DIE SEISMISCHEN GESCHWINDIGKEITEN DER JUNGEREN MOLASSE IM OSTSCHWEIZERISCHEN UND DEUTSCHEN ALPENVORLAND*

According to a study of seismic velocities in the Alpine Foreland of Eastern Switzerland, the initial velocity is rather high in comparison with other Tertiary basins and shows an exceptionally high increase rate. When analysing the average and the interval velocities, especially of Tertiary strata, and when comparing them with velocities of strata of the same age and a very similar facies of the Northern Rheintalgraben, it has been found that the increase of velocity is closely related to the distance to the Subalpine Molasse. The conclusion is that the velocity of the Tertiary strata is strongly influenced by the folding pressure of the Subalpine Molasse or of the Alps. The same method has been applied to a relatively large number of wells in the area of the “German Molasse”. Not only the results in Eastern Switzerland have been confirmed, but also it has been proved that the diagenesis of the Tertiary strata and, hence, their velocities are influenced only partially by the specific depth of the basin. Velocities increase towards the Folded Molasse or the Alps. Consequently they depend on lateral folding pressure, which decreases from west to east with the increasing width of the basin. The tertiary strata of the basin have been affected by lateral folding pressurefrom south to north. However, structures with lateral compression have not been discovered yet in the German Alpine Foreland.     

标定大陆科学钻探孔区地震反射体

在中国大陆科学钻探孔区 (江苏省东海县南部 )进行了系统的地球物理调查 ,包括二维地震测网和专门的地震剖面 ,大地电磁法和位场方法等 .地震调查表明 ,在超高压变质岩出露区上地壳充满了反射体 ,包括倾斜反射体与上拱的反射弧 .本文介绍大陆科学钻探先行研究中地震调查的成果 .根据大陆科学钻探预先导孔的岩芯和测井资料、井旁VSP和数值模拟结果证实 ,高波速的榴辉岩体、破碎断裂带和大型韧性剪切带都可引起倾斜的地震反射 ,而上拱的弧形反射体则是由近似直立的榴辉岩体和其中的破碎带的综合反映 .由于地壳深部广泛分布着经受变质的岩石 ,上述研究结果对标定地壳中的反射地震信号具有一定意义     

A short-spread configuration for mapping dipping horizons in reflection seismic surveys

Summary In areas of steeply dipping seismic horizons, the conventional split-spread seismic reflection method may yield poor seismograms. In order to develop a suitable field technique to improve the record quality in such areas, an analysis of the effect of spherical divergence, reflection coefficient, and absorption on the amplitude of the signal reflected from a dipping interface has been carried out. It has been found that for a dipping interface the reflected signal amplitude in many cases may be higher for the larger angles of incidence at the reflecting bed than for the normal incidence. Thus, a suitable inline-offset spread in the updip direction is likely to increase the recorded reflected signal amplidute and improve the signal-to-noisre ratio in areas of dipping reflectors. The design of such a shot-spread configuration has been developed in this paper, and a field method using this configuration is suggested for continuous mapping of subsurface horizons.     

洱源-江川宽角地震剖面的地壳反射特征

通过对洱源-江川宽角反射地震资料的叠前偏移处理成像,得到了一个类似于近垂直入射多道地震数据的记录剖面.反射剖面图像与地壳速度结构共同揭示出地壳厚度由剖面西北端(约45 km)向东南端(约40 km)减薄.在洱源-楚雄西北附近深度约10 km处存在一组向东南倾斜的强反射震相,其东南约50 km处存在向西北倾斜的强射震相.易门断裂两侧地壳反射属性具有明显的差异,易门断裂之西北方向深度25～40 km处,中下地壳内存在两组强振幅,向东南方向上倾的地震反射同相轴,并被楚雄-建水断裂后期所错断,易门断裂之东南方向上,地壳内反射较为均一,未见特别明显的强间断面反射信息,这个反射结构被解释为印度板块东向俯冲与藏东缘地壳物质东向逃逸综合作用导致下地壳增厚和厚地壳变形的结果.     

