基于可见光遥感测深技术的长江口南支河段河势演变规律研究

以长江口南支河段为研究区,利用LandsatETM+遥感影像反演的1999年水下地形和该河段2002年实测水深数据,结合长江口来水来沙现状和河段特征,分析了河段的冲淤变化和沙体迁移规律,提出了需采取的治理措施。研究结果表明:(1)从1999到2002年南支河段总体发生冲刷,年平均冲刷量为0.1926亿m3,河道内白茆沙、新浏河沙和新浏河沙包的沙头年平均后退467,374和421m;(2)上、下扁担沙之间由于串沟发育,两者有分离的趋势,沙体5m等深线的变动格局显示两沙体沙尾向下移动导致新桥水道上段水深加深、下段南侧水深变浅;(3)固定白茆沙和上、下扁担沙沙体,对维持南支河段航道的航运、稳定南北槽河势具有重要作用。     

钱塘江河口段长周期泥沙冲淤和河床变形

通过对钱塘江河口段50多年连续水下地形资料的整理和分析,给出了该河口段在遭遇连续丰、枯水文年时的长周期泥沙冲淤特点,以及相应塑造的顺直、弯曲两种河势在河床形态与演变上的差异。研究结果认为,长周期泥沙冲淤和河床变形是钱塘江河口段保持冲淤平衡的一种自动调整手段;与冲积河流不同的是,钱塘江河口段通过河型、比降、断面等因素的调整来改变进入该河口段潮流量的大小。     

长江口南港底沙输移及其对南、北槽分汊口的影响

以1958年以来浏河口至横沙水文站之间南港系列水下地形图数字化分析资料为基础，以成形活动沙洲和隐形活动沙包作为底沙推移的判别标志，研究底沙输移规律，底沙输移对南港河槽分化和南、北槽分汊演变趋势的影响。研究结果表明长江口底沙活动范围向口门地区推移，底沙绝大部分进入南槽。     

西沙群岛宣德环礁水下沙洲动力地貌特征及其成因机制

海底地形地貌研究可以揭示海底表面形态特征,探索海底物质结构及其形成、演化和分布规律。通过单波束测深、单道地震、海底表层沉积物取样和潮汐水文水动力实测等方法,开展了宣德环礁水文要素和水动力条件定量化研究,对宣德环礁水下沙洲动力地貌特征及动力作用下形成机制进行了探讨。研究结果表明：宣德环礁潟湖内水深50～55 m及60 m发育的礁滩体和埋藏珊瑚礁,与全新世50～60 m的低海平面时期发育的系列特征地貌应为同时期形成,水深50～55 m处的地貌边界很可能保留了早全新世时期古潟湖礁盘地貌轮廓形态;宣德环礁潟湖发育5类动力地貌特征形态的水下沙洲,环礁底层涨落潮流是塑造水下沙洲的主要现代动力因素。在常态天气下,涨落潮流输运的砂质沉积物足以在原有地形的基础上沉积和发育形成现今水下沙洲地貌形态。影响水下沙洲发育的主要因素由强至弱依次为气候变化引起的海平面升降,地形基础（珊瑚礁格架、礁盘岸线、口门）和涨落潮流。     

辐射沙洲南翼“水道-沙洲”系统与西太阳沙的稳定

通过对江苏岸外辐射沙洲动态和西太阳沙海域动力泥沙环境的分析,论述了西太阳沙演变的宏观背景;由实测固定断面资料、地形资料的对比得出近40年来西太阳沙表面形态和水下地形的变化;结合西太阳沙表面泥沙在波浪和波流共同作用下运动特性的水槽试验研究,分析了西太阳沙冲淤变化的动力机制。从“烂沙洋水道-西太阳沙-西太阳沙南水道”系统的角度研究了西太阳沙演变的控制因素和演变规律。     

长江口新生沙洲底栖动物群落组成及多样性特征

沙洲岛屿是河口生态系统的重要组成部分,是河口海岸带资源开发、自然保护及全球变化研究的重要对象.沙洲岛屿潮滩的底栖动物群落与其生活的底质构成了河口生态系统的底栖亚系统,是河口地区生物多样性最直接和最易于观察研究的一个层次,它们在揭示群落与环境变化的关系上具有重要的作用[1-2].九段沙是长江口现代发育过程中产生的一个新生沙洲,是继崇明岛、长兴岛和横沙岛之后的又一成陆冲积沙洲,是一块重要的河口沙洲型滨海湿地[3].九段沙受人类干扰较少,其生物资源保持着天然状态.     

