Characteristics of Gaseous Pollutants at a Regional Background Station in Southern China

Measurements of gaseous pollutants （03, NOx, SO2, and CO） were conducted at Dinghushan background station in southern China from January to December 2013. The levels and variations of O3, NOx, SO2, and CO were analyzed and their possible causes discussed. The annual average concentrations of 03, NOx, SO2, and CO were 24.6 ± 23.9, 12.8 ± 10.2, 4.0 ± 4.8, and 348 ± 185 ppbv, respectively. The observed levels of the gaseous pollutants are comparable to those at other background sites in China. The most obvious diurnal variation of 03 was observed in autumn, with minima in the early morning and maxima in the afternoon. The diurnal variations of SO2 showed high values during the day. The diurnal cycles of NOx showed higher values in the morning and lower values during the night. Higher CO concentrations were observed in spring followed by winter, autumn, and summer. Biomass burning, in combination with the transport of regional pollution, is an important source of CO, SO2, and NOx in spring and winter. Backward trajectories were calculated and analyzed together with corresponding pollutant concentrations. The results indicate that air masses passing over polluted areas are responsible for the high concentrations of gaseous pollutants at the Dinghushan background station.     

Vertical Observations and Analysis of PM2.5, O3, and NOx at Beijing and Tianjin from Towers during Summer and Autumn 2006

During the period between 18 August and 22 September 2006, an ultraviolet photometric O3 analyzer, a NO-NO2-NOx chemiluminescence analyzer, and a quartz micro-oscillating-scale particle concentration analyzer were simultaneously used for monitoring at three different heights each at Beijing (325-m tower) and Tianjin (255-m tower). These towers belong to the Institute of Atmospheric Physics (IAP) of the Chinese Academy of Sciences (CAS) and to the Tianjin Municipal Meteorological Bureau, respectively. These measurements were used to continuously measure the atmospheric O3 and NOx volume-by-volume concentrations and the PM2.5 mass concentration within a vertical gradient. When combined with meteorological data and information on the variation of vertical characteristics of the various atmospheric pollutants in the two cities, analysis shows that these two cities were seriously polluted by both PM2.5 and O3 during summer and autumn. The highest daily-average concentrations of PM2.5 near the ground in Beijing and Tianjin reached 183 μg m-3 and 165 μg m-3, respectively, while the O3 concentrations reached 52 ppb and 77 ppb, and NOx concentrations reached 48 ppb and 62 ppb for these two cities, respectively. The variations in the daily-average concentrations of PM2.5 between Beijing and Tianjin were demonstrated to be consistent over time. The concentrations of PM2.5 measured in Beijing were found to be higher than those in Tianjin. However, the overall O3 concentrations near the ground in Tianjin were higher than in Beijing. NOx concentrations in Tianjin were consistently lower than in Beijing. It was also found that PM2.5 pollution in Beijings atmosphere may also be affected by the pollutants originating in and delivered from Tianjin, and that Ti     

Carbon dioxide concentration and flux in an urban residential area in Seoul,Korea

The carbon dioxide （CO2） concentrations and fluxes measured at a height of 17.5 m above the ground by a sonic anemometer and an open-path gas analyzer at an urban residential site in Seoul, Korea from February 2011 to January 2012 were analyzed. The annual mean CO2 concentration was found to be 750 mg m-3, with a maximum monthly mean concentration of 827 mg m-3 in January and a minimum value of 679 mg m-3 in August. Meanwhile, the annual mean CO2 flux was found to be 0.45 mg m-2 s-1, with a maximum monthly mean flux of 0.91 mg m-2 s-1 in January and a minimum value of 0.19 mg m-2 s-1 in June. The hourly mean CO2 concentration was found to show a significant diurnal variation; a maximum at 0700-0900 LST and a minimum at 1400-1600 LST, with a large diurnal range in winter and a small one in summer, mainly caused by diurnal changes in mixing height, CO2 flux, and surface complexity. The hourly mean CO2 flux was also found to show a significant diurnal variation, but it showed two maxima at 0700-0900 LST and 2100-2400 LST, and two minima at 1100-1500 LST and 0300-0500 LST, mainly caused by a diurnal pattern in CO2 emissions and sinks from road traffic, domestic heating and cooking by liquefied natural gas use, and the different horizontal distribution of CO2 sources and sinks near the site. Differential advection with respect to wind direction was also found to be a cause of diurnal variations in both the CO2 concentration and flux.     

