养殖和海捕两类中国对虾尝味成分的分析比较

养殖对虾和海捕对虾肌肉一般组成的分析结果表明:两类对虾肌肉中各组分含量无显著差异。两类对虾肌肉提取物中游离氨基酸主要有Gly,Arg,Ala,Pro,Tau。提取物水解后,Asp和Glu量增加8—10倍说明提取物中有短肽存在。提取物中主要核苷酸是AMP和IMP两类对虾提取物中的氧化三甲胺和甜菜碱含量相差较大。     

野生对虾与养殖对虾脂肪酸组成和含量的比较

野生中国对虾(Penaeus chinensis)脂肪酸的组成类似于其他的海洋动物,即雌、雄虾的肝胰脏和肌肉中,棕榈酸(16:0)和n-3族高不饱和脂肪酸(如20:5n-3和22:6n-3)占优势。野生虾体内含有的脂肪酸种类,尤其是高不饱和脂肪酸的种类多于养殖虾。野生虾肝胰脏中主要脂肪酸为16:0(20.0～22.5%),18:0(2.5～2.9%),18:1 n-9(12.3～14.0%),18:2 n-6(2.4～2.6%),20:5 n-3(6.1～6.6%)和22:6 n-3(7.1～7.5%)。肌肉中的主要脂肪酸种类大致与肝胰脏中相同。养殖虾中除了18:2 n-6(6.3～13.0%)高于和16:l(3.6～4.2%)低于野生虾外,其余的基本类似。野生虾比养殖虾有较高水平的n-3族和较低水平的n-6族不饱和脂肪酸,且野生虾n-3/n-6族脂肪酸的比率同样大于养殖虾。     

对虾细胞培养的研究现状、存在问题及建立细胞系策略

近年来,对虾病毒病的爆发,使我国养殖对虾的年产量大幅度下降,造成了巨大的经济损失。就对虾细胞培养研究现状、应用前景和存在的关键问题等进行了综述和讨论。     

中国对虾(Penaeus orientalis Kishiouys)粗蛋白、氨基酸含量的比较分析

作者对人工养殖中国对虾在不同生长时期、不同性别以及养殖对虾和天然对虾的粗蛋白和氨基酸含量进行了比较分析。得出的结论是:1、粗蛋白含量从8月开始增加,至9月达最高值。赖氨酸、亮氨酸、精氨酸、谷氨酸、甘氨酸和天冬氨酸的含量在8月以后逐月增加,增加幅度较大;其它氨基酸含量随着对虾生长有上升趋势,但不明显;2、无论是养殖对虾,还是天然对虾,雌雄虾之间其氨基酸含量几乎完全相同;3、无论雌雄,养殖对虾和天然对虾的氨基酸含量基本上一致。图6与图7所示甘氨酸和亮氨酸的差异,可能是分析上的随机误差,并非对虾本身差异所带来的不同。     

中国对虾养成期镰刀菌致病性研究

作者从患黑鳃病变的中国对虾成虾鳃组织中分离到一株镰刀菌,该菌能释放大量的分生孢子,在养殖水体中广泛传播。经人工感染实验确证,中国对虾对该菌具有高度易感性。本文依据Booth系统,采用单孢子分离纯系,结合光镜和扫描电镜观察,该病原菌鉴定为半知菌纲Deuteromycetes、镰刀菌属Fusarium的茄类镰刀菌Fusarium solani(Mart)。     

对虾暴发性流行病及其预防研究

１９９３～１９９４年我国沿海养殖对虾发生了特大的暴发性流行病，损失惨重。本文报道该病的特点、症状及危害，并在患病的中国对虾、日本对虾、长毛对虾的中肠、肝胰腺的上皮细胞核和细胞质及腹肌纤维间质中发现大量具有囊膜的杆状病毒。通过病毒引起宿主靶组织细胞的病理变化、无包涵体等特性分析，认为该病毒属于有囊膜杆状病毒科Ｃ亚群，不同于已知的对虾所有杆状病毒，为对虾的一类新致病病毒。文中还分析了主要致病原因，通过调查和试验提出８条有针对性的预防措施。     

中国对虾（Penaeus chinensis）维生素营养的研究──Ⅴ．中国对虾维生素C营养

提出以稳定态的ＬＡＰＰ代替一般维生素Ｃ添加在配合饲料中饲喂对虾，指出：在１００ｇ饲料中含ＬＡＰＰ４００ｍｇ时，其体长增长率和体重增重率最高，存活率最佳．饲料中ＬＡＰＰ浓度大小影响对虾的蜕壳频率和蜕壳周期，当饲料中ＬＡＰＰ缺乏时，对虾的蜕壳频率降低，蜕壳周期延长；过量的ＬＡＰＰ也会使对虾的蜕壳频率相对降低，但比缺乏或不足的要高。维生素Ｃ在对虾肝胰脏中的积累以ＬＡＰＰ含量４００ｍｇ／１００ｇ饲料组为最高。     