“松科二井”邻域岩石圈精细结构特征及动力学环境——深地震反射剖面的揭示

为揭示"松科二井"邻域岩石圈精细结构特征,布设了一条过井近南北向的深地震反射剖面,采用多尺度药量结合的激发技术,长排列、重点段加密接收高次覆盖的采集方式,通过高保真、高保幅的处理流程获得高分辨率、高信噪比的叠前时间偏移剖面.结果显示:T4反射轴之下沉积岩层状反射与火成岩杂乱反射相间,有两处疑似上古生界地层,分别位于松科二井下方(双程走时,Two way travel time,TWT,3.5～4s)和任民—永安断隆下方(CDP,3500～4500,TWT,3～4s);中下地壳可观察到近平行的北倾反射,中和断陷下方存在上下关联的透镜状强反射,整体轮廓呈蘑菇云状,解释其为岩石圈伸展构造中发育的深部热流底辟体;北部莫霍面呈近水平连续强反射,南部徐家围子断陷区域莫霍面反射较弱,同时剖面上存在3种明显的岩石圈上地幔反射,包括倾斜地幔反射、近水平地幔反射和超深地幔反射,推断其分别为早期俯冲遗迹、早期增厚地壳底界面以及现今岩石圈底界面.本文利用过松科二井地震剖面的最新成果,揭示出古亚洲洋、蒙古—鄂霍茨克洋和古太平洋三大构造域先后作用下,保留在松嫩地块岩石圈内的结构特征,为探讨松辽盆地形成原因、构造背景及动力学因素提供新视野.     

Deep seismic reflection profiling of sedimentary basins offshore Brazil: Geological objectives and preliminary results in the Sergipe Basin

The first deep seismic reflection profiles offshore Brazil were acquired in Campos Basin and processed to 10 s TWT in 1984. Starting in 1989, Petrobrás acquired an extensive data set of deep seismic profiles using special acquisition equipment capable of effectively penetrating through the sedimentary layers and imaging the whole crustal architecture. These deep (18 s TWT) seismic reflection profiles extend across the Atlantic-type marginal basins, from the platform to the deepwater province, presently considered frontier regions for petroleum exploration. This work addresses the geological objectives of a deep seismic profile in the Sergipe Basin and discusses the results obtained by integrating regional seismic, gravity and magnetic data. When combined, these data provide evidence that deep seismic reflectors observed in the Sergipe Basin are related to intracrustal-upper mantle structures rather than sedimentary features. The deep seismic reflection profile in the Sergipe Basin also suggests that, rather than a non-volcanic passive margin, the deepwater extension of this basin is marked by several magmatic structures, including thick wedges of seaward-dipping reflectors and volcanic plugs. These magmatic features are associated with basinforming processes resulting from lithospheric extension during the breakup of Gondwana in the Early Cretaceous and subsequent emplacement of oceanic crust. These results are compared to the crustal scale structures observed in the Campos Basin, in the southeastern margin of Brazil. The interpretation of the deep structure of these basins indicates that final separation between the South American and African plates formed passive margins characterized by different patterns of crustal attenuation underlying the rift blocks.     

郯城-涟水综合地球物理剖面

在穿过苏鲁地体的郯城-涟水剖面上进行了深反射地震和大地电磁调查,剖面全长１３９．５ｋｍ,取得了高质量记录,一级品记录高达８５％。结果表明：（１）苏鲁超高压－高压变质岩片向北西倾斜,表现为高速高阻岩片,并受到强烈的变形,反映了超高压岩片的俯冲与折返;（２）杨子克拉通向北俯冲在苏鲁地体之下,表现为常速、中低阻的挠曲板状体,内部有大量反映碰撞的反射楔形体;（３）嘉山-响水断裂带向南陡倾,低阻带直通浅地幔,具有燕山期裂谷的特征,估计有可能是与沂沭断裂带同期的中生代裂谷;（４）印支期俯冲扬子地壳的古Ｍｏｈｏ面与期后形成的新Ｍｏｈｏ面都有强反射,表明中新生代在地壳底部有强烈的岩浆活动与壳幔相互作用,促使新Ｍｏｈｏ面的形成;（５）超高压变质带下方有一组南倾的逆断层,与折返有关,在此处进行科学钻探对了解超高压变质带形成和折返机制很有利。     

