硅藻土资源及开发利用概况

章主要介绍了硅藻土的资源概况及特点和开发利用的现状，对硅藻土及制品的市场发展前景进行了分析。     

欧洲稀土矿产资源形势

在欧洲,已知的稀土元素潜力大概有700万吨REO。格陵兰的Kvanefjeld矿床是世界大型REE矿床之一,瑞典Norra K?rr和格陵兰Kringlerne这两个矿床在全球占有重要地位,因为它们具有较高的重/轻稀土元素比值。根据欧洲和格林兰岛主要稀土矿化类型的地质条件和成分特征可以看到,格林兰岛和北欧国家的原生矿床以及法国西北部、希腊和巴尔干半岛西部的次生矿床勘查潜力最大,预期收益最高。     

湖南稀土矿产资源特征及开发对策

湖南稀土矿产资源丰富、地理分布集中、矿床类型多、开发程度低是其特征,开发稀土矿产资源对促进湖南经济发展有较大的潜力和优势。开发稀土矿产资源要提高稀土矿床的研究程度,改善投资环境,加强稀土矿石选矿技术研究,建立稀土选矿商品基地,引进新技术发展深加工产品,以及制定促进稀土矿产开发的优惠政策。     

离子吸附型稀土矿储量动态估算方法(RiRee)及其拓展运用

我国南方离子吸附型稀土矿勘查中一般采用传统的地质块段法估算资源储量,存在着探矿工程量大、投入高、效率低的缺点。而稀土资源包含17种不同的稀土元素,不同元素精矿的市场价格差别又很大,现有的基于稀土氧化物总量的工业指标难以快速对接实际矿山生产,造成表外矿实际在产、而表内矿不经济可采甚至可能无法利用的反常现象。本文基于离子吸附型稀土矿床的特点,借鉴土壤化探样品处理的克里格法,建立了离子吸附型稀土矿资源储量估算的三维模型及其相应评价方法,简称RiRee。该模型和方法不但可以对风化壳中的"样品点"进行体积和品位的估算,而且与市场价格直接关联、可根据每天市场价格的动态变化确定边界品位和工业品位,进行实现矿体的实时圈定、资源储量的日常更新与矿山经济效益的动态评价。运用该模型,作者在赣南、滇西、浙江等地不同离子吸附型稀土矿区开展了典型研究和试点示范,取得了初步成效。结果显示,利用克立格法计算的矿体体积与传统手工圈定的块段法相比较,前者计算的结果是合理的,且具有快速、准确、方便的特点。利用自主开发的以克里格法为基础的数字矿山经济评价系统(主要是其中的价格-边界品位敏感性分析模块),动态设置边界品位,灵活圈定不同稀土单元素价格下经济可采的矿体边界,一旦稀土精矿的市场价格发生变化,即可通过软件系统快速修正盈亏平衡点,并随时变更边界品位,动态确定经济可采的矿体的空间范围,为合理布置采矿工程提供科学依据,有助于促进离子吸附型稀土矿产资源(尤其是重稀土)的合理、高效的开发利用。     

基于DEM的南岭东段离子吸附型稀土矿成矿地貌条件分析

稀土是我国重要的战略资源,而离子吸附型稀土矿是我国的特色矿产,占据着重要的地位。离子吸附型矿产的形成与否,与风化壳密切相关,而风化壳的发育及保存与微地貌等特征密切相关。本文旨在利用DEM技术,结合搜集到稀土矿点及矿区数据,对含有稀土的地貌单元进行地形因子定量分析,以总结风化壳离子吸附型稀土矿的成矿地貌条件。借助GIS技术,利用DEM提取高程、坡度、坡向、曲率、地形起伏度、地表切割深度、地形特征等各类地貌因子值,并与南岭东段的成矿矿点及矿区进行叠加分析,统计计算矿点及矿区所处位置的地貌因子值,进而探讨风化壳型稀土资源赋存的有利地形地貌环境。结果显示,最佳成矿有利地貌为高程150~500 m、坡度0°~20°、地形起伏度100~400 m、地表切割深度40~150 m、地形特征为山顶或山脊;研究结果有望指导南岭东段离子吸附型稀土矿找矿勘查工作。     

容量法直接测定稀土萃取分离工艺负载有机相中稀土浓度

在乙醇存在下,以偶氮胂Ⅲ为指示剂,乙二胺、磺基水杨酸为掩蔽剂,EDTA容量法直接测定稀土萃取分离工艺负载有机相中稀土浓度。省去了有机相的反萃取分离过程,提高了测定的准确度。对不同浓度的稀土有机相样品进行测定,其相对标准偏差(n=5)在1.00—0.29％范围。方法适合于环烷酸体系萃取分离稀土元素工艺各级水相、有机相中稀土浓度的直接测定。     