天然海水河蟹工厂化育苗研究——大水体生产性育苗试验

本文报导了利用对虾育苗设施，进行天然海水河蟹工厂化育苗生产性试验。试验结果令人满意，６９６只亲蟹产出蟹苗１７６４万只。文中讨论了亲蟹的暂养与促产、幼体孵化、幼体培育等主要技术环节。     

即墨养虾池虾病暴发前期浮游动物动态的研究

利用青岛市即墨金口养虾场虾池的浮游动物样品 ,计算了虾病暴发前期 ( 1994年 5月～ 7月 )浮游动物的生物量和生产量。结果表明 ,浮游动物的生物量的变化范围为 9.53～ 4 80 .0 0 mg Cm-3,生产量的变化范围为 1.16～ 2 3.73mg C/ m2 d。浮游动物生物量的变化趋势与叶绿素 - a的变化趋势一致。两个虾池的生物量虽然相差较大 ,但有着相近的生产量。生产量是评价浮游动物贡献大小的重要指标。因此 ,在养殖生产中具有一定的参考价值     

舟山虾塘纹藤壶的繁殖生物学研究

应用挂板试验方法,研究了舟山对虾养殖塘纹藤壶的繁殖生物学。底径为５．０～１２．０ｍｍ间的怀卵个体数量最多,怀卵率随底径的增大而升高;受精卵的卵径,随胚胎发育逐渐增大。幼体表现出随机分布的附着方式。底径增大、壳高增长和湿重增加是生长表观现象。     

含氯消毒剂用于细菌性虾病防治的药理

探讨次氯酸钙和二氯异氰尿酸钠两种代表性含氯消毒药物,为含氯消毒剂应用于细菌性虾病的防治提供理论依据。实验表明:有效氯在海水中的丧失随温度上升、pH值下降而加速。常见对虾病原菌对有效氯非常敏感,有机物增加、pH值上升使杀菌率下降。两种药物对实验中国对虾的48h半致死浓度为2.74～2.88mg/L有效氯。长期施以高于安全浓度的药物对实验虾之存活率、增长率等指标无不良影响,施药组发病率远远低于对照组。     

对虾免疫配合饲料研究

对虾疾病给对虾养殖业带来了巨大的损失，而提高对虾自身的免疫能力则是解决这一问题的根本途径.传统饲料已不能满足对虾养殖业的发展，药物饵料将是今后饲料工业的研究对象，而免疫配合饲料则是药物饵料的研究重点对象之一，它对对虾疾病防治起重要作用.本文对对虾免疫配合饲料研究的趋势作一概述.     

Bioaccumulation of polychlorinated biphenyls in prawns and a mud crab from mixed-aquaculture ponds

The bioaccumulation of ten polychlorinated biphenyl (PCB) congeners was investigated within different tissues in three prawns (Penaeusorientalis Kishinouce, Laomedia astacina de Haan and Penaeus vannamei Boone) and one mud crab (Scylla serrata Forsskal) from mixed-aquaculture ponds in Taizhou in April 2007. The average concentrations (wet mass) of Σ PCBs in muscle, head, and rind tissues for mean among these prawn species were 7.04, 21.16, and 11.47 ng/g, respectively. The average concentrations of Σ PCBs in muscle, branchia, and spawn in Scylla serrata were 6.49, 21.13, and 19.76 ng/g, respectively. The concentrations of CB28 were the highest in prawn tissues (2.40 ng/g), and accounted for 18.60% of Σ PCBs. The concentration of CB52 was the lowest. The application of principal component analysis (PCA) for the estimation of PCB sources of contamination resulted in first component main contributions of CB101, CB153 and CB28 in the muscle, head, and rind in combined prawn samples, respectively. The enrichment level of Σ PCBs for different tissues varied greatly. The accumulation coefficient of Σ PCBs in prawn muscle, head, and rind tissues were 396.35, 1 191.79, and 645.91, respectively. For the Scylla serrata, the accumulation coefficients were 365.81, 1 190.50, and 1 113.31 for muscle, branchia, and spawn tissues, respectively. For prawns, the accumulation coefficient of CB153 was the highest in muscle tissues, while CB155 had the highest coefficients in the head and rind tissues. The CB155 coefficient was the highest in spawn tissues of the mud crab.     

对虾红肢病发病机制的研究

１９９０－１９９３年试验使用副溶血弧菌及溶藻弧菌感染获得成功。在试验过程中发现，环境及对虾体质对驿虾感染死亡率影响甚大，恶劣环境中的死亡率比优良环境中的死亡率出８３．３％；体质差的对虾感染的后的２４ｈ死亡率是正常对虾的２．５－３倍。为此，在对虾虾养殖生产中除应注意消灭病原菌外，还应注意优化养殖环境与增强对虾体质的问题。     

中国对虾人工育苗中直接投喂去壳卤虫卵的饵料效果

为了有效地利用我国大量的低孵化率卤虫卵,我们自1989年—1992年,进行了去壳卤虫卵工厂化生产和在中国对虾育苗中直接投喂去壳卤虫卵的饵料效果的研究,应用结果表明:直接投喂去壳卤虫卵,对虾各期幼体均能正常变态进入仔虾期,其发育速度和密度与投喂卤虫无节幼虫的饵料效果基本相同。     

