海水工厂化养殖废水循环利用的初步探讨

以海水工厂化养殖排出的废水养殖双齿围沙蚕(Perinereis aibuhitensis)、菲律宾蛤仔(Ruditapes phi-lippinarum)、长牡蛎(Crassostreagigas)和细基江蓠(Gracilariatenuistipitata).结果表明:双齿围沙蚕耐污染能力最强;细基江蓠和双齿围沙蚕具有较强的净化水质能力.养殖废水经7 d处理后,NH4+-N、NoO3--N、NO2--N、PO43--P、COD和底质有机物分别下降至处理前的11.20%、23.69%、27.50%、14.6%、3.2%和0.32%,且沙蚕和江蓠平均日生长率分别为2.30 mg/g·d和80 mg/g·d.该方法不但能净化水质,还能实现养殖废水的循环利用.     

沙蚕科性信息素的种间作用

本文对海洋多毛类沙蚕科4属7种沙蚕:褐片阔沙蚕(Platynereis dumerilii)、双管阔沙蚕(P.bicanaliculata)、日本刺沙蚕(Neanthes japonica)、琥珀刺沙蚕(N.succinea)、多齿围沙蚕(Perinereis nuntia)、绿沙蚕(Nereis virens)和涂沙蚕(N.fucata)性信息素的种间作用进行了电生理和行为反应的研究.结果表明,同属的双管阔沙蚕和褐片阔沙蚕及日本刺沙蚕和琥珀刺沙蚕的异沙蚕体的体腔液可以互相诱导异性的异沙蚕体发生婚舞(naptial dance)和释放配子;雌性或雄性的多齿围沙蚕、雄性的绿沙蚕和涂沙蚕的异沙蚕体体腔液分别可以诱导异性褐片阔沙蚕异沙蚕体发生婚舞并释放配子;但雌性或雄性褐片阔沙蚕、雄性的日本利沙蚕、琥珀刺沙蚕和涂沙蚕的异沙蚕体的体腔液却不能诱导异性多齿围沙的异沙蚕体发生婚舞或释放配子.不过,雌性褐片阔沙蚕异沙蚕体的体腔液能引起雄性多齿围沙蚕异沙蚕体脑电活性的增强.     

沙蚕的营养分析与功能研究

对2种双齿围沙蚕和国产鱼粉进行了营养组成分析。结果表明,2种双齿围沙蚕在营养构成上差别不大,只是在脂肪和灰分以及钙、铁上有差别;与国产鱼粉相比,在所测定的各种营养指标上,2种双齿围沙蚕的营养性超过国产鱼粉：其中呈味氨基酸超过高达5％左右,各种微量元素也相差较大。沙蚕的营养性、诱食性以及适口性均超过国产鱼粉。     

双齿围沙蚕对温度、盐度和干露的耐受性研究

本论文主要研究双齿围沙蚕(Perinereis aibuhitensis)对盐度突变、温度突变和盐度渐变、温度渐变及干露的耐受性。实验结果表明:双齿围沙蚕耐受盐度的范围比较广泛,为5~45,适宜的盐度范围为20~30,求得双齿围沙蚕96 h半致死盐度上限为33.1。适宜温度范围为20~30℃,对低温有很强的耐受力。双齿围沙蚕在低温保湿干露10 d未发生死亡,大量死亡集中在13~14 d。本研究结果表明:双齿围沙蚕对环境的适应性较强,耐温、耐盐范围较广,且具有很强的耐干露能力。     