三稀矿产资源新兴产业发展及政策建议

三稀矿产资源是战略性新兴产业发展的基础原料,广泛应用在国防、航天、高端电子设备、核工业、发光材料等高精尖技术领域。本文在系统收集国内外三稀矿产资源生产、消费领域、价格以及进出口资料的基础上,提出了促进三稀矿产资源新兴产业发展的政策建议     

云南兰坪盆地云龙组上段稀土、微量元素地球化学特征及其环境意义

沉积岩的地球化学特征蕴含了大量的地质信息,对于沉积环境的重塑及物源研究具有重要意义。云南兰坪盆地云龙组上段由一层碳酸盐岩及其上覆的碎屑岩组成。通过对碳酸盐岩和碎屑岩的主、微量及稀土元素含量等地球化学特征的研究表明:碳酸盐岩和碎屑岩∑REE总量分别为142.65×10-6~186.85×10-6和217.2×10-6~483.7×10-6,均值分别为167.44×10-6和358.7×10-6,(La/Yb)N值分别介于8.22~10.96和9.07~15.01之间,标准化曲线右倾,表明轻稀土相对重稀土富集。负Eu异常程度中等,3个泥岩样品负Ce异常强烈,其他样品无明显负异常。利用对氧化还原环境最敏感的Ce/Ce*判断,云龙组上段沉积时期主要为氧化环境,碳酸盐岩沉积时期呈弱氧化性,部分层位为还原环境,氧化性:泥岩粉砂岩碳酸盐岩。Sr/Ba比值0.75,表明当时为淡水沉积。根据∑REE和(La/Yb)n,结合Fe2O3/MnO、EFMn、CaCO3(%)和Al(%)等其他特征值判断,碎屑岩沉积时期以温暖湿润为主、碳酸盐岩沉积时期以干旱炎热为主的古气候条件,并且存在干湿交替的气候变化。沉积物源来自于上地壳,原始物质主要为长英质岩石,还有部分的中基性岩。     

山西稀缺炼焦煤资源分布特征和勘查开发建议

山西是是我国重要的焦煤生产和储备基地。基于山西炼焦煤的资源禀赋,分析了山西稀缺炼焦用煤的分布特征和目前勘查开发存在的问题。研究发现,山西省拥有稀缺炼焦煤保有资源储量790亿t,其中优质焦煤和肥煤443.7亿t;稀缺炼焦煤中焦煤保有资源储量最大,而气肥煤不足;按煤类,保有资源储量排序依次为焦煤>瘦煤>肥煤> 1/3焦煤>气肥煤;按矿区,各矿区稀缺炼焦煤保有资源储量依次为离柳矿区>汾西矿区>霍州矿区>西山矿区>乡宁矿区;离柳矿区拥有全省最大的稀缺炼焦煤保有资源储量和最大的焦煤保有储量,霍州矿区拥有全省最大的肥煤保有储量,乡宁矿区拥有全省最大的瘦煤保有储量;山西应科学统筹全省炼焦煤资源的开发利用,调控与控制稀缺煤种开采总量;加大炼焦煤资源勘探力度,提高炼焦煤资源保障能力;加强炼焦煤矿区地质勘查;加强高硫炼焦煤利用研究。     

中国内生稀有稀土矿床的时空分布

内生稀有稀土矿床在我国广泛分布，矿床的形成时代从太古宙到喜马拉雅期。矿床类型主要有碱性岩型、花岗岩型及花岗伟晶岩型三大类型。碱性岩型矿床的形成时代从元古宙到喜马拉雅期，主要集中在中元古代及华力西－印支期。这类矿床多分布在地台稳定区的边缘，常沿深断裂或裂谷带延展方向呈群分布。花岗岩型矿床绝大多数形成于燕山期，主要见于南岭及其邻区。成矿花岗岩常是花岗岩复式岩体的晚期侵入体，沿大岩体周边或隐伏岩体上方作定向分布。花岗伟晶岩型矿床主要形成于华力西－印支期，大多数分布在地槽褶皱带内。褶皱带内的复背斜及更次一级背斜的轴部及倾没端常是矿化伟晶岩的赋存场所。以攀西裂谷带内的牦牛坪、茨达等碱性岩型矿床，赣南加里东褶皱带内的西华山、荡坪等花岗岩型矿床，闽西北加里东褶皱带内的溪源头、西坑等花岗伟晶岩型矿床为例具体地描述了三类矿床在空间上的定向分布。西部地区是找寻大型内生稀有稀土矿床极有潜力的地区。     

