Estimation of Hourly Solar Radiation at the Surface under Cloudless Conditions on the Tibetan Plateau Using a Simple Radiation Model

In this study,the clear sky hourly global and net solar irradiances at the surface determined using SUNFLUX,a simple parameterization scheme,for three stations(Gaize,Naqu,and Lhasa) on the Tibetan Plateau were evaluated against observation data.Our modeled results agree well with observations.The correlation coefficients between modeled and observed values were > 0.99 for all three stations.The relative error of modeled results,in average was < 7%,and the root-mean-square variance was < 27 W m 2.The solar irradiances in the radiation model were slightly overestimated compared with observation data;there were at least two likely causes.First,the radiative effects of aerosols were not included in the radiation model.Second,solar irradiances determined by thermopile pyranometers include a thermal offset error that causes solar radiation to be slightly underestimated.The solar radiation absorbed by the ozone and water vapor was estimated.The results show that monthly mean solar radiation absorbed by the ozone is < 2% of the global solar radiation(< 14 W m 2).Solar radiation absorbed by water vapor is stronger in summer than in winter.The maximum amount of monthly mean solar radiation absorbed by water vapor can be up to 13% of the global solar radiation(95 W m 2).This indicates that water vapor measurements with high precision are very important for precise determination of solar radiation.     

中国大陆地区行星反射率的基本特征

本文应用1982年8月－1983年7月逐日的NOAA辐射收支资料（分辨率为2．5°×2．5°），分析了中国大陆地区各种代表性地理区域（塔克拉玛干沙漠、青藏高原、华北平原和长江中下游）的行星反射率的基本特征、云天行星反射率的空间分布图。并利用1982年8月－1983年7月青藏高原的地面观测资料对那曲等4个站的地表反射率与睛天行星反射率进行了比较。     

广州地区太阳分光辐射的某些变化特征

利用广州地区1985—1990年的太阳分光辐射的连续观测资料（观测角度为23°11′），研究了广州地区紫外辐射、可见光辐射（光合有效辐射）、近红外辐射的某些特征。结果指出，每年7—10月份各分光辐射及总辐射总量较大。月总辐射中可见光辐射占总辐射的百分比年平均为47.3%，相应的紫外辐射和近红外辐射分别占7.1%和45.6%。文中还分析了晴天条件下分光辐射的变化和1990年紫外辐射变化的某些特征，并分析和讨论了分光辐射与云量、日照时间等因子的相关。     

Climatology of cloud and radiation fields in a numerical weather prediction model

Summary Satellite-derived datasets are used to verify the cloud cover and radiation field generated by a T62 (horizontal resolution) version of the operational global model at the National Meteorological Centre (NMC). An ensemble of five day forecasts for July 1985 is used, as well as 30 day climatological forecasts for July 1985, October 1985, January 1986, and April 1986.Monthly averages of radiation fields are compared with Earth Radiation Budget Experiment (ERBE) data. For the four months examined, clear-sky outgoing longwave radiation (clear-sky OLR) and absorbed shortwave radiation (clear-sky SW) tend to agree roughly with ERBE. Model global mean OLR, however, exceeds that of ERBE by 10 W m^–2.Comparison of effective cloud cover to corresponding fields cataloged by the International Satellite Cloud Climatology Project (ISCCP C1) reveals deficiencies in the amount of supersaturation cloudiness and the vertical distribution of convective clouds. Large inaccuracies in model radiation fields are closely related to deficiencies in the cloud parameterization. An inventory of model cloudiness, in comparison to satellite data, is conducted.With 18 Figures     

Temporal and spatial variations of global solar radiation over the Qinghai–Tibetan Plateau during the past 40 years

Global solar radiation is of great significance to the balance of ground surface radiation, the energy exchange between the Earth’s surface and atmosphere, and the development of weather and climate systems in various regions. In this study, the monthly global radiation recorded at 23 stations over the Qinghai–Tibetan Plateau (QTP) was utilized to estimate global solar radiation (Q) from sunshine duration and to obtain improved fits to the variation coefficients of the monthly Angström–Prescott model (APM). The modeling results were evaluated by calculating the statistical errors, including mean bias error, mean absolute error, root mean square error, and mean relative error. We demonstrate that the monthly Q values can be predicted accurately by APM over the QTP. We also assess the variations of Q values at 116 meteorological stations by APM over the QTP during 1961–2000. The analysis shows that the annual mean sunshine duration amounted to more than 3,000 h over the whole plateau, implying promising prospects for economic applications of solar energy. During the past 40 years, the mean global solar radiation has been relatively high in the western QTP, extending northward to the Inner Mongolian Plateau. Although its decadal variations in the QTP and surrounding regions were inconsistent, the anomaly values of global solar radiation were generally positive during the 1960s and 1970s, indicating that the QTP’s global solar radiation has increased during those periods. The anomaly values were negative during the 1980s and 1990s, showing that the plateau’s global solar radiation has decreased during those periods. Global solar radiation over the QTP is negatively proportional to latitude but positively proportional to altitude and relative sunshine duration. Three factors, the sunshine duration, latitude, and altitude, exert great influence on global surface radiation, of which sunshine duration is most significant. A high-variation-coefficient zone of global solar radiation occurred in the western part of the QTP but, on average, the variation coefficient of the plateau’s global solar radiation was only 0.031, suggesting that the variation in global radiation was relatively stable over the whole QTP.     