凡纳滨对虾亲虾常用天然饵料营养成分的比较研究

分析比较了凡纳滨对虾亲虾培育中 4 种常用天然饵料———长吻沙蚕 Glycera chirori 、双齿围沙蚕Perinereis aibuhitensis、近江牡蛎Crassostrea rivularis (去壳)和杜氏枪乌贼Lol igo duvancelii 的营养成分及组成。结果表明,杜氏枪乌贼的蛋白质(78. 41%)和胆固醇(16.1 mg·g-1 )含量最高;双齿围沙蚕的 EPA 和 DHA 含量最高(分别为 14. 15%和12.97%),∑n 3/∑n 6值为5. 79;长吻沙蚕的 EPA和 DHA含量略低(分别为 12. 36%和11.54%),但其∑n 3/∑n 6值最高,为 7.06;长吻沙蚕的α 生育酚含量最高,为 47.72mg·kg-1,以下依次为双齿围沙蚕(43.02mg·kg-1 )、近江牡蛎(42.31mg·kg-1 )、杜氏枪乌贼(38.93mg·kg-1)。双齿围沙蚕具有最高的抗坏血酸含量,为 110.12mg·kg-1,以下依次为长吻沙蚕(100.06mg·kg-1)、杜氏枪乌贼(91.41mg·kg-1 )、近江牡蛎(33.75mg·kg-1 )。通过比较这些天然饵料的营养组成并结合已有研究结果,认为杜氏枪乌贼具有较高的蛋白质和胆固醇含量及理想的氨基酸组成,是凡纳滨对虾亲虾的优质蛋白质和胆固醇来源;而长吻沙蚕和双齿围沙蚕具有高含量的EPA和DHA,以及更高的∑n 3/∑n 6值,是凡纳滨对虾亲虾的最佳高度不饱和脂肪酸来源。此外,2 种沙蚕的α 生育酚和抗坏血酸含量较高,对凡纳滨对虾     

投放双齿围沙蚕养殖中国明对虾实验研究

在养殖中国对虾的围隔内投放不同密度(0kg·m-2,0．4kg·m-2,0．8kg·m-2,1．2kg·m-2)双齿围沙蚕,定时监测水体总氨氮(TAN)、亚硝氮、透明度、DO等指标。实验结束时计量养殖效果。结果表明:总体上,投放沙蚕的处理组对虾产量高于末投放沙蚕的对照组,饵料系数显著低于对照组(p<0．05)．其中0．4kg·m-2沙蚕处理组对虾产量最高[(165．4±8．7)g／m2],水质最佳。随着沙蚕密度增大,国格内TAN、亚硝氮、pH均上升且不稳定,这可能是致使对虾成活率下降的一个原因。投放沙蚕对透明度也有影响。依据实验结果认为,双齿围沙蚕促进了沉积物无机氮向水体释放,进而加速浮游植物的繁殖速率。沙蚕密度过人,可引起对虾成活率下降,建议沙蚕密度控制为0．2～0．6kg·m-2。     

盐度对双齿围沙蚕耗氧率和排氨率的影响

为优化双齿围沙蚕养殖条件,促进沙蚕资源的合理开发和利用,作者探讨了不同盐度下(8、16、24、32、40、45)双齿围沙蚕(Perinereis aibuhitensis)耗氧率和排氨率的情况。结果表明:盐度对双齿围沙蚕的耗氧率和排氨率均有显著性影响(P0.05)。在盐度为8~32时,耗氧率随着盐度的升高呈先下降后上升的趋势;在盐度为24时耗氧率最低(0.22 mg/(g·h)±0.01 mg/(g·h));在盐度为32时耗氧率达到最大值(0.37 mg/(g·h)±0.05 mg/(g·h))。在盐度为8~40条件下,沙蚕的排氨率随着盐度的升高呈先降低后上升的趋势;在盐度为24时,双齿围沙蚕的排氨率最低(0.10μmol/(g·h)±0.02μmol/(g·h));当盐度为40时排氨率达到最大值(0.94μmol/(g·h)±0.11μmol/(g·h))。盐度为8~40时,沙蚕的O︰N比值随着盐度的上升呈先升高后降低的趋势,在盐度24和32时,沙蚕的O︰N比值分别为130.84和126.47,且变化较小,当盐度40时,O︰N比值急剧下降到13.3,然后再度上升。综合上述结果,双齿围沙蚕生活的最适盐度为24~32。     