中国大陆科学钻探孔区的数字三分量反射地震调查

本文将简要介绍在大陆科学钻探孔区进行数字三分量地震勘探试验数据采集处理技术,以及取得的初步成果. 鉴于结晶岩地区波场的复杂性,在剖面调查之前要先进行波场特征调查,才能确定三分量地震调查观测系统采集参数.数据处理中与水平分量处理有关的三个困难环节包括静校正、速度分析与动校叠加,必须有所创新.在大陆科学钻探工程中,三分量数字地震调查之所以放在终孔后才进行,主要是因为三分量地震解释要以钻孔资料和VSP成果为基础.如果没有岩芯物性测定资料或VSP纵横波速度计算曲线,横波速度剖面模式就难以建立,水平分量数据处理和解释就难以进行.与单分量地震调查相比,水平分量采集处理提供了转换波信息,可反映独特的很有意义的地质信息.在三分量数字地震调查X分量深度叠加剖面左半边深度2600～3400 m区段出现密集的水平反射层,与Z分量反射剖面和变质岩片倾向不一致.对比主孔气体异常曲线可知,这些水平反射是地层中流体含量升高的反映.     

Seismic depth imaging of iron-oxide deposits and their host rocks in the Ludvika mining area of central Sweden

The development of cost-effective and environmentally acceptable geophysical methods for the exploration of mineral resources is a challenging task. Seismic methods have the potential to delineate the mineral deposits at greater depths with sufficiently high resolution. In hardrock environments, which typically host the majority of metallic mineral deposits, seismic depth-imaging workflows are challenged by steeply dipping structures, strong heterogeneity and the related wavefield scattering in the overburden as well as the often limited signal-to-noise ratio of the acquired data. In this study, we have developed a workflow for imaging a major iron-oxide deposit at its accurate position in depth domain while simultaneously characterizing the near-surface glacial overburden including surrounding structures like crossing faults at high resolution. Our workflow has successfully been showcased on a 2D surface seismic legacy data set from the Ludvika mining area in central Sweden acquired in 2016. We applied focusing prestack depth-imaging techniques to obtain a clear and well-resolved image of the mineralization down to over 1000 m depth. In order to account for the shallow low-velocity layer within the depth-imaging algorithm, we carefully derived a migration velocity model through an integrative approach. This comprised the incorporation of the tomographic near-surface model, the extension of the velocities down to the main reflectors based on borehole information and conventional semblance analysis. In the final step, the evaluation and update of the velocities by investigation of common image gathers for the main target reflectors were used. Although for our data set the reflections from the mineralization show a strong coherency and continuity in the seismic section, reflective structures in a hardrock environment are typically less continuous. In order to image the internal structure of the mineralization and decipher the surrounding structures, we applied the concept of reflection image spectroscopy to the data, which allows the imaging of wavelength-specific characteristics within the reflective body. As a result, conjugate crossing faults around the mineralization can directly be imaged in a low-frequency band while the internal structure was obtained within the high-frequency bands.     

High-resolution seismic imaging of crooked two-dimensional profiles in greenstone belts of the Canadian shield: results from the Swayze area,Ontario, Canada

In 2017, the Metal Earth multi-disciplinary exploration project acquired a total of 921 km of regional deep seismic reflection profiles and 184 km of high-resolution seismic reflection profiles in the Abitibi and Wabigoon greenstone belts of the Superior province of Canada. The Abitibi belt hosts several world-class mineral deposits, whereas the Wabigoon has sparse economic mineral deposits. Two high-resolution surveys in the Swayze area, a poorly endowed part of the western Abitibi greenstone belt, served as pioneer surveys with which to better understand subsurface geology and design a strategy to process other surveys in the near future. Swayze seismic data were acquired with crooked survey geometries along roads. Designing an effective seismic processing flow to address these geometries and complex geology required straight common midpoint lines along which both two-dimensional prestack dip-moveout correction and poststack migration processing were applied. The resulting seismic sections revealed steeply dipping and subhorizontal reflections; some correlate with folded surface rocks. An interpreted fault/deformation zone imaged in Swayze north would be a target for metal endowment if it extends the Porcupine–Destor structure. Because of the crooked line geometry of the surveys, two-dimensional /three-dimensional prestack time migration and swath three-dimensional processing were tested. The prestack time migration algorithm confirmed reflections at the interpreted base of the Abitibi greenstone belt. The swath three-dimensional images provided additional spatial details about the geometries of some reflections, but also had less resolution and did not detect many reflectors observed in two dimensions. Geological contacts between felsic, mafic and ultramafic greenstone rock layers are thought the main cause of reflectivity in the Swayze area.     

