库车盆地古近纪—新近纪蒸发岩沉积演化特征及其资源效应初步探讨

库车盆地古近纪—新近纪时期具有巨厚的蒸发岩沉积,古近纪时期岩盐沉积的最大厚度达1 447.5 m,新近纪时期岩盐沉积的厚度有所减小,岩盐层最大厚度402 m。库车盆地在古近纪—新近纪时期沉积沉降中心也有所改变,从盆地西部的拜城凹陷转移到东部的康村—阳霞地区。库车盆地东西部蒸发岩岩体特征的差异,对此地区油气藏规模造成一定影响。初步判断库车盆地西部蒸发岩有可能比东部蒸发岩盐下形成的油气藏量较大。盆地中蒸发岩沉积中心的迁移对钾盐沉积也有重要影响。     

广丰盆地丹霞地貌遥感影像特征

江西广丰盆地红层发育于早白垩世晚期至晚白垩世,盆地内发育石寨、石峰、峰林和峰丛等丹霞地貌景观.通过遥感影像目视解译,建立丹霞地貌遥感影像解译标志,解译出8处丹霞地貌区,归纳为5种丹霞地貌遥感影像特征.丹霞地貌区节理构造发育,节理走向受边界断裂控制,揭示了断裂构造对丹霞地貌发育特征和发育类型的控制作用.     

浙江江郎山丹霞地貌发育的年代与成因

江郎山位于华南褶皱系、江山-绍兴深断裂和保安-峡口-张村断裂带之间.白垩纪早期这两大断裂的拉张断陷导致峡口盆地的形成,随之主要有下白垩统永康群馆头组(K1g)、朝川组(K1c)和方岩组(K1f)在盆地中的沉积.白垩纪晚期上述两大断裂发生强烈挤压活动,峡口盆地逐渐隆升.新生代以来,峡口盆地在构造抬升中,产生大量张断裂和节理,加速了对岩体的切割,以及岩体被切割后的崩塌,导致了丹霞地貌的发育.江郎山丹霞地貌申报世界自然遗产的主要依据是其特有的壮观而独特的老年期孤峰-巷谷以及生动而逼真的象形石丹霞地貌特征、独特的地台活化现象与重要的岩石学科学研究意义以及该区特有的重要事件地层学和古生物学研究的科学意义.本文根据对江郎山亚峰垂直贯穿于丹霞地貌岩层永康群中辉绿岩脉标本K-Ar法的测年,揭示了当地峡口红层盆地抬升的时代为晚白垩世77.89±2.6Ma BP(K2),这也是我国目前丹霞地貌研究中所测得的可靠年代学数据.     

陕北丹霞地貌特征及国内外对比研究

通过野外考察,并结合地质资料和样品分析,对陕北丹霞地貌形成的地质构造背景、红层岩性、形态特征、演化过程等进行系统阐述,并与中国东南部湿润区及国外的典型丹霞地貌进行对比,总结其共性和差异。结果表明：陕北丹霞地貌形成的构造环境为大型内陆坳陷盆地——鄂尔多斯盆地,主要成景地层为洛河组紫红色中-细粒长石石英砂岩,形成于早白垩世的干旱沙漠环境,发育大型交错层理,其碎屑颗粒分选性和磨圆度较好,但结构松散,胶结程度较弱,颗粒表面有碟形撞击坑等典型风成砂岩特征。陕北丹霞地貌最显著的特征是顶部有第四纪黄土盖层,形成覆盖型丹霞,地貌发育总体上处于青年期,整体为高原-峡谷景观,发育密集的沟谷群和连续的丹霞崖壁,但孤立的单体地貌较少。陕北丹霞地貌演化过程可划分为早白垩世红层沉积-晚白垩世红层盆地构造抬升和古丹霞发育-古近纪以来间歇式抬升-第四纪黄土覆盖等4个阶段。国内外对比方面,陕北丹霞与中国东南部湿润区的丹霞地貌在构造环境,物质基础,地貌特征等方面差异较显著,但与美国西部的丹霞地貌存在许多相似性。     