4 种经济海藻脂肪酸组成分析

采用改进的Bligh-Dyer法提取脂溶性成分,气相色谱-质谱联用法(GC-MS)进行分离和鉴定,C19:0内标确定总脂及各组分含量,研究了鼠尾藻(Sargassum thunbergii)、浒苔(Enteromorpha prolifera)、龙须菜(Gracilaria lemaneiformis)和红毛菜(Bangia sp.)4种经济海藻的脂肪酸组成及含量。结果表明,4种海藻都检测出C14-C22脂肪酸,总脂含量在12～19 mg/g之间,不饱和脂肪酸为主要组成成分,含量均超过60%。不饱和脂肪酸中以多不饱和脂肪酸(PUFAs)为主,富含n-3和n-6系列PUFAs,n-6与n-3系列PUFAs之比均低于2。比较4种海藻脂肪酸组成特点表明,鼠尾藻以C16、C18和C20为主要组成成分,具褐藻类脂肪酸组成特征;浒苔以C16和C18为主要组成成分,具绿藻类脂肪酸组成特征;龙须菜和红毛菜以C16和C20类脂肪酸为主,具典型红藻类脂肪酸组成特征,同时二者又有不同之处,分别显示真红藻与原始红藻脂肪酸组成的特点。     

中国黄、渤海常见大型海藻的脂肪酸组成

对中国黄、渤海沿岸的17种红藻、12种褐藻、7种绿藻的脂肪酸组成进行了分析研究，结果表明，黄海和渤海的绝大多数红都富含二十碳高度不饱和脂肪酸（主要是二十碳五烯酸，EPA和二十碳四烯酸，AA），一般都占总脂肪酸的40％以上；仙菜目的松节藻、细枝软骨藻，隐丝藻目的亮管藻、海萝、海膜、蜈蚣藻中的EPA含量均超过40％，其中海萝达到58％；杉藻目扁江蓠中EPA含量很低，但花生四烯酸含量达到58％。裸藻中16：0、18：1（n-9)、20：4（n-6)和20：5（n-3)含量占绝对优势，十八碳高度不饱和脂肪酸（PUFAs)和二十碳PUFAs是主要的脂肪酸。在每种褐藻中还含有一定量的14：0、18：2（n-6)和18：4（n-3)。褐藻中的十八碳PUFAs含量比红藻高，而二十碳PUFAs比红藻低。绿藻中的主要脂肪酸是16：0、十六碳高度不饱和脂肪酸（主要是：16：4（n-3)和16：3（n-3)、18：1以及C18PUFAs（主要包括18：2（n-6),18:3(n-3)和18：4（n-3)，绿藻的C16、C18PUFAs含量较高。     

人工养殖条件下多齿围沙蚕亲体培育和繁殖生物学的初步研究

通过生态学及组织学方法对人工养殖条件下多齿围沙蚕(Perinereis nuntia Savigny)亲体培育条件及繁殖生物学进行了研究.结果表明,多齿围沙蚕雌雄异体,非成熟季节外观上无法辨别雌雄,性成熟时,雌(异沙蚕体)灰绿色,雄(异沙蚕体)红白色.生殖细胞起源于体腔膜上皮,不久就释放到体腔中,在体腔内卵原细胞和精原细胞http://ebook/成都,今夜请将我遗忘/index.htm分裂增殖形成卵原细胞群和精原细胞群,体腔中充满了外形不规则或近圆形的滋养细胞,细胞内可见嗜伊红颗粒,滋养细胞之间可见发达的微血管.卵原细胞群不断增殖发育,至初级卵母细胞后游离至体腔中继续发育为次级卵母细胞和成熟卵子;精原细胞群形成精子合胞体(syncytium),各级精母细胞在合胞体内发育,直至形成成熟精子时才分散游离.水温18℃以上,多齿围沙蚕的生长体经培育才可能形成异沙蚕体.特别是在经历了一定的低温期后,再提高温度可以有效的促进异沙蚕体形成.胚胎发育的适宜温度为18～25℃;适宜盐度为25～32.胚胎发育过程经历卵裂期、囊胚期、原肠期、担轮幼虫期、后担轮幼虫期、膜内游毛幼虫期等阶段,在水温25℃、盐度30条件下,从受精至孵出3刚节幼虫约需65 h.3刚节游毛幼虫至10刚节幼体约需28 d.     