Seismic wave velocities in the sedimentary cover of Poland: Borehole data compilation

A knowledge of seismic wave velocities in the sedimentary cover is of great importance for interpreting reflection and refraction seismic data, deep seismic soundings and regional and global seismic tomography. This is particularly true for regions characterized by significant thicknesses and a complex sedimentary cover structure. This paper presents the results of an analysis of seismic P-wave velocities in the sedimentary cover of Poland, a complex area of juxtaposition of major tectonic units: the Precambrian East European Craton, the Palaeozoic Platform of Central and Western Europe, and the Alpine orogen represented by the Carpathian Mountains. Based on vertical seismic profiling data from 1188 boreholes, the dependence of velocity versus depth was determined for regional geological units and for successions from the Tertiary and Quaternary to the Cambrian. The data have been approximated by polynomials, and velocity-depth formulas are given down to 6000 m depth. The velocities in the sedimentary cover have been compared with those from other areas in Europe.     

基于波场垂向和水平方向外推的高陡构造偏移

常规的单程波波动方程偏移成像方法对大角度的高陡构造偏移成像存在内在的限制.根据波动方程在各个空间方向的数学特性和高陡构造反射地震波的传播特征,通过把地震波分解为垂向的上下行波、水平方向的前后行波和左右行波,提出基于波场垂向外推和水平方向外推相结合的单程波波动方程高陡构造偏移成像方法,即用波场垂向外推的单程波波动方程偏移成像方法解决中低角度平缓构造的偏移成像,用波场水平方向外推的单程波波动方程偏移成像方法解决中高角度陡倾构造的偏移成像.这种基于波场垂向和水平方向外推相结合的高陡构造偏移成像方法是常规单程波波动方程叠前深度偏移成像方法的补充和改进,它相对基于全波方程的逆时偏移具有计算效率上的优势.     

深反射大炮揭示的青藏高原侧向碰撞带地壳骨架结构

青藏高原东南缘处于印度板块与欧亚板块碰撞的侧翼,揭示该地区的岩石圈结构有助于完整理解青藏高原碰撞造山的动力学过程,对构建大陆碰撞成矿理论框架至为关键.本研究对横过青藏高原侧向碰撞带的一条深反射地震剖面的15个大炮资料,进行了针对性静校正、去噪等处理和单次叠加成像,结果剖面显示了侧向碰撞带岩石圈结构的骨架特征:(1)双程走时(TWT)8～10s的强反射(Tc)将地壳分为上、下两层;Tc可能是大型滑脱构造的拆离面,其存在使上地壳的变形与下地壳解耦;(2)Moho间断面反射(Tm)为3～4个同相轴的窄带反射波组,横向不连续,与深大断裂交汇处被错断,但断距不大;(3)在兰坪—思茅地块下方TWT21s和扬子克拉通西缘下方TWT22～24s存在相向倾斜的反射波组(TL);以Tc、Tm和TL构成的骨架结构,定性地描绘出剖面下方岩石圈地幔以汇聚为主、地壳块体以侧向滑移为主和上地壳为薄皮逆冲或滑脱的分层动力学模式.该岩石圈变形样式明显不同于以正向碰撞挤压、地壳缩短垂向增厚为主的"冈底斯模式".     