龙虎山世界地质公园丹霞地貌特征及与国内其他丹霞地貌的对比

江西龙虎山世界地质公园丹霞地貌景观发育于信江盆地中生代红层中,以发育老年早期孤峰、峰林、残丘类地貌景观为特征,是我国丹霞地貌发育最好的地区之一。断裂切割、岩性差异、流水侵蚀和重力崩塌作用,是造成丹霞地貌景观差异的主要原因,同时由于所处盆地内位置、出露的红层性质以及构造发育特征的不同,也影响地貌发育的特色。目前国内所发现的丹霞地貌主要分布于东南、西南和西北地区。由于它们所处的大地构造位置、地壳活动特征、自然地理条件的不同,丹霞地貌的成因机制也不相同。阐述了龙虎山世界地质公园丹霞地貌景观类型及其特色,并着重研究丹霞地貌景观的成因机制,以及与其他地质公园、遗产地进行比较研究。     

广东红层形成及其发育规律研究

在一定的地质构造、岩性特征和气候与时间等因素的作用下,广东的红层都分布在白垩-第三纪的红色盆地中,在全省108个红层盆地中,各盆地红层的总面积为28 283 km2,约占全省陆地面积的16%.文中总结出了红层的地层特征、岩性特征和地貌特征,并得出广东省红层分布规律为:红层空间分布:主要受深、大断裂控制呈带状和串珠状分布;红层时代分布:中生代中期后.其中部分红层中的丹霞地貌区给地方经济发展起到了重要作用.     

美国西部丹霞地貌特征及演化过程研究——以犹他州Zion国家公园为例

丹霞地貌是一种重要的风景地貌,研究其地貌特征和演化过程可以为保护与利用这一地质遗迹提供科学支持。中生代红层是我国丹霞地貌发育的物质基础,在美国西部的科罗拉多高原亦有大量分布。为增进国内同行对美国西部红层与丹霞地貌的了解,以犹他州Zion国家公园为例,通过实地考察,岩样理化性质测试,并结合GIS和DEM分析,对其地貌特征和演化过程进行探讨。结果表明:区域构造方面,Zion公园红层沉积于大型的弧后盆地——西部内陆盆地,盆地抬升时形成的节理群对丹霞地貌发育具有控制作用;红层岩性方面,Zion公园发育丹霞地貌的红层以风沙沉积为主,岩性为细砂—粉砂岩,但不同段的风成砂岩在胶结特性和岩石强度上存在较大差异;地貌特征方面,Zion公园整体为高原—深切峡谷景观,其中高程为1800～2000 m的部分占比最大,公园南部比北部切割侵蚀程度更高,形成的单体地貌以块状山崖—沟谷组合为主,同时还因地下水的基部渗流侵蚀和风蚀作用在崖壁上发育有各种洞穴景观;演化过程方面,Zion公园丹霞地貌发育经历了构造盆地形成—红层堆积—地壳隆升—外力塑造四个阶段,三叠纪末期形成的西部内陆盆地为红层堆积提供了相对稳定的沉积环境,侏罗纪期间干旱的气候环境下形成了大规模的风沙沉积,白垩纪末期科罗拉多高原的抬升及形成的节理裂隙为外力侵蚀提供了条件。其中,强烈的流水下切是该地区丹霞地貌发育的主导外营力,并一直持续至今。     

江西信江盆地丹霞地貌形成机制分析

信江盆地是我国丹霞地貌发育最典型的区域之一。由于影响丹霞地貌演化的成景系统诸要素具有不同特征,信江盆地内不同部位丹霞地貌经历了不同的演化进程,不同发育阶段的丹霞地貌在盆地内成带状分布。盆地边缘由于受红层岩性、断裂构造及信江支流等因素影响,地表剥蚀速率快,丹霞地貌演化已步入壮年晚期至老年早期阶段,以丹霞石林、峰林、峰丛、崖壁以及各种类型的造型石为特征;盆地中部虽然断裂构造发育程度较弱,但受信江流水侵蚀,丹霞地貌演化也步入青年期至壮年早期阶段,以低矮的圆丘状丹霞石峰及岩洞为特征;而中部过渡地带,由于构造、水系发育均较弱,地貌演化速率慢,丹霞地貌演化处于幼年期至青年早期阶段,以石寨、巷谷、岩崖等景观为特征。     

广东碳酸盐溶洞发育的控制因子

广东省碳酸盐溶洞主要分布在粤北的韶关、清远两市。基岩岩性、地貌位置、水文条件、地质构造和气候条件是该地区溶洞发育的主要控制因子。广泛分布于华南岩溶山区、多级台地、山间盆地的晚古生代厚层碳酸盐岩是溶洞发育的物质基础 ;充沛的降水和活动频繁的地下水是溶洞发育的动力因子 ;褶皱核部、近翼部以及深大断裂的两侧是溶洞发育的有利构造部位     