青藏高原地表反照率计算研究

根据改进的甚高分辨率扫描辐射仪（ＡＶＨＲＲ）５个观测波段的光谱特征，经多次试验，设计了一组从卫星观测的地－气系统的辐射测值中提取晴空资料的多通道门槛值判识法和提取月平均反照率的合成法；并对１９９２年ＮＯＡＡ－１２卫星获取的ＡＶＨＲＲ资料进行计算处理，分析提取晴空数据，在此基础上按卫星轨道覆盖周期合成计算得到的晴空行星反照率和地表反照率，并且计算了逐月的地表反照率。对计算结果做了初步分析和认真比较。     

黄河流域水汽的区域分布及演变特征

利用1948-2009年NCEP/NCAR再分析资料,研究了黄河流域年平均、1、4、7、10月整层水汽含量的时空分布特征。结果表明：年平均水汽含量为5～27mm,时间上,冬季（1月）和夏季（7月）分别为最低和最高,空间上,青藏高原和黄河下游上空分别为最低和最高,西风带水汽大小居于两者之间;利用旋转经验正交函数（rotated empirical orthogonal function,REOF）展开方法,将黄河流域年平均水汽含量划分为2个区,1、4、7、10月均划分为4个区;年平均及各月全流域和黄河中下游区水汽含量均趋于减少,其余各分区演变趋势各异。     

南亚高压上下高原时间及其与高原季风建立早晚的关系

本文利用1948—2013年NCEP/NCAR逐日再分析资料,定义了南亚高压动态特征指数,讨论了南亚高压上下高原的时间以及与高原季风建立早晚的关系。研究表明,南亚高压北界位置在4月初开始北移,5月迅速北抬,最北可达到55°N,9月开始南撤,西伸脊点在5—10月移动较稳定,5—7月向西移动到青藏高原上空,8—10月向东移动撤离高原,11月—次年4月东西摆动剧烈。南亚高压初上高原大致为6月第3候(33候),而撤离约为10月第4候(58候)。南亚高压移上高原的时间较高原夏季风建立晚73 d左右。南亚高压撤离高原时间较高原冬季风建立约早5 d。高原夏季风的建立和南亚高压初上高原是青藏高原热力作用在不同阶段的结果,反映在了高原的高低层上。     

引发四川盆地西南地区暴雨的高原涡特征分析

为进一步认识高原涡对盆地西南地区暴雨过程的影响,总结该区域暴雨预报经验,本文利用2001～2011年高原涡切变线年鉴、MICAPS实况天气图、盆地西南地区气象站日降雨量资料以及NCEP再分析资料,对引起盆地西南地区暴雨过程的高原涡特征进行总结分析,得到结论:1)引发盆地西南地区产生暴雨量级以上降雨的高原涡过程多发生在每年7月;高原涡东移将对盆地西南地区产生明显降雨;48小时后大部分高原涡减弱消失,少数继续东移或东南移;2)引发盆地西南地区产生暴雨的高原涡通常是暖性高原涡,高原涡东移48小时后有明显的冷平流入侵转变成斜压性低涡;这一类高原涡常常与高原切变、西南低涡、副高、低空急流以及南亚高压等影响系统相配合,共同作用产生一次暴雨过程;3)引发的盆地西南地区暴雨的高原涡过程的温湿场特征为:500hPa高原东部到盆地上空的大气高温高湿的特征明显,700hPa和850hPa盆地高温高湿,同时垂直上升运动旺盛且随高度向北倾斜。      

北京城市紫外辐射变化特征及经验估算方程

利用2004年4月—2005年6月在中国科学院大气物理研究所铁塔分部的紫外辐射观测数据,分析了北京城市紫外辐射的变化特征,结果表明,紫外辐射的变化规律与太阳总辐射一致,紫外辐射与总辐射的比值变化范围在0.02~0.04之间,晴天恒定在0.03,阴天在0.04左右,在沙尘暴过程中比值最小,为0.02。通过分析紫外辐射与大气质量数和平均晴空指数之间的关系,建立了适合于北京的全天候紫外辐射的估算方程。利用建立的估算方程及观测的总辐射值进行了紫外辐射的估算,紫外辐射的计算相对误差在10%以内。     