Deep seismic reflection profiling revealing the complex crustal structure of the Tongling ore district

Deep seismic reflection profiling has been the dominant method for probing the deep structure of continental crust since the initiation of the COCORP in 1974[1,2]. Over the past few decades, this tool has been applied to diverse geologic features from the Appalachian area of the United States, to the Rhine-graben area in Western Europe and to the Tibetan Pla-teau[36]. In recent years, the Australian Geodynamic Cooperative Research Center ( AGCRC ) has applied this technique to the stu…     

Foldback reflectors near methane hydrate bottom‐simulating reflectors: Indicators of gas distribution from 3D seismic images in the eastern Nankai Trough

Understanding of fluid behavior and gas distribution in the shallow subsurface are important considerations in gas hydrate formation and the global carbon cycle. Estimation of gas distribution based on reflection seismic surveys, however, is difficult because the boundary of a gas‐bearing zone is indistinct and not systematically defined. This study reports distinctive features related to gas‐hydrate distribution and possible fluid migration in high‐resolution 3D seismic‐reflection data from sediments of the eastern Nankai Trough. These features, here termed foldback reflectors (FBRs), descend in accordion shaped reflectors near the edges of bottom‐simulating reflectors (BSRs). FBRs generally correspond to lateral boundaries between two seismic facies, a ‘dimmed’ facies with relatively low amplitude and subdued high‐frequency components beneath the BSR and the contrasting facies around the BSR. The dimmed facies corresponds to areas of anomalously low velocity consistent with a small amount of free gas. FBR is mostly developed in well‐stratified formations in uplifted regions. Dip directions of the FBR appear to be restricted by orientation of the host formations. Edges of the FBR often correspond to high‐amplitude layers. Such occurrences of FBR suggest that regional uplift and layer‐parallel fluid migration are related to the formation of FBR as well as BSR.     

Steered migration in hard rock environments

Hard rock seismic exploration normally has to deal with rather complex geological environments. These types of environments are usually characterized by a large number of local heterogeneity (e.g., faults, fracture zones, and steeply dipping interfaces). The seismic data from such environments often have a poor signal‐to‐noise ratio because of the complexity of hard rock geology. To be able to obtain reliable images of subsurface structures in such geological conditions, processing algorithms that are capable of handling seismic data with a low signal‐to‐noise ratio are required for a reflection seismic exploration. In this paper, we describe a modification of the 3D Kirchhoff post‐stack migration algorithm that utilizes coherency attributes obtained by the diffraction imaging algorithm in 3D to steer the main Kirchhoff summation. The application to a 3D synthetic model shows the stability of the presented steered migration to the presence of high level of the random noise. A test on the 3D seismic volume, acquired on a mine site located in Western Australia, reveals the capability of the approach to image steep and sharp objects such as fracture and fault zones and lateral heterogeneity.     

利用瑞利激光雷达和无线电探空仪观测数据对武汉上空重力波特性的研究

本文利用武汉大学的瑞利激光雷达的瑞利散射回波数据(30～65 km)来研究武汉地区上空(305°N，1144°E)〖JP〗重力波的活动规律和统计特性.通过对2003年12月到2005年3月观测的200 h数据反演的密度进行处理分析，得到了重力波的一些个例特征，并提取垂直波长为2 km以上的重力波进行统计分析.结果表明，最可几的垂直波长是3～4 km和17～20 km，重力波振幅的月平均值在冬季有较大值，夏季值较小.与武汉2004年无线电探空仪的密度扰动提取到的重力波做比较，发现与瑞利激光雷达得到的重力波振幅的月平均值有很强的相关性，也是冬季值比较大，夏季值比较小.通过无线电探空仪的风场数据，本文还得到了急流的季节变化规律、最大风剪切年变化规律，发现急流和最大风剪切与激光雷达的重力波统计结果有很强的相关性.     