红层盆地岩性差异对丹霞地貌发育的控制

陆相红层盆地的岩性在横向上和纵向上都有比较明显的变化,导致发育的丹霞地貌形态迥异。本文以赣东北信江盆地、粤北丹霞盆地、陕北地区为例,采用对比分析、数值模拟等研究手段,总结了红层盆地中常见的岩石及地貌类型,提出岩性在丹霞地貌坡面演化过程中的关键作用。在信江盆地中,龙虎山、龟峰等挺拔高耸的山峰主要发育在盆地南缘的河口组厚层砾岩中,而盆地中部贵溪、弋阳地区的近圆形山丘则产在塘边组大型交错层理风成砂岩中;与其类似,丹霞山的赤壁陡崖主要发育在丹霞组厚层砾岩夹风成砂岩中;相反,陕北地区波浪状地貌主要发育在洛河组风成砂岩中。利用河道-山坡综合地形演化(CHILD)地貌模拟软件,假设在同样的构造抬升和河流侵蚀作用下,分别模拟了细砂岩、细砾岩、中砾岩构成的山体坡面的演化过程。模拟结果显示,细砂岩山体易形成较为平缓的坡面,中砾岩易形成陡峻崖壁和巷谷,而介于二者之间的细砾岩则形成较为明显的沟壑系统。CHILD模拟结果与实地观测一致。因此,红层岩性差异在丹霞地貌演化过程中扮演了重要的角色,也是未来地貌定量模拟研究中需要考虑的关键因素。     

安徽齐云山丹霞地貌成因

齐云山丹霞地貌主要发育于中白垩统小岩组K₂x¹红色砂砾岩层中, 该区地貌发育主要受景德镇-祁门断裂带、江湾-街口挤压破裂带和开化-淳安褶断带三大断裂带控制。在白垩世该区经历了地块沉降, 成为陆上的断陷湖盆, 由此接受了巨厚的白垩系红层堆积。在新构造运动中, 该区经历了隆升过程, 巨厚的白垩系沉积物变成了海拔500~600 m的山体。白垩系红色砂砾岩在经历了垂直节理发育、风化破坏阶段及剥蚀搬运阶段后, 同时受岩性本身砂岩与砾岩在组分和结构上的影响, 差异性风化剥蚀显著, 因此形成了壮观的峰林、崖、洞、方山、城堡及天生桥景观。该区585 m、400 m和150 m处的三级裂点, 大致反映了该区新构造运动中三次主要的抬升过程。     

广东丹霞地貌分类研究

在前人研究的基础上,以物质基础、地质构造、主导动力、地貌形态、发育阶段等为分类依据,探讨了丹霞地貌的分类系统.针对广东丹霞地貌发育状况,根据丹霞地貌分类系统,对广东发育的丹霞地貌进行了各自的分类研究.     

中国丹霞地貌空间格局

1 IntroductionD anxia landform ,a kind of im portantscenic landform ,has its unique function in shape-m akingand scenery-constructing.It is distributed throughout m ost parts of China (H uang, 1999, 2003;Figure 1). It has m uch value in tourism for its re…     

Danxia landform genesis of the Qiyun Mountain, Anhui Province

The Danxia landform of Qiyun Mountain is mainly developed on the red granule conglomerates named Xiaoyan Group (K2x1) of middle Cretaceous series, which is controlled mainly by three faulted zones, namely, Jingdezhen-Qimen faulted zone, Jiangwan-Jiekou compressional faulted zone and Kaihua-Chun’an folding faulted zone. During the Cretaceous period, this area firstly experienced massif subsidence to become a continental faulted basin, then having thick Cretaceous red sediments accumulated on it. In the supervened neotectonism, this area experienced an uplifting process, which made the thick Cretaceous sediments into a mountain with an altitude of 500-600 m. After undergoing the processes of vertical joint development, weathering, denudation and transportation, as well as evidently differential weathering and denudation influenced by lithology and structure between sandstone and conglomerate, the grand Danxia landscape consisting of peak forests, steep cliffs, caves, mesas, castellated peaks, natural bridges and so on formed. The three nick points located respectively at 585 m, 400 m and 150 m generally reflect the three dominated uplifting processes during the neotectonism.     