SENSITIVITY OF PRECIPITATION TO SEA SURFACE TEMPERATURE AND ITS DIURNAL VARIATION: A PARTITIONING ANALYSIS BASED ON SURFACE RAINFALL BUDGET

The sensitivity of precipitation to sea surface temperature(SST) and its diurnal variation is investigated through a rainfall partitioning analysis of two-dimensional cloud-resolving model experiments based on surface rainfall budget.For all experiments,the model is set up using zero vertical velocity and a constant zonal wind and is integrated over 40 days to reach quasi-equilibrium states.The 10-day equilibrium grid-scale simulation data and a time-invariant SST of 29°C are used in the control experiment.In the sensitivity experiments,time-invariant SSTs are 27°C and 31°C with an average value of 29°C when the minimum and maximum values of diurnal SST differences are 1°C and 2°C,respectively.The results show that the largest contribution to total rainfall is from the rainfall with water vapor convergence and local atmospheric drying and hydrometeor gain/divergence(~30%) in all experiments.When SST increases from 27°C to 29°C,the contribution from water vapor convergence decreases.The increase of SST reduces the contribution of the rainfall with water vapor convergence primarily through the decreased contribution of the rainfall with local atmospheric drying and hydrometeor gain/divergence and the rainfall with local atmospheric moistening and hydrometeor loss/convergence.The inclusion of diurnal variation of SST with the diurnal difference of 1°C decreases the rainfall contribution from water vapor convergence primarily through the decreased contribution of the rainfall with local atmospheric moistening and hydrometeor loss/convergence.The contribution of the rainfall from water vapor convergence is barely changed as the diurnal difference of SST increases from 1°C to 2°C.     

Variation of the monsoon trough intensity in the South China Sea and western North Pacific ocean and its relationship to tropical cyclone activities

Using the daily average of the NCEP/DOE AMIP-II reanalysis data from 1979 to 2005 and the characteristics of monsoon troughs in the western North Pacific,we established an intensity index and a location index to describe the activity of the monsoon troughs in three different regions and their impacts on tropical cyclones generated therein(MTTCs).The behavior of the monsoon troughs was analyzed.The following conclusions are obtained:(1)The established monsoon trough intensity index has a positive correlation to the location index,indicating that stronger monsoon trough intensity corresponds to more northward location.(2)Monsoon trough intensity exhibits significant interannual variation,with obvious periods of 4–5 years prior to 1994 and 2–3 years afterwards.(3)The affecting factors on monsoon trough intensity are different with areas.The preceding SST anomaly results in anomalous atmospheric circulation, leading to the anomaly of monsoon trough intensity in different areas.(4)The frequency of cyclogenesis and location anomalies of the MTTC are closely related to the intensity and location of the monsoon trough. Most of the anomalously less MTTC years coincide with the years with a weak general monsoon trough and weak regional monsoon troughs.The anomalously more MTTC years are associated with both a strong general monsoon trough and a weak general monsoon trough combined with a strong one over the South China Sea,though with a larger probability for the latter.(5)The interseasonal variation of the intensity of monsoon troughs provides favorable conditions for TC generation and development.The monsoon trough is in the active periods of both quasi-biweekly 10 to 20 day and 30 to 60 day oscillations,which is favorable for MTTC occurrence.     