四川盆地深部地壳结构——深地震反射剖面探测

四川盆地位于扬子地块的西北部,被褶皱构造带所围绕,受周缘构造带的侧向挤压作用,盆地卷入了多期次和多边界的构造变形,为开展盆山耦合作用及多边界、多期次构造叠加与复合关系的研究提供了不可多得的理想野外实验室.为揭示四川盆地地壳结构,本文通过对3条不同时间采集的深地震反射剖面数据进行拼接联线处理,获得跨越四川盆地的330 km深地震反射偏移成果剖面,揭示了四川盆地地壳上地幔细结构:沉积层从西北向东南逐渐变薄,在龙门山前沉积层厚度超过15 km,在华蓥山下沉积层减薄到~8 km,且褶皱变形形成华蓥山薄皮褶皱冲断带;莫霍面出现在13~15 s(双程走时),埋深约40~45 km;并发现从下地壳延伸至地幔的东南向的倾斜反射,从13 s向下延伸至18 s,结合四川盆地及其周边地区其他地球物理和地球化学花岗岩同位素年龄等资料,我们认为这些倾斜反射层是扬子克拉通地台西北缘发生的新元古代俯冲的遗迹.     

深地震反射剖面揭示的天山北缘乌鲁木齐坳陷地壳结构和构造

已有活动构造研究结果表明,天山北缘具有典型的大陆内部活动构造特征,表现为多排平行山体的背斜和逆断裂.为了研究乌鲁木齐坳陷区的地壳细结构、主要断裂展布和深、浅构造关系,2004年底,在乌鲁木齐西部的天山与准噶尔盆地之间的过渡带上,完成了一条近SN向的长度为78 km的深地震反射探测剖面.结果表明,该区地壳以双程走时9～10.5 s左右的强反射带为界分为上地壳和下地壳,上地壳厚约26～28 km,下地壳厚约23～25 km.双程走时5 s以上,反射层位丰富,构造形态清晰,且在剖面横向上具有明显不同的构造特征;在西山以南的区域,为一系列近东西向展布、南北向排列的逆冲背斜构造和一组自南向北逆冲的断裂,它们在深部均受到滑脱带的控制;在西山和王家沟一带,为一套向北陡倾的反射层系和一组沿层间滑动的断裂;剖面北部显示出了典型的沉积盆地图像,沉积盆地最深处约为10～12 km.双程走时6～9 s之间,为一些延续长度较短、反射能量较弱、且无规律可寻的凌乱反射,表明这部分地壳结构具有明显的“反射透明”性.Moho过渡带出现的时间位于双程走时14～17 s,对应壳幔过渡带厚度约为9～10 km.本区Moho面自北向南逐渐加深,剖面北部其深度约为50～52 km,在靠近北天山附近,其深度约为54～55 km.在剖面中部的西山附近,上、下地壳分界面反射和Moho过渡带反射变得模糊,且浅部地层还出现隆起和褶皱,推测与准噶尔盆地和天山的挤压过程有关.     

The Azambuja fault: An active structure located in an intraplate basin with significant seismicity (Lower Tagus Valley, Portugal)

The Azambuja fault is a NNE trending structure located 50 km NE of Lisbon, in an area of important historical seismicity. It is sited in the Lower Tagus Basin, a compressive foredeep basin related to tectonic inversion of the Mesozoic Lusitanian Basin in the Miocene. The fault is evident in commercial seismic reflection data, where it shows steep thrust geometry downthrowing the Cenozoic sediments to the east. It has also a clear morphological signature, presenting a NNE-SSW trending, east facing, 15 km long scarp, reaching a maximum height of 80 m. The fault scarp is the geomorphic appearance of a flexure expressed as a zone of distributed deformation, where Miocene and Pliocene sediments are tilted eastwards and are cut by steeply dipping meso-scale faults presenting reverse and normal offsets, with a net downthrow to the east. This pattern at the surface is compatible with a steep fault in the basement that tilts and branches through the overlying Cenozoic sedimentary cover. In order to constrain the neotectonic activity of this structure, detailed geological studies were conducted. Morphotectonics was studied through aerial photo interpretation, analysis of topographic maps and digital mapping. Those studies indicate Quaternary slip on the fault in the ranges of 0.05–0.06 mm per year. Seismogenic behaviour was assumed for the Azambuja fault based on the evidence of Quaternary tectonic activity and its location in an area of significant historical seismicity. M _w 6.4–6.7 maximum earthquakes, with recurrence intervals of 10000–25000 years, were estimated based upon the displaced morphological references, cumulative offsets and fault length.