热带太平洋海温年际变化对海表风应力的响应及其敏感性试验

在GFDL海洋模式的基础上发展了一个高分辨率的太平洋环流模式,模式较好地模拟出太平洋上层海温的气候状态及其季节和年际变化的主要特征。用观测的1985～1995年海表风应力去强迫模式,清楚地模拟出相应的暖事件和冷事件。敏感性试验揭示,日界线附近持续的西风距平愈强,赤道中、东太平洋增暖愈大,其影响向东传播扩展,5个月左右可达太平洋东岸,传播速度与西风应力距平强度关系不大。     

Covariation of the Mid-Tropospheric Flow and the Sea Surface Temperature of the North Atlantic: A Statistical Analysis

Summary The covariation of the mid-tropospheric flow and the sea surface temperature (SST) of the extratropical North Atlantic is studied for the period 1962 to 1992. A statistical approach is adopted and the variables selected for examination, in addition to the SST, are the 500 hPa fields of the geopotential height and the dynamic storm track. Singular Value Decomposition (SVD) of the wintertime monthly mean fields for all paired combinations of these three fields suggests thattheir intraseasonal covariability is dominated by types of recurring patterns. The first is an “North Atlantic Oscillation-like” variation with height and SST patterns in the form of dipolar anomalies and a storm track pattern whose extremes connote an elongation (shortening) sharpening (broadening) and intensification (weakening) of the track. The second is akin to “strong and weak zonal flow regimes” and is characterized by height and SST anomalies that are latitudinally aligned and storm track variations that connote a shortening (lengthening) and northeastward (southeastward) reorientation of the track. Lag correlation analysis of the relative phase of the flow and SST variations suggest that the former leads the latter by the order of a month and is indicative of the flow influencing the SST configuration. However evidence adduced from consideration of lagged composite plots of strong SST patterns cautions against excluding the possibility of a nonlinear ocean-to-atmosphere forcing. It is also demonstrated that the two types of SVD-derived patterns represent a significant part of the last 30 years’ trends in the selected fields, and the coupled SVD patterns also shed light on the nature and degree of coupoling of the three selected fields. Received May 30, 1999 Revised November 15, 1999     

北太平洋海平面气压场变化与海温的关系

利用SVD（singular value decomposition）方法分析了1948年1月—2002年12月北太平洋海平面气压场与海温的关系。结果表明,SVD第1对异类相关分布型反映出,当东北太平洋副热带高压加强（减弱）时,Namias海区海温升高（降低）,而加利福尼亚海流区海温降低（升高）。SVD第2对异类相关分布型表明,当阿留申低压加深、北太平洋副热带地区气压升高时,黑潮暖流区海温升高,而北太平洋高、低纬海温降低;反之亦然。时滞相关表明,北太平洋大气环流异常超前海温1个月的相关最好,海温变化对大气环流异常分布型具有维持作用。NCAR CCSM3模拟结果很好地验证了上述结论,即在海气相互作用过程中,东北太平洋副热带高压和NPO（North Pacific Oscillation）与北太平洋海温存在密切联系。     

热带海表风速与海表温度日变化关系分析

利用热带测雨卫星(TRMM)搭载的微波成像仪(TMI)探测结果,在像元分辨率上同步反演的10年海表温度(SST)和海表风速(SSW)资料,研究了热带地区非降水条件下SSW变化对SST日变化的影响。结果表明热带地区SST日变化显著,SST日最小值多出现在早晨03:00(当地时间,下同)至06:00,日最大值多出现在午后17:00至19:00,SST日绝对振幅为1.9~3.4℃,日相对振幅为5%~7%。SSW变化对SST日最小值和日最大值的出现时间及SST日振幅均有明显的影响,且均呈现出区域性差异。热带地区SST日绝对振幅随SSW增大而减小,当SSW增加至9 m/s之后,SST日绝对振幅变化不再明显;二者符合特定的正弦函数关系。在风速小的情况下,暖池区域平均SST日绝对振幅异常减小了0.16℃;在风速大的情况下,秘鲁沿岸区域平均SST日绝对振幅异常增大了0.17℃,且SST随时间变化波动较大。上述研究结果为下一步研究海表感热和潜热日变化打下了基础。     