A Study of the Relationship between Air Pollutants and Inversion in the ABL over the City of Lanzhou

By analyzing the pollutant concentrations over the urban area and over the rural area of the city of Lanzhou, Gansu Province, China, the relationships between the daytime inversion intensity and the pollutant concentration in the atmospheric boundary layer (ABL) are studied with the consideration of wind speed and direction, potential temperature, specific humidity profiles, pollutant concentration in the ABL, the surface temperature, and global radiation on the ground. It was shown that the daytime inversion is a key factor in controlling air pollution concentration. A clear and positive feedback process between the daytime inversion intensity and the air pollutants over the city was found through the analysis of influences of climatic and environmental factors. The mechanisms by which the terrain and air pollutants affect the formation of the daytime inversion are discussed. The solar radiation as the essential energy source to maintain the inversion is analyzed, as are various out-forcing factors affecting the inversion and air pollutants. At last, a physical frame of relationships of air pollution with daytime inversion and the local and out-forcing factors over Lanzhou is built.     

Spatiotemporal Distributions of δD in Atmospheric Water Vapor Based on TES Data During 2004-2009

The spatial and temporal distributions of the stable isotopes such as HD16O (or 1H2H16O, or HDO) and H218O in atmospheric water vapor are related to evaporation in source places, vapor condensation during transport, and vapor convergence and divergence, and thus provide useful information for investigation and understanding of the global water cycle. This paper analyzes spatiotemporal variations of the content of iso- tope HDO (i.e., δD), in atmospheric water vapor, namely, δDv, and the relationship of δDv with atmospheric humidity and temperature at different levels in the troposphere, using the HDO and H2O data retrieved from the Tropospheric Emission Spectrometer (TES) at seven pressure levels from 825 to 100 hPa. The results indicate that δDv has a clear zonal distribution in the troposphere and a good correspondence with atmospheric precipitable water. The results also show that δDv decreases logarithmically with atmospheric pressure and presents a decreasing trend from the equator to high latitudes and from lands to oceans. Sea- sonal changes of δDv exhibit regional differences. The spatial distribution and seasonal variation of δDv in the low troposphere are consistent with those in the middle troposphere, but opposite situations occur from the upper troposphere to the lower stratosphere. The correlation between δDv and temperature has a similar distribution pattern to the correlation between δDv and precipitable water in the troposphere. The stable isotope HDO in water vapor (δDv), compared with that in precipitation (δDp), is of some differences in spatial distribution and seasonal variation, and in its relationship with temperature and humidity, in- dicating that the impacts of stable isotopic fractionation and atmospheric circulation on the two types of stable isotopes are different.     

27.3-day and 13.6-day atmospheric tide and lunar forcing on atmospheric circulation

An analysis of time variations of the earth‘s length of day (LOD) versus atmospheric geopotential height fields and lunar phase is presented. A strong correlation is found between LOD and geopotential height from which a close relationship is inferred and found between atmospheric circulation and the lunar cycle around the earth. It is found that there is a 27.3-day and 13.6-day east-west oscillation in the atmospheric circulation following the lunar phase change. The lunar revolution around the earth strongly influences the atmospheric circulation. During each lunar cycle around the earth there is, on average, an alternating change of 6.8-day-decrease, 6.8-day-increase, 6.8-day-deerease and 6.8-day-increase in atmospheric zonal wind, atmospheric angular momentum and LOD. The dominant factor producing such an oscillation in atmospheric circulation is the periodic change of lunar declination during the lunar revolution around the earth. The 27.3- day and 13.6-day atmospheric oscillatory phenomenon is akin to a strong atmospheric tide, which is different from the weak atmospheric tides, diurnal and semidiurnal, previously documented in the literature. Also it is different from the tides in the ocean in accordance with their frequency and date of occurrence. Estimation shows that the 27.3-day lunar forcing produces a 1-2 m s^-1 change in atmospheric zonal wind. Therefore, it should be considered in models of atmospheric circulation and short and middle term weather forecasting. The physical mechanism and dynamic processes in lunar forcing on atmospheric circulation are discussed.     