Rare Earth Deposits of North America

Rare earth elements (REE) have been mined in North America since 1885, when placer monazite was produced in the southeast USA. Since the 1960s, however, most North American REE have come from a carbonatite deposit at Mountain Pass, California, and most of the world’s REE came from this source between 1965 and 1995. After 1998, Mountain Pass REE sales declined substantially due to competition from China and to environmental constraints. REE are presently not mined at Mountain Pass, and shipments were made from stockpiles in recent years. Chevron Mining, however, restarted extraction of selected REE at Mountain Pass in 2007. In 1987, Mountain Pass reserves were calculated at 29 Mt of ore with 8.9% rare earth oxide based on a 5% cut‐off grade. Current reserves are in excess of 20 Mt at similar grade. The ore mineral is bastnasite, and the ore has high light REE/heavy REE (LREE/HREE). The carbonatite is a moderately dipping, tabular 1.4‐Ga intrusive body associated with ultrapotassic alkaline plutons of similar age. The chemistry and ultrapotassic alkaline association of the Mountain Pass deposit suggest a different source than that of most other carbonatites. Elsewhere in the western USA, carbonatites have been proposed as possible REE sources. Large but low‐grade LREE resources are in carbonatite in Colorado and Wyoming. Carbonatite complexes in Canada contain only minor REE resources. Other types of hard‐rock REE deposits in the USA include small iron‐REE deposits in Missouri and New York, and vein deposits in Idaho. Phosphorite and fluorite deposits in the USA also contain minor REE resources. The most recently discovered REE deposit in North America is the Hoidas Lake vein deposit, Saskatchewan, a small but incompletely evaluated resource. Neogene North American placer monazite resources, both marine and continental, are small or in environmentally sensitive areas, and thus unlikely to be mined. Paleoplacer deposits also contain minor resources. Possible future uranium mining of Precambrian conglomerates in the Elliott Lake–Blind River district, Canada, could yield by‐product HREE and Y. REE deposits occur in peralkaline syenitic and granitic rocks in several places in North America. These deposits are typically enriched in HREE, Y, and Zr. Some also have associated Be, Nb, and Ta. The largest such deposits are at Thor Lake and Strange Lake in Canada. A eudialyte syenite deposit at Pajarito Mountain in New Mexico is also probably large, but of lower grade. Similar deposits occur at Kipawa Lake and Lackner Lake in Canada. Future uses of some REE commodities are expected to increase, and growth is likely for REE in new technologies. World reserves, however, are probably sufficient to meet international demand for most REE commodities well into the 21st century. Recent experience shows that Chinese producers are capable of large amounts of REE production, keeping prices low. Most refined REE prices are now at approximately 50% of the 1980s price levels, but there has been recent upward price movement for some REE compounds following Chinese restriction of exports. Because of its grade, size, and relatively simple metallurgy, the Mountain Pass deposit remains North America’s best source of LREE. The future of REE production at Mountain Pass is mostly dependent on REE price levels and on domestic REE marketing potential. The development of new REE deposits in North America is unlikely in the near future. Undeveloped deposits with the most potential are probably large, low‐grade deposits in peralkaline igneous rocks. Competition with established Chinese HREE and Y sources and a developing Australian deposit will be a factor.     

感耦等离子体质谱法测定高纯氧化钪中15个痕量稀土杂质的研究

文章报道了用感耦等离子体质谱法测定高纯氧化钪中１５个痕量稀土杂质的研究，考察了测定中的各种干扰和影响因素，选择Ｃｓ为内标元素补颈体抑制效应和灵敏度漂移。各稀土元素的检出限在０．００５－０．０２７ｎｇ／ｍｌ范围，标准加入回收率为９４．５％－１０３．７％，精密度为０．８５％－１．９５％，称取１０ｍｇ样品，酸溶解后可直接测定高纯氧化钪中总量低于２μｇ／ｇ的１５个稀土杂质。     

矿物学发展现状及我国矿物学前景展望

矿物学是地球科学的基础学科,历史悠久,为人类文明进步做出了巨大的贡献。近些年来,科学技术的长足进步以及相关学科的迅猛发展,也深深影响了矿物学本身。本文从多个方面总结了矿物学的发展现状,提出了我国矿物学的优先领域和重点发展方向,并对矿物学的发展前景进行了分析和展望。