A hybrid technique for computing the monthly mean net longwave surface radiation over oceanic areas

Summary Global maps of the monthly mean net upward longwave radiation flux at the ocean surface have been obtained for April, July, October 1985 and January 1986. These maps were produced by blending information obtained from a combination of general circulation model cloud radiative forcing fields, the top-of-the-atmosphere cloud radiative forcing from ERBE and TOVS profiles and sea surface temperature on ISCCP C1 tapes. The fields are compatible with known meteorological regimes of atmospheric water vapor content and cloudiness. There is a vast area of high net upward longwave radiation flux (> 80 W m^–2) in the eastern Pacific Ocean throughout most of the year. Areas of low net upward longwave radiation flux (< 40 Wm^–2) are the tropical convective regions and extra tropical regions that tend to have persistent low cloud cover. The technique used in this study relies on GCM simulations and so is subject to some of the uncertainties associated with the model. However, all input information regarding temperature, moisture and cloud cover is from satellite data having near global coverage. This feature of the procedure alone warrants its consideration for further use in compiling global maps of the net longwave radiation at the surface over the oceans.With 9 Figures     

青藏高原东北侧汛期降水若干问题研究

利用青藏高原东北侧区域平均降水量资料（1958～1997年）和同期NCEP/NCAR再分析500hPa网格资料（2.5°×2.5°?）,分析发现:（1）高原东北侧汛期降水份额最大的7、8、9月3个月近40年降水明显减少,过去明显存在的准3年周期振荡80年代以来处于低潮;（2）日本-北太平洋附近位势高度降低,鄂霍茨克海阻高加强是高原东北侧7、8、9月干旱最典型的标志;（3）就干旱流型而言,7月干旱环流与江淮梅雨环流特征十分相似,表现在江淮多梅雨年,一般是高原东北侧重旱年;（4）高原东北侧7～9月的典型旱年流型,实际就是ElNi?o流型;（5）ElNi?o事件对高原东北侧降水有明显影响,表现在该区域典型少雨年,一般发生于ElNi?o事件当年。从阶段看,以7～9月降水总量与ElNi?o事件相关最为显著,从月际看,尤以9月关系最好。     

Using MODIS and AVHRR data to determine regional surface heating field and heat flux distributions over the heterogeneous landscape of the Tibetan Plateau

In this study, a parameterization methodology based on Advanced Very High-Resolution Radiometer (AVHRR), Moderate Resolution Imaging Spectroradiometer (MODIS), and in situ data is proposed and tested for deriving the regional surface heating field, sensible heat flux, and latent heat flux over a heterogeneous landscape. In this case study, this method is applied to the whole Tibetan Plateau (TP) area. Four sets of AVHRR data and four sets of MODIS data (collected on 17 January 2003, 14 April 2003, 23 July 2003, and 16 October 2003) were used in this study to make comparisons between winter, spring, summer, and autumn values. The satellite-derived results were also validated using the “ground truth” as measured in the stations of CAMP/Tibet (Coordinated Enhanced Observing Period (CEOP) and Asia–Australia Monsoon Project on the Tibetan Plateau). The results show that the surface heating field, sensible heat flux, and latent heat flux in the four seasons across the TP are in close accordance with its land surface status. These parameters range widely due to the strongly contrasting surface features found within the TP region. Also, the estimated surface heating field, sensible heat flux, and latent heat flux all agree with the ground truth data, and usually, the absolute percentage difference between the two sets of data is less than 10 % at the validation stations. The AVHRR results were also in agreement with the MODIS data, with the latter usually displaying a higher level of accuracy. We have thus concluded that the proposed method was successful in retrieving surface heating field, sensible heat flux, and latent heat flux values using AVHRR, MODIS, and in situ data over the heterogeneous land surface of the TP. Shortcomings and possible further improvements in the method are also discussed.     

藏北高原五道梁地区的气溶胶特征

通过对藏北高原五道梁地区的大气气溶胶光学厚度分析发现,该地区气溶胶光学厚度有明显的日变化及季节变化特征,气溶胶光学厚度增大时月平均气温与年平均气温减小。     

影响太阳总辐射各主要因子的分析

本文通过分析北京地区１９９０年１－１２月晴天与实际天气条件下的太阳辐射和常规气象观测资料，得到了描述晴天和实际天气条件下的太阳总辐射的一种关系式，并着重分析了影响到达地面的太阳总辐射各因子的主次作用。     