Temporal Variability in Fine Carbonaceous Aerosol over Two Years in Two Megacities： Beijing and Toronto

Time-series of weekly total carbon(TC)concentrations of fine aerosol particles(PM2.5)in Beijing and Toronto were compared to investigate their respective levels and temporal patterns over two years from August 2001 through July 2003.In addition to this comparison,differences in the factors contributing to the observed concentrations and their temporal variations are discussed.Based upon past knowledge about the two megacities with highly contrasting air pollutant levels,it is not surprising that the average TC concentration in Beijing(31.5μg C m-3)was greater than that in Toronto by a factor of 8.3.Despite their large concentration differences,in both cities TC comprised a similarly large component of PM2.5.TC concentrations exhibited very different seasonal patterns between the two cities.In Beijing,TC experienced higher levels and greater weekly fluctuations in winter whereas in Toronto this behavior was seen in summer. As a result,the greatest gap in TC concentrations between Beijing and Toronto(by a factor of 12.7) occurred in winter,while the smallest gap(a factor of 4.6)was in summer.In Beijing,seasonal variations in the emissions probably played a greater role than meteorology in influencing the TC seasonality,while in Toronto during the warm months more than 80%of the hourly winds were recorded from the south,along with many potential anthropogenic sources for the days with high TC concentrations.This comparison of the differences provides insight into the major factors affecting carbonaceous aerosol in each city.     

EFFECTS OF SEA SURFACE TEMPERATURE AND ITS DIURNAL VARIATION ON DIURNAL VARIATION OF RAINFALL: A PARTITIONING ANALYSIS BASED ON SURFACE RAINFALL BUDGET

The effects of sea surface temperature(SST) and its diurnal variation on diurnal variation of rainfall are examined in this study by analyzing a series of equilibrium cloud-resolving model experiments which are imposed with zero large-scale vertical velocity.The grid rainfall simulation data are categorized into eight rainfall types based on rainfall processes including water vapor convergence/divergence,local atmospheric drying/moistening,and hydrometeor loss/convergence or gain/divergence.The rainfall contributions of the rainfall types with water vapor convergence are insensitive to the increase in SST from 27°C to 29°C during the nighttime,whereas they are decreased during the daytime.The rainfall contributions of the rainfall types with water vapor convergence are decreased as the SST increases from 29°C to 31°C but the decreases are larger during the nighttime than during the daytime.The rainfall contributions of the rainfall types with water vapor convergence are decreased by the inclusion of diurnal variation of SST with diurnal difference of 1°C during the nighttime,but the decreases are significantly slowed down as the diurnal difference of SST increases from 1°C to 2°C.The rainfall contributions of the rainfall types with water vapor convergence are insensitive to the inclusion of diurnal variation of SST during the daytime.     

北京秋季气溶胶化学成分的高分辨率观测及来源分析

2001年9月30日～10月6日在北京北三环和北四环之间的中国科学院大气物理研究所气象塔院内使用步进采样仪对气溶胶进行了高分辨率连续采样(每2h采集1个样品),并对样品用PIXE方法进行了元素分析,得到20种元素的浓度。分析结果表明,气溶胶各元素浓度随时间的变化趋势基本一致,且日变化特征显著,早晚出现峰值。降雨期间Ti、Si、Fe等元素浓度急剧下降。S、Pb、Cl、Zn等与人类活动相关的气溶胶元素的富集因子很高。因子分析结果表明,北京秋季大气气溶胶主要源于土壤尘、燃煤尘、工业源和汽车尾气排放等。     

A Study of the Relationship between Air Pollutants and Inversion in the ABL over the City of Lanzhou

By analyzing the pollutant concentrations over the urban area and over the rural area of the city of Lanzhou, Gansu Province, China, the relationships between the daytime inversion intensity and the pollutant concentration in the atmospheric boundary layer (ABL) are studied with the consideration of wind speed and direction, potential temperature, specific humidity profiles, pollutant concentration in the ABL, the surface temperature, and global radiation on the ground. It was shown that the daytime inversion is a key factor in controlling air pollution concentration. A clear and positive feedback process between the daytime inversion intensity and the air pollutants over the city was found through the analysis of influences of climatic and environmental factors. The mechanisms by which the terrain and air pollutants affect the formation of the daytime inversion are discussed. The solar radiation as the essential energy source to maintain the inversion is analyzed, as are various out-forcing factors affecting the inversion and air pollutants. At last, a physical frame of relationships of air pollution with daytime inversion and the local and out-forcing factors over Lanzhou is built.     