电解海水制氯消毒处理对虾培苗海水的研究

我国对虾培苗,自1960年中国科学院海洋研究所在室内获得成功后,现已在沿海养殖场普遍进行工厂化育苗。但由于海湾的污染和致病微生物的危害骤增,影响苗的成活率,有时甚至整池的虾苗死亡。为解决这一问题,有的培苗场采用漂白粉消毒,然后用硫代硫酸钠中和的办法处理培苗海水,既可沉淀部分钙离子,     

Impacts of trawling on benthic macro-fauna and -flora of the Spencer Gulf prawn fishing grounds

The overall effects of trawling on benthic habitats and their assemblages are dependent on the distribution and intensity of trawl effort. The benthic habitats of the Spencer Gulf prawn trawling grounds are subjected to known variable levels of trawling disturbance recorded from fisher's logbooks. These habitats have not been quantitatively investigated. The aim of the study was firstly to characterise the macro-faunal and -floral assemblages and secondly, to comparatively assess trawl impact by testing the null hypothesis of no differences between five sites exposed to different intensity of trawl effort. The distribution and abundance of benthic macro-fauna and -flora were studied at two sampling resolutions by using beam trawl sampling (10,000 m²) and underwater stereophotography (4.5 m²) at five sites with different levels of trawl disturbance (effort). The results showed that the Spencer Gulf prawn trawling grounds are characterised by sandy sediments with a low content of silt and clay, with the exception of one site with very fine gravel. Biomass, abundance and cover of macro-fauna and -flora were generally low throughout, but with large differences among sites. Biomass, abundance and cover were found to be negatively correlated to both trawl hours from 1994–1998 and during the period of study. ANOSIM and SIMPER analyses using biomass, abundance and percentage cover as variables showed significant differences between sites with eight species or taxonomic groups contributing more than 10% to the observed similarity within sites. The two northern sites were dominated by sponges and the bearded mussel, Trichomya hirsutus, and the southern hammer oyster, Malleus meridianus. Other species that contributed to the similarity within sites were the ascidian, Polycarpa viridis, mobile epifauna (the blue swimmer crab, Portunus pelagicus, and the western king prawn, Penaeus (Melicertus) latisulcatus) and demersal fish species (Degens leatherjacket, Thamnaconus degeni, and the Melbourne silver belly, Parequula melbournensis). Simpson's Index of Diversity (1 − λ) and species richness in the beam trawl samples were fairly even across all sites, but a significant effect of site was found in the stereophotographic transect samples. It was concluded that prawn trawling has a strong influence on the structure of the benthic habitats of the Spencer Gulf prawn fishing grounds highlighted by the magnitude of change and the strength of the gradient of effects. Confounding factors linked to the biophysical attributes of the sites are believed to be minor.     

中国对虾镰刀菌病病原体的研究

首次报道从越冬期中国对虾病虾上分离鉴定出4种镰刀菌:腐皮镰刀菌(Fusariumsolani)、尖孢镰刀菌(F.oxysporum)、三线镰刀菌(F.tricinctum)、禾谷镰刀菌(F.graminearum),测定了其生长速度,并对孢子萌发进行了观察。通过注射、创伤、菌浴三种方法进行人工感染,得到与自然病虾相同的症状,又能重新分离出同样的镰刀菌。其中尖孢镰刀菌、三线镰刀菌、禾谷镰刀菌首次从患病的对虾上分离到:     

经济海藻羊栖菜（Sargassum fusiforme）幼体对镉胁迫的响应特性

镉(Cd)是水生生态环境中常见的重金属污染物,通常会抑制植物的生长,减少生物量,对植物产生毒害作用。为了研究羊栖菜幼苗对海水中Cd胁迫的抗氧化响应特性,我们在天然海水和Cd加富(100 μmol·L^-1)海水两种不同的Cd浓度下培养羊栖菜幼体。实验结果表明:Cd加富胁迫显著抑制了羊栖菜幼苗生长,使藻体颜色变暗。此外,高Cd处理显著降低了羊栖菜中的色素含量,生长速率,过氧化物酶(POD)活性,脱氢抗坏血酸(DHA)含量和谷胱甘肽还原酶(GR)活性。相反,高Cd处理显著促进了藻体内的Cd元素积累、对Cd₂⁺吸收速率,并增加了其暗呼吸/净光合速率比值(R_d/P_n),抗坏血酸(Vc)含量,可溶性蛋白质(SP)含量,且还原型谷胱甘肽(GSH)以及羊栖菜的超氧化物歧化酶(SOD)和过氧化氢酶(CAT)活性均显著增加,但对丙二醛(MDA)的影响不显著。虽然羊栖菜幼苗增加了其抗氧化活性并促进AsA-GSH循环,以产生H₂O₂并维持健康的新陈代谢,但高Cd胁迫显著限制了幼苗的光合作用,降低了其光合色素,抑制了其生长,并使其藻体颜色发生变化。海水中高浓度的Cd对羊栖菜幼苗具有毒性作用,并且极大地增加了这种海藻的食用风险。