斯堪的纳维亚上空的臭氧亏损与北大西洋海温

利用TOMS臭氧资料和NCAR/NCEP再分析海温资料，分析研究了斯堪的纳维亚地区的臭氧亏损状况及其季节变化规律，指出在斯堪的纳维亚地区上空存在一个严重的臭氧亏损区。该臭氧亏损有明显的季节变化:冬季最强，夏季最弱。同时研究了北大西洋海温分布和季节变化，指出其与斯堪的纳维亚地区臭氧亏损有极好的负相关。因此，认为可以用北大西洋海温的季节变化来估计斯堪的纳维亚地区气候尺度的臭氧亏损变化。     

Interannual variability of the surface heat budget over the northern North Atlantic and North Pacific Oceans

Summary The January anomaly time series for each term of the surface heat budget (solar and longwave radiation, sensible and latent heat fluxes) are calculated for Ocean Weather Stations (OWSs) in the North Pacific and North Atlantic Oceans. The data set used is the Comprehensive Ocean-Atmosphere Data Set (COADS). The dominant term is the latent heat flux. The results for OWS P in the northern North Pacific show that the interannual variability of the heat budget parameters is correlated with the synoptic variability of the Aleutian low. There is also an interdecadal signal present in the heat budget anomaly time series, with the sign of the anomaly persisting for about 8–10 years. In contrast, for OWS J in the northern North Atlantic, no correlation is found between the variability of the heat budget parameters and the corresponding synoptic variability of the Icelandic low. The station J air-sea heat fluxes also show a higher frequency variability, compared to those of station P. The results suggest the variability of the January air-sea heat exchange processes are fundamentally different over the two ocean basins.With 3 Figures     

印度洋海温异常年际变率模态对中国东部地区夏季降水影响机制的数值试验

利用ECHAM5全球大气环流模式研究了印度洋海温异常年际变率模态从冬至夏的演变对我国东部地区夏季降水影响的机制。观测资料研究表明:对于正的印度洋海温异常年际变率模态,春、夏季热带印度洋和澳大利亚以西洋面(东极子)均为水汽的异常源区,向马达加斯加以东南洋面(西极子)及印度洋邻近大陆提供水汽。夏季,印度洋地区南极涛动、马斯克林高压加强;而印度季风低压和南亚高压均减弱,对应于印度夏季风减弱。夏季印度洋地区正压性的纬向风异常经向遥相关使热带印度洋地区出现西风异常,导致海洋性大陆地区对流活动减弱,而菲律宾海地区对流活动加强,进而导致西太平洋副热带高压偏弱、位置偏东北。对于负的印度洋海温异常年际变率模态,则反之。模式结果基本支持了已有的观测资料诊断结果。     

赤道太平洋区域风应力与海表温度年际异常的奇异值分解

用向量场奇异值分解方法分析了赤道太平洋区域风应力场与海表温度场年际异常的相关联系。结果表明,最主要的一对奇异向量与ENSO循环关系密切,其主要特征为赤道中、东太平洋风应力向赤道的异常辐合（辐散）与该区的SST异常升高（降低）准同步变化。对70和80年代的4次 El Ni?o事件中标准化风应力异常场的分析表明,它们均表现出赤道中、东太平洋的辐合。这一结果可能比用信风张弛描述ENSO循环中的环流异常更合理和更具代表性。     

中国北方冬季气温的年际变化对北太平洋东部海温异常的响应

利用地面气温观测资料及NCEP/NCAR逐月再分析资料,分析了中纬度北太平洋东部海温异常变化对中国北方地区冬季气温的可能影响。结果表明,前期夏、秋季中纬度北太平洋东部海温与北方地区冬季气温存在持续稳定的正相关关系,并且这种相关性在年代际尺度上较年际尺度更为显著。这种联系与中纬度北太平洋东部关键区海温在对流层中低层激发出的一种类似北美—大西洋—欧亚遥相关型波列有关。当前期关键区海温偏高（低）时,其激发的波列使得乌拉尔山阻塞高压偏弱（强）,西伯利亚高压偏弱（强）,导致贝加尔湖以南大部地区受正（负）高度距平控制,亚洲地区中高纬以纬（经）向环流为主,有利于北方大部地区气温偏高（低）。研究表明,中纬度北太平洋东部海温异常通过激发出一个从关键海区到我国北方地区的跨越东西半球的遥相关型波列,引发北半球中高纬度大气环流异常,进而影响北方冬季气温。     