Impact of Different Aerosols on the Evolution of the Atmospheric Boundary Layer

The present work analyzes the effect of aerosols on the evolution of the atmospheric boundary layer (ABL) over Shangdianzi in Beijing.A one-dimensional ABL model and a radiative transfer scheme are incorporated to develop the structure of the ABL.The diurnal variation of the atmospheric radiative budget,atmospheric heating rate,sensible and latent heat fluxes,surface and the 2 m air temperatures as well as the ABL height,and its perturbations due to the aerosols with different single-scattering albedo (SSA) are studied by comparing the aerosol-laden atmosphere to the clean atmosphere.The results show that the absorbing aerosols cause less reduction in surface evaporation relative to that by scatting aerosols,and both surface temperature and 2 m temperature decrease from the clean atmosphere to the aerosol-laden atmosphere.The greater the aerosol absorption,the more stable the surface layer.After 12:00 am,the 2 m temperature increases for strong absorption aerosols.In the meantime,there is a slight decrease in the 2 m temperature for purely scattering aerosols due to radiative cooling.The purely scattering aerosols decrease the ABL temperature and enhance the capping inversion,further reducing the ABL height.     

南京一次暴雪过程大气污染特征分析

利用气象和环境监测资料分析2013年2月19日南京一次短时强降雪过程对各类污染源及污染物浓度的影响,并利用Pearson相关分析法分析不同污染物之间及污染物与气象要素之间的相关关系。结果表明：此次南京暴雪对面源影响最大,扬尘排放量几乎为零,流动源主要受机动车早晚高峰变化影响,工业点源受影响不大。此次暴雪过程后,南京空气质量达到优级,2013年2月19日AQI指数比18日与20日均下降35%,SO₂日变化仍呈单峰型,颗粒物及NO2日变化则未呈现早晚双峰变化。PM_2.5与PM₁₀、SO₂、NO₂、CO呈显著正相关,相关系数分别为0.979、0.663、0.837和0.875,说明污染物来源具有一定的同源性。污染物浓度与风速、相对湿度呈显著负相关,与温度、大气压强呈显著正相关。     

北京市大气电场和大气污染物关系初步研究

以北京市朝阳站为例总体上分析了2014-2015年北京市全年、冬半年和夏半年电场强度和污染物变化特性及相关性,重点研究静稳积累型、污染复合型、沙尘型3种类型污染天气下大气电场强度与主要污染物因子浓度以及与气象要素之间的关系.结果表明:(1)全年电场强度每小时平均值为0.45～0.72kV·m-1,全年电场强度主要峰值在...     

气流输送对北京大气污染物体积分数的影响

利用HYSPLIT后向轨迹模式和2004年8月—2007年12月NCEP再分析气象资料,计算每天15:00抵达北京地区10、100和500m高度上的后向气流轨迹.对整个研究时段、采暖季和非采暖季期间的后向气流轨迹分别进行聚类分析,得到这3个时段到达北京地区的主要后向气流轨迹聚类.其中整个研究时段的后向气流轨迹分成3个聚类,采暖季和非采暖季的后向气流轨迹都分成5个聚类.结合各段时间中国科学院大气物理研究所观测的大气污染物体积分数资料,分析不同时段气流输送作用对北京主要大气污染物体积分数的影响.发现采暖季和非采暖季北京气体污染物体积分数高值主要集中在来自风速较小的西北方气流聚类.采暖季污染物体积分数低值主要出现在偏北方向风速较大的后向气流轨迹聚类.非采暖季污染物体积分数低值主要出现在偏北低速气流聚类和西北向高速气流轨迹聚类中.从各时段污染物最值分布情况可以看出:在风速较大的后向气流轨迹聚类影响下,北京的污染物体积分数较低;途经了较严重工业排放地带的后向气流轨迹聚类会使北京气体污染物体积分数显著增高.此外,虽然非采暖季的大气污染物分布与气流输送的影响基本符合,但各聚类污染物分布结果与气流输送作用的影响存在偏差.     

