8.2 ka BP冷事件

全新世11.5 ka BP以来遭受的最强的一次冷事件是8.2 ka BP事件.全新世气候的基调是温暖湿润.但是,大量的古气候资料表明,全新世气候也有不稳定性[1],至今可能已发生过8～9次冷事件,8.2 kaBP事件就是其中的一次[2].     

ENSO at 6ka and 21ka from ocean–atmosphere coupled model simulations

We analyze how the characteristics of El Niño-Southern Oscillation (ENSO) are changed in coupled ocean–atmosphere simulations of the mid-Holocene (MH) and the Last Glacial Maximum (LGM) performed as part of the Paleoclimate Modeling Intercomparison Project phase 2 (PMIP2). Comparison of the model results with present day observations show that most of the models reproduce the large scale features of the tropical Pacific like the SST gradient, the mean SST and the mean seasonal cycles. All models simulate the ENSO variability, although with different skill. Our analyses show that several relationships between El Niño amplitude and the mean state across the different control simulations are still valid for simulations of the MH and the LGM. Results for the MH show a consistent El Niño amplitude decrease. It can be related to the large scale atmospheric circulation changes. While the Northern Hemisphere receives more insolation during the summer time, the Asian summer monsoon system is strengthened which leads to the enhancement of the Walker circulation. Easterlies prevailing over the central eastern Pacific induce an equatorial upwelling that damps the El Niño development. Results are less conclusive for 21ka. Large scale dynamic competes with changes in local heat fluxes, so that model shows a wide range of responses, as it is the case in future climate projections.     

问题讨论——(十四)怎样充分利用预报信息?

县站的预报依据,主要来自群众的看天经验(包括气象人员自己的经验)、单站气象要素资料和简易天气图所揭示的形势背景。怎样充分利用所能取得的预报信息,针对不同的预报对象,合理地解决预报问题,是做好县站预报的关键。 下面谈谈我们的四点做法,和同志们讨论。 (一)以天气过程为着眼点,以影响过程的天气为内容,建立程序化的预报工具。 现以台风预报为例来说明。 从点绘历次台风路径可以看出,不同路径的台风,在它的前期都相对集中地经过一定的区域,而不     

TraCE-21ka的模拟评估及误差分析

TraCE-21ka是全球首个利用全耦合模式针对末次盛冰期(LGM)至今气候演变的瞬变模拟。利用现代再分析资料和历史特征时期重建的连续冻土边界对TraCE-21ka模拟做了评估。结果表明TraCE-21ka能够较好地模拟现代半球尺度环流和降水的空间形态,对东亚地区的模拟冬季较好而夏季欠佳。TraCE-21ka模拟的现代时期与再分析资料相比偏冷,北半球年平均表面温度比再分析资料低3～4 ℃,基于现代温度误差的分析表明TraCE-21ka对东亚地区气候演变的模拟欠佳。对于历史特征时期,重建的连续冻土边界线指示TraCE-21ka模拟的亚欧大陆在LGM偏暖,全新世中期偏冷,即低估了LGM以来的变温幅度。利用连续冻土边界线的年均表面温度约为-7 ℃这一特性,进一步定量评估出TraCE-21ka模拟的亚欧大陆中纬地区从LGM至今的升温幅度约为真实气候的40％。通过分析近百年全球升温速率证实TraCE-21ka的气候敏感性显著偏低,由此产生的误差在瞬变模拟中会不断累积。     