黑潮和北大西洋海温异常在2008年1月我国南方雪灾中的可能作用的数值模拟

根据NCEP/NCAR再分析资料、NOAA扩展重建海表温度资料,利用中国科学院大气物理研究所全球大气环流谱模式（IAP-T42L9）模拟了大气环流对黑潮区、北大西洋海温异常偏暖的响应特征,并探讨了黑潮区、北大西洋海温异常在2008年1月我国南方雪灾中的作用。通过模拟场与观测场的比较表明,在考虑黑潮区和北大西洋海温异常偏暖的情况下,模式比较成功地模拟出了2008年1月我国南方发生低温、雨雪、冰冻天气的各种主要环流特征。黑潮区海温升高导致东亚沿海位势高度增加,西太平洋副热带高压偏北。它一方面不利于冷空气向下游输送,导致冷空气在我国长江流域及其以南地区堆积;另一方面加强了海洋的暖湿气流及向我国长江流域及其以南地区的水汽输送,为我国南方雨雪天气形成提供了充沛的水汽条件,有利于我国南方低温、雨雪、冰冻天气的持续。北大西洋海温异常偏暖对中高纬地区中西伯利亚阻塞高压的形成有重要作用。受其影响,我国除受东路冷空气活动的影响外,中纬度还不断有西路冷空气随着西风带槽脊东移影响我国东部地区。它是导致我国南方低温、雨雪、冰冻天气持续的另一个重要原因。     

冬季北太平洋海温主模态在1990年前后调整及其成因初探?

太平洋年代际振荡(PDO)和北太平洋涡旋振荡(NPGO)是北太平洋(20°~60°N,120°E~120°W)海温(SST)的EOF前两个模态,本文通过比较1990年前后北太平洋冬季SST EOF前两个模态,揭示了PDO和NPGO在1990年前后特征,并从关键区海温变化、北太平洋涛动(NPO)、赤道太平洋中部变暖(CPW)和北极涛动(AO)的影响,揭示了北太平洋主模态在1990年之后调整的成因。我们发现,1990年之前,北太平洋SST场的EOF前两个模态与PDO和NPGO的空间结构类似,但是在1990年之后,SST的EOF第一模态的最大荷载中心向日界线移动,40°N以北的太平洋被正的SST异常控制,表现出与NPGO模态的负位相相似的空间分布特征,而EOF第二模态由偶极子演变成了三极子结构。北太平洋中部(28°~36°N,152°~178°W)和北太平洋北部(44°~49°N,151°~177°W)海温距平在1990年之后呈显著的负相关变化,是导致在1990年之后冬季NPGO成为主模态的内部原因,而NPO在1990年之后的显著增强则是重要的外部原因。分析显示,NPO在1980年开始表现出增强趋势,通过风生流机制,NPO可以增强北太平洋45°N附近的气压梯度和西风异常幅度,从而导致了1990年之后NPGO海温模态的加强。虽然CPW和AO对NPO的南支(夏威夷)和北支(阿拉斯加)的海平面气压异常中心加强有贡献,但是上述两个因子与NPGO之间的关系在1990年之前并不明显。因此,CPW和AO与NPGO之间并不存在稳定的物理联系。     

20世纪90年代以后华北初春低温增强和北大西洋海温关系

本文利用ECMWF再分析资料及Hadley中心提供的海温数据分析了20世纪90年代以后华北地区初春低温增强的原因,并通过数值模拟结果予以验证。结果表明,北大西洋“马蹄型”海温模态与影响我国华北地区的欧亚波列存在显著的相关关系。同时该海温模态与1997年以后北大西洋关键区垂直波作用通量有着较密切的相关关系,1997年以后北大西洋地区的500 hPa环流模态,整体呈现出东移南撤的趋势。1997年以后格陵兰岛东侧表面温度受异常热力强迫导致正值区增多,同时此处西风急流加大,有利于Rossby波向下游传播,导致其下游欧洲大陆地区形成暖脊。通过局地多尺度能量涡度分析法（Localized Multiscale Energy and Vorticity Analysis,简称MS-EVA）证明格陵兰岛东侧关键区表面温度的异常热力强迫作用与气压梯度力在对流层整层做正功,导致高层动能的增加并向外辐散,使得脊加强向北伸展。通过欧亚波列致使下游华北地区上空气旋式异常加强,促使亚洲极涡加强和稳定维持,华北地区温度下降剧烈,极端低温事件增多。最后通过CAM5.1模式模拟研究了北大西洋“马蹄型”海温模态对大气环流异常及华北地区极端低温的影响。模拟结果很好地验证了观测结果,进一步表明该海温模态可以通过激发出欧亚波列,影响欧亚大陆大气环流异常,进而导致我国华北地区气旋性加强和经向环流加大,极端低温事件增多。     