青藏高原东南部复杂地形区不同天气状况下陆气能量交换特征分析

青藏高原地理环境复杂,已有大气陆面-边界层研究工作多集中于不同下垫面,很少有对复杂地形区的研究。本文利用青藏高原东南部林芝地区2013年5月20日至7月9日四个野外试验站点的观测资料,分析了不同天气条件下,高原复杂地形区不同下垫面的陆-气能量交换特征。结果表明:在各站向下短波辐射基本一致的情况下,地形较陡的北坡阔叶林站感热通量远大于其他3个站点;下垫面植被覆盖最多的南面麦田站潜热通量最大。各站能量通量有明显的日变化特征,晴天时,感热通量和净辐射明显大于阴雨天,而潜热通量随天气状况变化不大。青藏高原复杂地形环境比不同天气条件对于感热通量的影响更显著;不同地形阴雨天时对于潜热通量有明显的影响。当南亚季风槽前的西南暖湿气流影响到林芝地区时,该地区以阴雨天为主,反之则以晴天为主。林芝地区地-气通量的月内变化明显受南亚季风活动的影响。     

Ultraviolet radiation in overcast sky at the surface

Based on the analysis of one year of observation data of solar radiation at the ground in Beijing in 1990, a simple empirical formula for calculating UV radiation in overcast sky is established. The formula is Qlw/Quvo = A1S Ao, where Quv and Quvo are monthly mean daily sums of UV exposure in overcast sky and clear sky, respectively. S is the daily sunshine hours. The calculated results agree well with the observed. The maximum and minimum relative biases are 9.9% and 0.1%, respectively, and the yearly relative bias is 2.9%. The ratio of ultraviolet radiation of overcast sky to clear sky in 1990 is between 44.6% and 61.8%, and the yearly average is 53.9%. Thus, almost half of the UV energy is lost in the atmosphere in overcast sky in 1990.     

1997/1998年青藏高原西部地区辐射平衡各分量变化特征

利用中日亚洲季风机制研究计划1997年9月~1998年10月在青藏高原西部改则和狮泉河2个站点自动气象站辐射平衡的观测资料,分析了高原西部2个地区辐射平衡各分量在不同季节的季节平均日变化和年变化特征,并且还与1979年5~8月第一次青藏高原气象科学实验的辐射观测资料和1982,1983年青藏高原辐射平衡观测实验的结果进行了比较分析。结果发现:高原西部辐射平衡各分量的变化不仅有季节之间和年际的差异,高原西部的不同地区之间的变化也有较大的差异:(1)总辐射在春夏两季相差很小,改则春季(3~5月平均)日变化的极大值甚至比夏季(6~8月平均)还大;(2)地表反照率的年际变化及两地之间的差异均可能较大;(3)大气逆辐射日变化、年变化特征与其他辐射分量明显不同,其日变化、年变化的位相均晚于其他分量;(4)两地之间地面辐射平衡的年变化似乎有一个位相差,改则的月平均最大值和最小值均较狮泉河晚了约1个月,因此从冬季到夏季的大部分时间里,改则的地面辐射平衡是小于狮泉河的,而在从夏季到冬季的大部分时间里,改则是大于狮泉河的。     

中国沙尘暴时空变化特征及日本、韩国黄沙的源地研究

利用1961～2000年中国681个站的气象实测资料,分析了近40年我国沙尘暴月际时空分布特征.结果表明,中国沙尘暴主要发生区域在青藏高原和北方干旱半干旱地区.12～3月,沙尘暴发生中心集中在青藏高原上,并随时间推移中心向北推移;4～6月在北方的干旱半干旱地区,其中4月是中国沙尘暴发生范围最大的月份;对比中国沙尘暴和日韩黄沙天气的月际分布,推测日韩两国冬季的黄沙大部分应该来源于青藏高原,春季青藏高原也有一定的贡献.由于沙尘暴发生在相差悬殊的不同海拔高度上,特别是在春季,扬起的沙尘在低层随涡旋系统而高层随行星西风向下游传输,可能是日韩观测到沙尘多层结构的重要原因之一.     

青藏高原地区地气系统太阳辐射能收支的研究

本文利用1982年8月—1983年7月Nimbus-7的月平均行星反射率资料和根据卫星资料得到的地面总辐射、地表反射率的估算结果,分析了青藏高原地区地气系统(大气顶)的太阳辐射能收支和地表、大气对太阳辐射吸收的时空变化特征,给出了表征太阳辐射能收支的一些基本参数,讨论了以行星反射率为基本参数表征大气、地表对太阳辐射吸收的参数化方法。分析表明:过渡季节5月份的行星反射率极小值的出现对青藏高原地区太阳辐射能收支有重要调节作用;全年平均而言,青藏高原地区被地气系统反射和被大气、地表吸收的太阳辐射的比例为37:18:45。