Constraining ocean diffusivity from the 8.2 ka event

Greenland ice-core data containing the 8.2 ka event are utilized by a model-data intercomparison within the Earth system model of intermediate complexity, CLIMBER-2.3 to investigate their potential for constraining the range of uncertain ocean diffusivity properties. Within a stochastic version of the model (Bauer et al. in Paleoceanography 19:PA3014, 2004) it has been possible to mimic the pronounced cooling of the 8.2 ka event with relatively good accuracy considering the timing of the event in comparison to other modelling exercises. When statistically inferring from the 8.2 ka event on diffusivity the technical difficulty arises to establish the related likelihood numerically per realisation of the uncertain model parameters: while mainstream uncertainty analyses can assume a quasi-Gaussian shape of likelihood, with weather fluctuating around a long term mean, the 8.2 ka event as a highly nonlinear effect precludes such an a priori assumption. As a result of this study the Bayesian Analysis leads to a sharp single-mode likelihood for ocean diffusivity parameters within CLIMBER-2.3. Depending on the prior distribution this likelihood leads to a reduction of uncertainty in ocean diffusivity parameters (e.g. for flat prior uncertainty in the vertical ocean diffusivity parameter is reduced by factor 2). These results highlight the potential of paleo data to constrain uncertain system properties and strongly suggest to make further steps with more complex models and richer data sets to harvest this potential.     

Simulation of paleoclimate over East Asia at 6 ka BP and 21 ka BP by a regional climate model

Using a regional climate model with detailed land surface processes (RegCM2), East Asian monsoon climates at 6 ka BP and 21 ka BP are simulated by prescribing vegetation and employing paleovegetation respectively in order to examine land surface effects on East Asian climate system and the potential mechanisms for climate change. The RegCM2 with a 120 × 120 km² resolution has simulated the enlargement of the seasonal cycle of insolation, the temperature rising the whole year, and the reduction of perpetual snow in high latitudes at 6 ka BP. The simulation shows the East Asian summer monsoon strengthening, precipitation and P–E increasing, and the monsoon rain belt shifting westwards and northwards. Effect of paleovegetation included in the modeling reduced surface albedo and caused an increase in the winter temperature, which led to weakening of the winter continental cold anticyclone over China. The results make the seasonal characteristics of simulated temperature changes in better agreement with the geological records, and are an improvement over previous simulations of Paleoclimate Modeling Intercomparison Project (PMIP). The RegCM2 simulated the 21 ka BP climate with lowered temperature throughout the year, and with precipitation reduced in most areas of East Asia (but increased in both the Tibetan Plateau and Central Asia). Low temperature over East Asia led to the strengthening of the East Asian winter monsoon and the shrinking of the summer monsoon. The effect of paleovegetation included in the experiment has enlarged the glacial climate influence in East Asia, which is closer to geological data than the PMIP simulations directly driven by insolation, glaciation and low CO₂ concentration.     

The Terrestrial NPP Simulation in China since 6ka BP

1. IntroductionAccording to the reconstruction of paleo-temperature based on δ18 O data of ice core in theGreenland (see Jouzel et al., 1987; Grootes et al.,1993; Blunier and Brook, 2001), the current inter-glacial epoch, the Holocene, began at ca. 11.5 thou-sand years before present (ka BP). Multiple sources(pollen data, macrofossils) reveal that the summer cli-mate in the Northern Hemisphere was warmer in theearly to middle Holocene (MH) (ca. 8-6ka BP) relativeto the present climate. …     

气象观测(Ⅲ) 地面观测(下)

Precipitation The estimation of precipitation amounts simply involves the exposure of a container for a given period, usually 24 hours, and the measurement of the depth of collected water (or liquid water equivalent of snow and hail), The amount of rainfall in the 24-hour period is established with the use of a rain measure graduated in inches or mitlimetres, preferably the latter.     