黄河水下三角洲沉积物输运及海底冲淤研究

根据黄河水下三角洲的特点,建立了一个垂直平均二维沉积物输运数学模型,结合潮流和沉积物资料,模拟研究了沉积物输运机制和海底冲淤演变过程。模拟结果表明,垂直河口射流的潮流决定了本区沉积物净输运的总体格局,风应力对悬浮泥沙和推移质泥沙运动也起到重要作用。潮流底应力和活动层厚度分布表明,黄河口门和埕岛油田附近海域是潮流底应力和活动层厚度高值区,为沉积物活跃区,海底稳定性弱,易于侵蚀再搬运。冲淤计算表明,埕岛油田附近海域为冲刷中心区;现在河口水下三角洲在断流时为冲刷区,正常行河时则转为淤积区。     

黄河三角洲埕北海区泥沙冲淤分析

利用多期水深数据,对黄河三角洲埕北海区的泥沙冲淤量及冲淤面积进行分时段计算,绘制相应的冲淤等值线图和冲淤立体图。分析该海域泥沙冲淤的规律。     

近四十年南渡江水下三角洲的冲淤变化及其主控原因

利用ArcGIS技术对20世纪60年代以来的南渡江水下三角洲地形资料进行冲淤分析,并探讨冲淤变化的主要原因.研究表明:1963-1980年、1980-1996年和1996-2003年3个时段南渡江水下三角洲的淤积/侵蚀面积比分别为2.2,1.1和0.73,净淤积速率分别为4.17,-0.002和-2.2 cm/a.这种...     

闽浙山溪性河口的径流特性及其对河口的冲淤影响

本文从区域自然地理环境着眼,分析了降水与径流的关系、河川的产水产沙条件、径流年际与季节变化的规律、洪峰过程及其特征,阐述了径流特征对河口的影响:丰枯水年河口段大范围的冲淤变化,洪枯季节的冲淤变化;不同河口的冲淤物质的差异。图4,表9,参考文献3。     

A study on benthic community structure in west of the Taiwan Strait and near the Taiwan Shoals

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基于包络线法的滨海滩涂PLSR盐分模型研究

以辽河三角洲滨海湿地滩涂为研究区域,首先利用8种常用光谱变换方法和包络线法进行光谱特征分析,发现光谱数据经包络线法去包络后与盐分含量的相关性显著提高,并确定其对盐分敏感的最佳波段,利用PLSR建立敏感波段的土壤盐分反演模型。研究表明,模型由于保留了对土壤含盐量贡献大的波段,反演精度较高,同时减少了计算量。     

长江下游"三沙"航道整治工程表面流速流向观测

简要介绍了长江下游“三沙”航道整治工程中为了掌握双锏沙横流和如皋沙中汊在刘海沙水道的汇流情况,在福姜沙左汊道→双锏沙→浏海沙水道间进行了表面流速流向观测,并对测量成果和航迹线图进行了初步分析,从而为保持双锏沙的稳定、保证如皋沙群水道的长久贯通提出了一些工程措施。     

The distribution and abundance of pelagic gammarid amphipods on Georges Bank and Nantucket Shoals

In this study, long-term, broad-scale zooplankton survey data were used to estimate the temporal and spatial distribution and abundance of gammarid amphipods present in the water column on Georges Bank. Delta-mean abundances computed from 10 years of data showed that gammarid amphipod abundances peaked in summer and again in fall. The amphipods were also most numerous in water less than 50 m deep. The statistical tests employed revealed no conclusive evidence for diurnal vertical migration. Interannual delta-mean abundances fluctuated approximately 5-fold between 1977 and 1986, ranging from 217 to 1181 amphipods 100 m⁻³. Peak amphipod biomass occurred in July and was estimated to be 2.8 kcal m⁻². Using production-to-biomass ratios from the literature, mean annual production of amphipods in these samples was estimated to be between 1.6 and 9.8 kcal m⁻². Production in shallow areas was especially high, 22 kcal m⁻² year⁻¹.     

深水网箱中鱼群监测仪发射信号源的设计

深水网箱养殖是目前国内外海水鱼类养殖业可持续发展的总体趋势和必然要求。网箱中必须要配置实时监测水下鱼群动态的鱼群状态监测仪。为了满足监测仪多种频率和脉宽选择的需要，提出了一种基于单片微机AT89C51和RAM／IO扩展器8155产生连续多路脉宽、频率可调信号源的方案。实验结果表明该方案简单易行，准确可靠，容易推广。     

Size classes of flow-transverse bedforms in a subtidal environment,Nantucket Shoals,North American Atlantic shelf

The distribution and character of small-scale and mesoscale bedforms on the surface of a large tide-built sand ridge have been observed. Sand waves, class 1 and class 2 megaripples, and ripples are abundant. A histogram of bedform spacing is strongly bimodal, indicating that megaripples and sand waves comprise discrete populations. Ripples probably also comprise a discrete population, but the limit of resolution of the side-scan sonar system arbitrarily truncates the distribution; hence a third mode cannot be observed.     

