程.黄海春夏季溶解氧垂直最大值现象并不是物理-生物过程同步季节作用的结果,而是显著垂直差异的物理-生物-化学分量连续季节演变的综合作用结果.     

渤海夏季海水磷酸盐年际时空演变

根据1978-2011年渤海断面历年8 月海水表底层活性磷酸盐监测资料,采用REOF、最大熵谱和延迟相关分析等方 法,分析渤海夏季表底层活性磷酸盐年际时空变化有3种模态：河口型、辽东湾型和开阔海型。其中河口型和开阔海型模态 年际变化为显著周期和线性减小趋势。辽东湾型模态年际变化为显著周期的准平衡变化。磷酸盐3 种时空模态之间存在延迟 相关关系,夏季海流、水温、浮游植物生消以及磷酸盐再生、排放、海水-沉积物交换、磷酸盐沉积等过程年际变化与3 种 形态的磷酸盐年际变化位相延迟相关分布有关。渤海夏季断面海水磷酸盐浓度年际变化呈现波动形减小,2004 年后,渤海中 部磷酸盐浓度显著减小。     

Deep penetrating benthic oxygen profiles measured in situ by oxygen optodes

For the first time in situ, deep penetrating O₂ profiles were measured in abyssal sediments in the western South Atlantic. Construction of deep penetrating O₂ optodes and adaptation to a benthic profiling lander are described. The opto-chemical oxygen sensors allow measurements to a depth of 55 cm in marine sediments. A vertical resolution of 0.5 cm was used to determine the O₂ dynamics in those oligotrophic deep sea sediments; the oxygen concentration across the sediment water interface was measured with a resolution of 100 μm. Oxygen penetration depth (OPD), diffusive oxygen uptake (DOU) and oxygen consumption rates were determined at four stations north of the Amazon fan and one at the Mid-Atlantic Ridge. Diffusive oxygen uptake rates ranged from 0.1 to 0.9 mmol m⁻² d⁻¹; the oxygen penetration depth ranged from 8 to 26 cm. Carbon consumption rates calculated from the diffusive oxygen uptake rates were in the range of 0.3–3.0 g C m⁻² a⁻¹. Comparison between in situ and laboratory DOU and OPD measurements confirmed previous findings that core recovery and warming have strong effects on the oxygen dynamics in deep sea sediments. Laboratory measurements yielded a decrease of 50–75% in OPD and consequently an increase in DOU by 1.5 and 18-times. Deep penetrating oxygen optodes provide a new tool to accurately determine oxygen dynamics (and thereby calculate carbon mineralization rates) in oligotrophic sediments. However, oxygen optodes as used in this study do not resolve the diffusive boundary layer (DBL). The data show that deep penetrating O₂ optodes in combination with high-resolution O₂ microelectrodes give a complete picture of the oxygen dynamics, including the DBL, in deep sea sediments.     

Seasonal variability of dissolved oxygen,percent oxygen saturation,and apparent oxygen utilization in the Atlantic and Pacific Oceans

Using objectively analyzed seasonal fields of dissolved oxygen content, percent oxygen saturation, and apparent oxygen utilization (AOU), we describe the large-scale seasonal variability of oxygen for the Atlantic and Pacific Oceans in the upper 400 m. The winter minus summer basin zonal averages of AOU reveal a two-layer feature in both the Atlantic and the Pacific, for both hemispheres. Biological activity and seasonal stratification in the summer give the upper 50–75 m of the water column in each basin a lower AOU in summer than winter. Greater mixing of upper ocean waters in winter gives the 75–400 m layer lower AOU values in that season. The basin integral seasonal volumes of oxygen for both the North Atlantic and the North Pacific mirror what is occurring in the atmosphere, indicating that there is a seasonal flux of oxygen across the air–sea interface. Winter total O₂ volume in the ocean is above the annual mean; the summer volume is below. Larger seasonal differences in the total O₂ content are observed in the North Atlantic Ocean than the North Pacific Ocean. A seasonal net outgassing (SNO) of 8.3×10¹⁴ moles O₂ is calculated from basin means, which is 25% higher than previous results.     

Use of an optical oxygen sensor to measure dissolved oxygen in seawater

The use of an optical oxygen sensor to measure dissolved oxygen in seawater was investigated. The sensor is based on the dynamic quenching of an oxygen-sensitive fluorochrome embedded in the tip. Dissolved oxygen in seawater samples collected from eight stations at depths ranging from 3000 to 6000 m was analyzed both with the optical sensor and by the Winkler titration method. The two sets of data did not differ significantly. The stability and simplicity of the method and the good agreement of the results with those of the titration method indicate that the sensor would be useful for fieldwork.     

Expendable ampoules for oxygen determination

A new technique for adding Winkler reagents to water samples at sea has been developed. Expendable ampoules containing the reagents replace syringes or pipettes. The main features of the ampoules are simpler handling and safer sampling with preserved accuracy.     