宜昌冬季两次降水过程大气边界层的观测分析

利用宜昌2007年12月10-25日的加密观测资料,分析了两次低值系统经过宜昌时大气边界层的温湿风廓线结构及其日变化特征。结果表明：位温廓线具有明显的日变化特征,对流边界层在白天出现和发展,其高度可达600m,而稳定边界层在夜间出现和发展,其高度可达300m,降水会抑制对流边界层和稳定边界层的发展;湿度廓线结构及其日变化与对流边界层的发展有关,总体上湿度随高度减小,贴近地面的薄层湿度随高度减小较快,而混合层内湿度随高度变化较小,出现降水时,近地层的湿度有明显增加,大气边界层内湿度随高度快速平稳减小;风速廓线结构比较复杂,总体上风速随高度增大,在大气边界层低层有时会出现一个风速极大值,风速廓线没有明显的日变化特征,大气边界层内风向变化较大,但以偏东风为主。     

北京地区低空风、温度层结对大气污染物垂直分布影响初探

2001年1月5～12日,2月21日～3月1日两次在北京方庄居住小区内进行了大气污染物(二氧化硫、氮氧化物)与气象要素垂直探测,历时16天.共获取了83次(一天8次)边界层垂直温、压、湿、风连续的探空资料以及不同高度(地面、100m、500m)逐时大气污染物浓度监测数据306个.该文分析了低空风日变化规律、时空分布规律、边界层气象条件对污染物垂直分布影响等等;并对1月12日、2月27日两天高浓度污染目的天气特征、温度层结和低空风以及2月25～26日出现100m浓度值高于地面现象都进行了详细分析.观测结果对于了解和研究北京地区冬季低层空气中环境化学污染物质在空中的垂直分布情况及随时间变化规律具有重要的参考价值.     

特高压跨区域输电对空气质量的影响研究

依托“锡盟—济南”特高压输电工程,根据WRF-Chem V3.7大气化学模式系统对北京及周边地区污染物浓度变化进行模拟和评估,设置不同地点、不同高度、不同排放量等,定量化评估特高压跨区域输电工程对受端区域空气质量的影响。结果表明：不同气象条件下,东南小风的情况下,工程对北京大气环境影响范围最大;根据虚拟电厂的高度,对9 m、27 m、46 m、64 m、91 m、130 m、185 m和255 m高度分别评估,发现在电源点附近,对91 m空间层的大气PM_2.5浓度影响最大;远距离输送后,对0—45 m空间高度层的大气PM_2.5浓度影响最大;“锡盟—济南”特高压工程配套电源点对北京地区相关污染物浓度变化影响极小。     

彭州市大气污染物浓度变化特征研究

本文利用2017年彭州市大气污染物(SO₂、NO₂、O₃、CO、PM₁₀、PM_2.5)小时浓度数据并结合地面气象观测资料,统计分析了该地区大气污染物浓度的演变规律及影响因素。结果表明:该地区细粒子(PM₁₀和PM_2.5)污染较为严重,O₃次之,其它污染物浓度水平则低于国家新二级标准限值。观测期间,各污染物浓度表现出明显的日变化与季节变化,其中SO₂、O₃呈单峰型日变化,NO₂、CO和细粒子则呈双峰型日变化;污染物浓度的季节变化基本表现为冬高夏低、春秋次之的变化特征(O₃为夏高冬低),并且固态污染物(PM₁₀、PM_2.5)与气态污染物(NO₂、CO)之间有显著的相关性。在污染物浓度与气象要素相关性分析中表明,湿度对于污染物浓度的影响整体上要弱于温度和风速,除了O₃与温度、风速呈正相关外,其它污染物与两者均呈负相关。除此以外,风向对于当地各种大气污染物的积累与清除也有直接的影响。