A role for icebergs in the 8.2 ka climate event

We investigate the potential role of icebergs in the 8.2 ka climate event, using a coupled climate model equipped with an iceberg component. First, we evaluate the effect of a large iceberg discharge originating from the decaying Laurentide ice sheet on ocean circulation, compared to a release of an identical volume of freshwater alone. Our results show that, on top of the freshwater effect, a large iceberg discharge facilitates sea-ice growth as a result of lower sea-surface temperatures induced by latent heat of melting. This causes an 8% increased sea-ice cover, 5% stronger reduction in North Atlantic Deep Water production and 1°C lower temperature in Greenland. Second, we use the model to investigate the effect of a hypothetical two-stage lake drainage, which is suggested by several investigators to have triggered the 8.2 ka climate event. To account for the final collapse of the ice-dam holding the Laurentide Lakes we accompany the secondary freshwater pulse in one scenario with a fast 5-year iceberg discharge and in a second scenario with a slow 100-year iceberg discharge. Our experiments show that a two-stage lake drainage accompanied by the collapsing ice-dam could explain the anomalies observed around the 8.2 ka climate event in various climate records. In addition, they advocate a potential role for icebergs in the 8.2 ka climate event and illustrate the importance of latent heat of melting in the simulation of climate events that involve icebergs. Our two-stage lake drainage experiments provide a framework in the discussion of two-stage lake drainage and ice sheet collapse.     

(四)中期天气过程预报(续)

寒潮是我国冬半年一种主要的灾害性天气,寒潮爆发时天气出现急剧变化,气象服务工作中迫切需要准确的寒潮中期预报。寒潮天气过程的一个重要特征,是它与大型环流的急剧变化有关,特别是同西风指数及长波、超长波的变化有密切联系。因此,要做好寒潮中期预报,很关键的一步就是要掌握好与指数循环相联系的大型环流变化过程,尤其是要做好长波、超长波突变的预报。关于这方面的问题,在第三讲中已有所讨论。这里,仅就寒潮中期过程及预报方法,作进一步的讨论。     

归来(小品)

人物田树槐男，70多岁，气象科学家文小娟女，15岁，中学生场景舞台正面幕布上是高楼大厦的群体建筑物，左侧是一块石碑，上写：艾望槐女士之墓田树槐（以下简称田，闷悠、迷惑、寻找他）找不到了，找不到了—…·艾小娟（以下简称文，活泼、天真地、热情地）老爷爷，你找什么？田：我找个地方1艾：啥地方？田：冉家村！艾：这儿就是冉家村啊！田；小朋友，你认错了，不是，不是1艾；没错。田：不对。艾：没错，没错1田：不对，不对！文：（生气地、不耐烦地）不对，不对？那你说说，在什么地方？田：南关外。艾：对呀，这是南关外！田：但…     

梦(小小说)

……我实实在在地醒了。出了身冷汗。妻和女儿睡得正香。清冷的月光泻进室内,朦朦胧胧地照在昨晚没有审完的风自记纸上。职业的习惯使我不能入睡,瞪着眼睛直到天色放亮。     

气象观测(Ⅱ)

在地球表面进行的气象观测分为两类：感官观测,既不使用测量仪器而仅凭经验估计的观测；以及仪器观测,即借助于测量仪器并通常牵涉到对所得各实际读数进行定正和计算的观测     

真诚(诗)

真诚是友情的根基真诚是爱情的真谛真诚是信仰的灵魂真诚是事业的阶梯我们崇尚真诚把真诚的种子撒满大地我们赞美真诚育真诚的鲜花开通环宇真诚(诗)@马德明     

初春(外一首)

随着 92 1 0工程中Ｘ .2 5线路的正常运行 ,原来ＮＯＶＥＩＬ工作站的大屏幕显示器即ＰＨＩＬＩＰＳ 5 1ｃｍ显示器的工作方式 (即通过 1块视频卡来做工作站的第 2显示器 )已不再适用。取而代之的是应该如何让它来做普通的显示器 ,不然势必会造成不必要的浪费。然而该显示器当初购进时并没有随之带来与普通显示卡连接的电缆 ,作者多方购买未成。如果想让其重新工作 ,只有通过自己制作才能完成。作者通过查找一些资料 ,终于成功地完成了这一任务。现将其制作过程介绍如下。1　制作配件视频电缆 1条 ,同轴电缆网线ＢＮＣ接头 5个 ,显示卡 1 5…