Microbial Biomass and Organic Nutrients in the Deep-Sea Sediments of the Central Indian Ocean Basin

In order to assess the impact of deep-sea mining on the in situ benthic life, we measured the microbial standing stock and concentration of organic nutrients in the deep-sea sediments of the Central Indian Ocean Basin in the Indian pioneer area. Sediments were collected using box core and grab samples during September 1996. The total bacterial numbers ranged from 10 10 -10 11 cells per g -1 dry weight sediment. There was a marginal decrease in the number of bacteria from surface to 30 cm depth, though the subsurface section registered a higher number than did the surface. The highest numbers were encountered at depths of 4-8 cm. The retrievable number of bacteria were two orders less in comparison with the direct total counts of bacteria. An almost homogeneous distribution of bacteria, total organic carbon, living biomass, and lipids throughout the depth of cores indicates active microbial and benthic processes in the deep sea sediments. On the other hand, a uniform distribution of total counts of bacteria, carbohydrates, and total organic carbon in all the cores indicates their stable nature and suggests that they can serve as useful parameters for long-term monitoring of the area after the benthic disturbance. Further studies on temporal variability in this region would not only verify the observed norms of distribution of these variables but would also help to understand restabilization processes after the simulated benthic disturbance.     

海上大直径钢管桩打桩过程中桩周土强度弱化研究

海上大直径钢管桩打桩过程中,桩周土体受到强烈扰动而发生强度弱化,掌握桩周土体强度弱化规律对于准确预测打桩过程、保证工程安全具有重要意义。为研究土体强度弱化规律,开展了环剪试验模拟打桩对桩周土体的扰动,测试土体强度随剪切速率的变化规律,建立了描述土体强度弱化规律的拟合公式,引入到打桩分析软件中。研究结果表明：土体的强度折减程度不仅与土体本身的性质有关还受到土体的埋深和剪切速率的影响,埋深越深土体强度折减程度越低,剪切速率越高土体强度折减越高,在打桩分析中可采用这里推荐的线性折减方法来模拟不同深度处土体强度的折减规律。     

Geoacoustic Inversion via Genetic Algorithm and Its Application to Manganese Sediment Identification

An acoustic inversion method using a wide-band signal and two near field receivers is proposed and applied to multiple layered seabed models including a manganese sediment. The inversion problem can be formulated into a probabilistic model comprised of signals, a forward model, and additive noise. The forward model simulates wide-band signals, such as chirp signals, and is chosen to be the source-waveletconvolution plane wave modeling method. The wavelet matching technique, using weighted least-squares fitting, estimates the sediment sound-speed and thickness on which determination of the possible numerical ranges for a priori uniform distribution is based. The genetic algorithm is applied to a global optimization problem to find a maximum a posteriori solution for determined a priori search space. Here the object function is defined by an L 2 norm of the difference between measured and modeled signals. Not only the marginal pdf but also its statistics are calculated by numerical evaluation of integrals using the samples selected during importance sampling process of the genetic algorithm.     