Ecophenotypic responses of benthic foraminifera to oxygen availability along an oxygen gradient in the California Borderland

Spatial variation in environmental conditions can elicit predictable size and morphological responses in marine organisms through influences on physiology. Thus, spatial and temporal variation in marine organism size and shape are often used to infer paleoenvironmental conditions, such as dissolved oxygen concentrations. Benthic foraminifera commonly serve as a tool for reconstructing past ocean oxygen levels. For example, benthic foraminiferal species assemblages, within‐ and among‐species patterns of test morphology, and geochemical analyses of carbonate tests are often employed to reconstruct past marine conditions. In this study, we measured the sizes and shapes of modern foraminifera representing four species that inhabit a steep oxygen gradient in the Santa Monica Basin on the Southern California Borderland with the aim of quantifying the influence of oxygen availability on foraminiferal morphology, both within and among species. Most foraminifera rely on aerobic respiration, but the four benthic foraminifera from the Santa Monica Basin do not show the predicted size and morphological responses to variations in dissolved oxygen concentrations based on first principles of cell physiology: Bolivina spissa shows no volume or volume‐to‐surface area response, Uvigerina peregrina increases in both test volume and volume‐to‐surface area ratio with decreasing dissolved oxygen concentrations, and both Bolivina argentea and Loxostomum pseudobeyrichi decrease in test volume, but only L. pseudobeyrichi shows a decrease in test volume‐to‐surface area ratio with decreasing oxygen concentrations as expected from physiological predictions. These findings imply that the morphological responses of individual foraminiferal species are not necessarily representative of the responses of other foraminiferal species within the community. Our findings further suggest that these species use physiological strategies such as depressed metabolic rates and alternative energy metabolisms to persist in low oxygen environments and, therefore, cannot be used in any simple way as paleo‐oxygen indicators. Should Proterozoic (1,000–542 million years ago) protists have possessed metabolic strategies similar to foraminifera, the sizes and shapes of protists in the fossil record may not usefully constrain ambient oxygen conditions during the appearance and initial taxonomic radiation of heterotrophic eukaryotes.     

Ocean oxygen minima expansions and their biological impacts

Climate models with biogeochemical components predict declines in oceanic dissolved oxygen with global warming. In coastal regimes oxygen deficits represent acute ecosystem perturbations. Here, we estimate dissolved oxygen differences across the global tropical and subtropical oceans within the oxygen minimum zone (200–700-dbar depth) between 1960–1974 (an early period with reliable data) and 1990–2008 (a recent period capturing ocean response to planetary warming). In most regions of the tropical Pacific, Atlantic, and Indian Oceans the oxygen content in the 200–700-dbar layer has declined. Furthermore, at 200 dbar, the area with O₂ <70 μmol kg^?1, where some large mobile macro-organisms are unable to abide, has increased by 4.5 million km². The tropical low oxygen zones have expanded horizontally and vertically. Subsurface oxygen has decreased adjacent to most continental shelves. However, oxygen has increased in some regions in the subtropical gyres at the depths analyzed. According to literature discussed below, fishing pressure is strong in the open ocean, which may make it difficult to isolate the impact of declining oxygen on fisheries. At shallower depths we predict habitat compression will occur for hypoxia-intolerant taxa, with eventual loss of biodiversity. Should past trends in observed oxygen differences continue into the future, shifts in animal distributions and changes in ecosystem structure could accelerate.     

In-situ registration of oxygen utilization at sediment-water interfaces

A polyacrylic dome was anchored over natural sediments, enclosing a water volume of 0.125 m³ over an area of 0.45 m² of sediment. A vertical convection was produced in the dome, by means of a small pump, to prevent formation of gradients. Oxygen partial pressure and temperature were measured at 20-min intervals by an automatic data system and stored on magnetic tape in digitized form. After some days the system was recovered. The data were read by a microprocessor system, interpreted, listed and plotted against time. Chemical and hydrographic data, from a sample taken at the location of the experiment at the instant it was started, were used as calibration data to calculate oxygen utilization of the sediments in the Kiel Bight.     

三疣梭子蟹早期发育阶段的耗氧量、耗氧率与体质量的关系

分析测定了未经处理的普通三疣梭子蟹和经过溶藻弧菌感染筛选的三疣梭子蟹从第Ⅰ期溞状幼体(Z1)到第Ⅳ期仔蟹(C4)各发育阶段的耗氧量和耗氧率,比较了两类梭子蟹的耗氧情况,并研究了三疣梭子蟹体质量与溶解氧需求的关系。结果表明:两类三疣梭子蟹早期发育阶段的体质量与耗氧量、耗氧率均呈幂函数关系,耗氧量随体质量的增加而增加,耗氧率则随体质量的增加而降低;各发育阶段普通蟹和筛选蟹体质量差异不显著;在Z1期和Z3期,筛选蟹的耗氧率显著低于普通蟹(P<0.01),Z2期筛选蟹的耗氧率显著高于普通蟹(P<0.01),Z4期至仔蟹期,两类梭子蟹耗氧率差异不显著(P>0.01)。