Comparative studies of Danxia landforms in China

Danxia geomorphology originates from China. This paper studies the spatial distribution and differences in characteristics of Danxia landforms. Based on relevant research and investigations, three congregated areas of Danxia landform in China are discussed in this paper. They are the southeast area (including Jiangxi, Fujian, Zhejiang, Hunan and Guangxi provinces), the southwest area (the transitional zone of Yunnan-Guizhou Plateau and Sichuan Basin) and the northwest area (including Longshan mountain and along the banks of the Huanghe River and its anabranches). Not only the conditions of geology and geography of the three areas but also the differences of Danxia landforms of the three areas are analyzed. The Danxia landscape, characterized by upright-shaped peaks, Danxia mesa, stone wall, cave and vertical cave, "Danxia natural bridge", "a narrow strip of sky" and so on, often presents in the southeast area. The landscape of southwest area is characterized by Danxia escarpment faces and waterfalls. In the northwest area, the Danxia landscape has the traits of arid areas simultaneously, for example, mud-coating type, columniation type, board type, moreover, it is greatly different between these environmental factors such as the microclimate, water, wind, and the loess cover. Finally it explores the causes which lead differences in landform and also explains the landform formation process and its mechanism with reference to the rates of crustal uplift, the tectonic red-basin, and the external processes including working of running water, weathering, biogenic, gravity in each area of Danxia Landforms in China.     

Types and spatial combinations of Danxia landform of Fangyan in Zhejiang Province

The prominent types of Danxia landform in Fangyan include enclosed valleys, mesas, peaks, stone columns and grooves etc. Their spatial combinations have regular configurations along the northwest–southeast direction: typical grooves and caves are located in the northwestern Wufengshuyuan mainly; abundant fresh collapsed stones may be observed in central Jimingfeng and Taohuafeng; stone drums and stone columns are in the southeastern Shiguliao particularly; enclosed valleys are encircling joints of peaks and plains from three directions east, west, and south. Their spatial combinations reflect that the developments of Danxia landform have undergone stages of geomorphic cyclical erosion in the form of weathering, collapse, transportation, sedimentation and other processes, together with the “sculpture” of external forces mainly as tectonic uplift. The picturesque Danxia landform began its formation at that point. Danxia landform developed mainly in the strata of Fangyan Formation (K1f) caused by the alluvial fan-braided river phase of anterior fan in the late period of the Early Cretaceous. Regular patterns of weathering of stones and features of braided alluvial phase sediments may be verified by the analysis of three groups of experimental data. Danxia landform of Fangyan is a unique representative of the “adolescent” development type in the application of the World Natural Heritages status in China, by virtue of its outstanding universal aesthetic and scientific value.     

Types and spatial combinations of Danxia landform of Fangyan in Zhejiang Province

The prominent types of Danxia landform in Fangyan include enclosed valleys, mesas, peaks, stone columns and grooves etc. Their spatial combinations have regular configurations along the northwest-southeast direction: typical grooves and caves are located in the northwestern Wufengshuyuan mainly; abundant fresh collapsed stones may be observed in central Jimingfeng and Taohuafeng; stone drums and stone columns are in the southeastern Shiguliao particularly; enclosed valleys are encircling joints of peaks and plains from three directions east, west, and south. Their spatial combinations reflect that the developments of Danxia landform have undergone stages of geomorphic cyclical erosion in the form of weathering, collapse, transportation, sedimentation and other processes, together with the “sculpture” of external forces mainly as tectonic uplift. The picturesque Danxia landform began its formation at that point. Danxia landform developed mainly in the strata of Fangyan Formation (K₁ f) caused by the alluvial fan-braided river phase of anterior fan in the late period of the Early Cretaceous. Regular patterns of weathering of stones and features of braided alluvial phase sediments may be verified by the analysis of three groups of experimental data. Danxia landform of Fangyan is a unique representative of the “adolescent” development type in the application of the World Natural Heritages status in China, by virtue of its outstanding universal aesthetic and scientific value.     

安徽齐云山丹霞地貌成因

According to the study of some local scholars (Peng Hua et al., 2000), over 400 sites of Danxia landform have been already discovered in China. Chen Guoda (1935), Zeng Zhaoxuan et al. (1978), Huang Jin et al. (1992; 1994; 1996) and Peng Hua et al. (1998; …