Phylogenetic diversity and phenotypic characterization of cultivable bacterioplankton isolated from polar oceans

A set of 27 marine planktonic bacteria isolated from the polar regions was characterized by 16S rDNA sequencing and physiological and biochemical testing. More than half of these bacteria were positive for caseinase, gelatinase and 13-glucosidase, and could utilize glucose, maltose or malic acid as carbon source for cell growth. Twelve isolates expressed nitrate reduction activities. Except for one antarctic isolate BSwlO175 belonging to Actinobacteria phylum, these isolates were classified as γ-Proteobacteria, suggesting that γ-Proteobacteria dominated in cultivable marine bacterioplankton at both poles. Genus Pseudoalteromonas was the predominant group in the Chukchi Sea and the Bering Sea, and genus ShewaneUa dominated in cultivable bacterioplankton in the Prydz Bay. With sequence similarities above 97%, genus Psychrobacter was found at both poles. These 27 isolates were psychrotolerant, and significant 16S rDNA sequence similarities were found not only between arctic and antarctic marine bacteria （ 〉 99% ）, but also between polar marine bacteria and bacteria from other aquatic environments （ ≥ 98.8% ）, including temperate ocean, deep sea, pond and lake, suggesting that in the polar oceans less temperature-sensitive bacteria may be cosmopolitan and have a bipolar, even global, distribution at the species level.     

Deep-Sea Sediment Compression Curves: Some Controlling Factors, Spurious Overconsolidation, Predictions, and Geophysical Reproduction

Oedometer tests have been carried out on 70 undisturbed surficial clays (at approximately 250 mm below the mudline), mostly collected by free-fall corers from sites widely scattered throughout the deep-sea North Atlantic. Acoustic measurements were also made, initially on contiguous samples and ultimately on the same sample using a geophysically instrumented oedometer which also collected electrical resistivity data. Apart from those quiescent areas below the carbonate compensation depth, such as north of the West Indies where very fine clays exist, most of the samples are silty clays whose geotechnical-geophysical properties are dependent on the type of clay minerals present (and their ability to take in moisture), the sand-size fraction, and the quantity of carbonate present. Thus the pure clays have high compressibilities which decrease on the addition of coarse particles, while the converse is true for the acoustic parameters, these increasing with the sand fraction. Using the notion of the intrinsic compression line for all samples, and comparison to it of the measured compression curves, it is clear that, contrary to some previously held ideas, most deep-sea clays are normally consolidated; the addition of carbonate has the effect of creating an open, stronger sediment skeleton. Interestingly, where information is available, the variation with depth of a sample's acoustic velocity follows the void ratio pressure relationship of the compression curve. This allows the construction of an in-situ sediment compression curve using the in-situ geophysical observations.     

INFORMATION FOR AUTHORS

<正>Acta Oceanologica Sinica(AOS)is a comprehensive academic journal edited by the Editorial Committee of Acta Oceanologica Sinica and is designed to provide a forum for important research papers of the marine scientific community which reflect the information on a worldwide basis.The journal publishes scholarly papers on marine science and technology,including physics,chemistry,biology,     

Estimation of Sediment Properties during Benthic Impact Experiments

Sediment properties, such as water content and density, have been used to estimate the dry and wet weights, as well as the volume of sediment recovered and discharged, during benthic impact experiments conducted in the Pacific and Indian Oceans. The estimates show that the weights of dry (355-1332 t) and wet sediment (1651-4888 t) recovered during the experiments, are not only a function of the total duration and distance covered during the experiment, but also depend on water content and density of the sediment. Estimation of dry sediment and its volumetric ratio in the discharge, are key parameters for calculating the discharged volume. The estimated volume of wet sediment recovered (1427-4049 m 3 ) as well as discharged (2693-6951 m 3 ) during the experiments, provide important inputs to evaluate the sediment resettlement and migration. Using these estimates, the average depth of excavation on the seafloor, can also been calculated. However, the stages of sediment recovery and discharge are expressed differently in some of the experiments. In order to standardize these, different stages have been identified, and definitions of certain terms have been suggested, for use in the future. The methods of calculating different properties, as well as weight and volume of discharged sediment are described in the paper for use in other applications concerning deep-sea discharges.