Physical Mechanism of the Impacts of the Tropical Atlantic Sea Surface Temperature on the Decadal Change of the Summer North Atlantic Oscillation

In this study,physical mechanism of the impacts of the tropical Atlantic sea surface temperature(SST)on decadal change of the summer North Atlantic Oscillation(SNAO)was explored using an atmospheric general circulation model(AGCM)developed at the International Centre for Theoretical Physics(ICTP).The simulation results indicate that the decadal warming of the SST over the tropical Atlantic after the late 1970s could have significantly enhanced the convection over the region.This enhanced convection would have strengthened the local meridional circulation over the Eastern Atlantic-North Africa-Western Europe region,exciting a meridional teleconnection.This teleconnection might have brought the signal of the tropical Atlantic SST to the Extratropics,consequently activating the variability of the eastern part of the SNAO southern center,which led to an eastward shift of the SNAO southern center around the late 1970s.Such physical processes are highly consistent with the previous observations.     

Solar wind: A possible factor driving the interannual sea surface temperature tripolar mode over North Atlantic

The effect of solar wind (SW) on the North Atlantic sea surface temperature (SST) in boreal winter is examined through an analysis of observational data during 1964-2013. The North Atlantic SSTs show a pronounced meridional tripolar pattern in response to solar wind speed (SWS) variations. This pattern is broadly similar to the leading empirical orthogonal function (EOF) mode of interannual variations in the wintertime SSTs over North Atlantic. The time series of this leading EOF mode of SST shows a significant interannual period, which is the same as that of wintertime SWS. This response also appears as a compact north-south seesaw of sea level pressure and a vertical tripolar structure of zonal wind, which simultaneously resembles the North Atlantic Oscillation (NAO) in the overlying atmosphere. As compared with the typical low SWS winters, during the typical high SWS winters, the stratospheric polar night jet (PNJ) is evidently enhanced and extends from the stratosphere to the troposphere, even down to the North Atlantic Ocean surface. Notably, the North Atlantic Ocean is an exclusive region in which the SW signal spreads downward from the stratosphere to the troposphere. Thus, it seems that the SW is a possible factor for this North Atlantic SST tripolar mode. The dynamical process of stratosphere-troposphere coupling, together with the global atmospheric electric circuit-cloud microphysical process, probably accounts for the particular downward propagation of the SW signal.     

Dynamic Mechanism of Interannual Sea Surface Height Variability in the North Pacific Subtropical Gyre

In this study, the dynamic mechanisms of interannual sea surface height (SSH) variability are investigated based on the first-mode baroclinic Rossby wave model, with a focus on the effects of different levels of wind stress curl (WSC). Maximum covariance analysis (MCA) of WSC and SSH anomalies displays a mode with significant WSC anomalies located primarily in the mid-latitude eastern North Pacific and central tropical Pacific with corresponding SSH anomalies located to the west. This leading mode can be attributed to Ekman pumping induced by local wind stress and the westward-propagating Rossby wave driven by large- scale wind stress. It is further found that in the middle latitudes, the SSH anomalies are largely determined by WSC variations associated with the North Pacific Gyre Oscillation (NPGO), rather than the Pacific Decadal Oscillation (PDO). The sensitivity of the predictive skill of the linear first-mode baroclinic model to different wind products is also examined.     

夏季副热带西部模态水异常与我国秋、冬季气温年际变化的关系

利用合成、回归等方法分析了夏季副热带西部模态水(简称STMW)异常与我国秋、冬季气温年际变化的联系,发现:1)秋、冬季东亚—太平洋地区的大气环流异常对我国的气温变化起了重要作用,夏季STMW异常通过东亚—太平洋地区的大气环流异常进而与我国秋、冬季的气温变化联系在一起。2)夏季ST-MW正(负)异常时,同年秋季我国西北、东北和江淮地区的气温异常偏低(偏高);冬季时,东北、西北地区气温偏高(低)。3)这种联系主要是通过东亚—太平洋地区大气环流的典型分布实现的:夏季STMW异常偏强(弱)时,同年秋季与黑潮附近的冷(暖)海温相对应,西北太平洋上空大气环流出现负(正)的高度距平,气旋性(反气旋性)环流西侧的偏北(南)气流引导(阻碍)东亚大陆中高纬冷空气南下,同时东欧地区的高压(低压)向东南方向伸展,对我国西北地区秋季冷空气的活动起到了增幅(削弱)作用,我国东北、西北和江淮大部分地区的冷空气活动偏强,气温普遍偏低(高)。黑潮区附近的冷(暖)海温持续热力作用下,海洋不断得到(失去)热量,积累到冬季,促使黑潮区域的海表面温度(SST)逐渐向正(负)异常转变。冬季的大气环流场也对应发生调整:西北太平洋上空出现显著的高压(低压)异常,反气旋(气旋)西侧的偏南(北)气流减弱(加强)了我国东北地区的冷空气强度,气温偏高(低);亚洲中纬度地区受低压(高压)距平控制,我国西北地区的冷空气活动较弱(强),气温偏高。     