Late Holocene chronology,origin, and evolution of the St. Bernard Shoals,Northern Gulf of Mexico,USA

Several shore-parallel marine sand bodies lie on the Louisiana continental shelf. They are Trinity Shoal, Ship Shoal, Outer Shoal, and the St. Bernard Shoals. These shoals mark the submerged positions of ancient shorelines associated with abandoned deltas. Three of these shoals are single elongate deposits. The fourth shoal, the St. Bernard Shoals, consists of a group of discrete sand bodies ranging in size from 44 to 0.05 km², 25 km southeast of the Chandeleur Islands in 15–18 m of water. The St. Bernard Shoals are stratigraphically above the St. Bernard delta complex, which was active 2,500–1,800 years b.p. Understanding the evolution of the St. Bernard Shoals is necessary to reconstruct the Holocene chronology of the St. Bernard delta complex and the eastern Louisiana continental shelf. For this study, 47 vibracores and 400 km of shallow seismic reflection data collected in 1987 across the Louisiana shelf were analyzed. In June 2008, 384 km of higher-resolution seismic reflection data were acquired across the study area and appended to the preexisting datasets. Vibracores were integrated with seismic profiles to identify facies and their regional distribution. Our results demonstrate that the deltaic package stratigraphically below the St. Bernard Shoals is chronologically younger than the northern distributaries, but derived from the same trunk distributary channel (Bayou la Loutre). The river eventually bypassed the northern distributaries, and began to deposit sediment further onto the continental shelf. After abandonment, the overextended delta lobe was rapidly transgressed, creating a transgressive shoreline that eventually coalesced with earlier shorelines in the region to form the Chandeleur Islands. The St. Bernard Shoals formed by the reworking of the relict distributary deposits exposed on the inner to mid shelf during and subsequent to shoreface ravinement.     

A cellular automata model for population expansion of Spartina alterniflora at Jiuduansha Shoals,Shanghai, China

Biological invasion has received considerable attention recently because of increasing impacts on local ecosystems. Expansion of Spartina alterniflora, a non-native species, on the intertidal mudflats of Jiuduansha Shoals at the Yangtze River Estuary is a prime example of a spatially-structured invasion in a relatively simple habitat, for which strategic control efforts can be modeled and applied. Here, we developed a Cellular Automata (CA) model, in conjunction with Remote Sensing and Geographical Information Systems, to simulate the expanding process of S. alterniflora for a period of 8 years after being introduced to the new shoals, and to study the interactions between spatial pattern and ecosystem processes for the saltmarsh vegetation. The results showed that the CA model could simulate the population dynamics of S. alterniflora and Phragmites australis on the Jiuduansha Shoals successfully. The results strongly support the hypothesis of space pre-emption as well as range expansion with simple advancing wave fronts for these two species. In the Yangtze River Estuary, the native species P. australis shares the same niche with the exotic species S. alterniflora. However, the range expansion rate of P. australis was much slower than that of S. alterniflora. With the accretion of the Jiuduansha Shoals due to the large quantity of sediments deposited by the Yangtze River, a rapid range expansion of S. alterniflora is predicted to last for a long period into future. This study indicated the potential for this approach to provide valuable insights into population and community ecology of invasive species, which could be very important for wetland biodiversity conservation and resource management in the Yangtze River Estuary and other such impacted areas.     

Model of the post-Cenozoic evolution of the cryolithozone of the shelf of the western part of the Laptev Sea

The analysis of the structure of the cryolithozone, facies, and thicknesses of the Quaternary sediments and the results of the physicochemical mathematical modeling of the modern shelf of the western part of the Laptev Sea support the influence of the Late Pleistocene glaciations on the heat conditions and the distribution of the permafrost in the area. A ～200-m thick glacier formed under aerial conditions from atmospheric precipitation represented the metamorphosed snow cover. According to the modeling, the long-living (from 60?50 to 10?4 ky) glacier reduced the thickness of the permafrost rocks in the reviewed shelf area for 280–360 m. The Holocene marine transgression additionally decreased the thickness from 50–140 m on the inner shelf to 220–350 m on the outer shelf. The modern submarine cryolithozone 450-0 m thick is wide-spread in the studied region from the coast to the shelf boundary (isobaths of 130–140 m), where it pinches out at a distance of ～380 km from the coast at a depth of ～250 m above the sea level.     

Investigation of the mechanism of the long-term evolution of the carbon cycle in the ecosystem of the Sevastopol bay

We analyze the components of the carbon system of the Sevastopol bay waters and the balance of main sediment-forming substances using the data of field investigations in 1998–2008. The interannual variations of total inorganic carbon and the equilibrium partial pressure of carbon dioxide in the bay water are noted. An increase in the flux of carbon dioxide into the bay and in the content of organic carbon in bottom sediments is revealed, and an explanation of this phenomenon is given. The priority accumulation of organic carbon in the sediments of the bay is established. We assess the interannual variation in the relative abundances of organic and inorganic carbon as an index of the carbon cycle stability.