A Possible Mechanism for Winter Sea Ice Decline over the Bering Sea and Its Relationship with Cold Events over North America

In this study, the mechanism for the sea ice decline over the Bering Sea and its relationship with cold events over North America are investigated based on the daily ERA-Interim data during the winter(December–February) of1979–2016. The results show that the sea ice decline over western(eastern) Bering Sea is mainly contributed by(1)the strengthened southerly(southeasterly) wind near the surface, which possibly pushes the sea ice to move northward, and(2) the intensified downward infrared radiation(IR), which is closely related to the local increasing surface air temperature(SAT) and the intensified moisture convergence mostly induced by the anomalous southeasterly wind associated with an anticyclonic anomaly over the Alaska Bay. During the sea ice decline over the Bering Sea, a cold SAT anomaly is simultaneously found over North America. It is proved that the occurrence of such a cold event is driven by the atmospheric internal variation, but not the forcing of sea ice decline over the Bering Sea. This study deepens our understanding of sea ice decline and its relationship with contemporary cold events in winter.     

夏季中国华北降水、印度降水与太平洋海表面温度的耦合关系

本文基于1951~2014年的站点观测资料以及再分析资料,应用多变量经验正交分解法（MEOF）研究了年际尺度上华北夏季降水、印度夏季降水与海表面温度之间的耦合关系（主要模态）。结果表明:当印度夏季降水偏强时,若同期夏季赤道中东太平洋海温表现为La Ni?a位相,则西太平洋暖池对流加强,副热带高压偏西偏北,有利于华北夏季降水与印度夏季降水一致增强。反之,当印度大部降水偏弱时,若同期夏季赤道中东太平洋海温表现为El Ni?o位相,则华北夏季降水和印度夏季降水一致减弱。然而,两地夏季降水的协同变化关系并不总是成立。当赤道中东太平洋海温异常随时间演变表现为冬春El Ni?o衰减型时,伴随着印度洋偶极子（IOD）正位相的衰减过程,这会减弱东亚夏季风,使得华北夏季降水偏少。此时印度半岛夏季降水增强区集中在其西部,无法形成连接印度和华北夏季降水异常的环半球遥相关（CGT）波列,可能使得华北夏季降水异常与全印度夏季降水异常成相反形势。这些结论揭示了中国华北夏季降水、印度夏季降水和海表面温度之间的耦合关系,有助于进一步理解海温外强迫对两地夏季降水之间相关关系的作用,从而对华北夏季降水的预测具有参考意义。     

Interannual and intraannual variations in total precipitable water over the North Atlantic from satellite microwave measurements

Based on the long-term data of satellite microwave radiometers, the estimates are obtained of interannual and intraannual variations in monthly mean values of total precipitable water in the atmosphere over the North Atlantic from 1988 to 2011, in particular, in the regions characterized by the maximum rate of heat and moisture exchange between the ocean and atmosphere such as the Gulf Stream, Newfoundland, and Norway-Greenland energy-active zones. Long-term trends in total precipitable water in the atmosphere over these regions are estimated. The variations in total precipitable water in the atmosphere in 2010 are noted which were caused by oil spills in the Gulf of Mexico (the spring of 2010) and by the severe drought in the European part of Russia (the summer of 2010).     

热带海面温度对亚马逊旱季降水年际变率的影响及机制

用偏最小二乘(Partial Least Square,PLS)回归方法分析了 1979～2018年影响亚马逊旱季(6～8月)降水年际变率的热带海面温度模态.第一海面温度模态解释了总方差的64％,主要表现为前期亚马逊雨季(12月至次年2月)至旱季(6～8月)热带东太平洋La Ni?a型海面温度异常演变.12月至次年2月...