A Comparison of Fluvial Sediment Phosphorus (P) Chemistry in Relation to Location and Potential to Influence Stream P Concentrations

Fluvial sediments are subject to cyclic submersion during changes in stream flow, which can affect their phosphorus (P) sorptive capacity. As fluvial sediments play a major role in determining P concentrations in stream flow, we compared the P chemistry of exposed stream bank and submerged bed sediments from an agricultural catchment in central Pennsylvania, USA. Total P concentration was greater in bank (417 mg kg^-1) than bed sediments (281 mg kg^-1), but because bed sediments contained more sand-sized material, they could release more P and support a higher solution P concentration (0.043 mg l^-1) than bank sediments (0.020 mg l^-1). Phosphorus release was a function of Mehlich-3 soluble Fe in stream sediments (r > 0.65), reflecting redox processes in the fluvial system. In contrast, P sorption maxima of bank and bed sediments were related to Mehlich-3 soluble Al (r > 0.78) and organic matter concentration (r > 0.79). Overall, our research suggested that erosion of bank sediments should contribute less P and may be a sink for P in the stream system compared with resuspension of bed sediment. However, bank sediments may have the potential to be a large source of P in downstream reservoirs or lakes, where increased microbial activity and reducing conditions may solubilise sediment-bound P.     

滇池现代沉积物中磷的地球化学及其对环境影响

湖泊沉积物中,磷是产生富营养化的重要元素.湖泊中磷元素含量、地球化学行为以及它的复杂矿物学特征,使人们对磷的研究极为重视.滇池湖中总磷超标10.3倍,底泥沉积物中P2O5平均含量0.52%,最高可达1.92%.滇池地处磷矿区,是磷质来源最丰富的湖泊,统计表明,磷含量每年在不断增长.滇池沉积物中磷主要以吸附态、有机态、铁结合态、钙结合态、铝结合态等几种形式存在.这些形态磷在底泥中是不稳定的,它们在环境改变条件下,又将磷释放到水体中.微生物在磷的循环过程中起了重要作用,乳酸菌对不溶性磷酸盐的分解,使湖泊中可溶磷含量增高.聚磷菌对磷元素的富集以及聚磷菌死亡后发生有机磷的矿化作用,是湖泊中水合磷酸盐矿物沉积的重要途径.当湖泊中这种不稳定的水合磷酸盐矿物在条件具备的情况下,经沉积物覆盖成岩作用后,最终形成磷灰石。     

青海省裕龙沟地区水系沉积物地球化学特征及找矿方向

在1∶5万水系沉积物测量的基础上,对青海省共和县裕龙沟地区的地球化学特征进行了初步分析,对元素分布特征、元素的富集离散特征、元素相关性分析、异常元素组合特征进行了研究,并对工区圈定的综合异常按元素进行了排序,初步了解了工区的地球化学特征,发现 Cu,Ni,Pt,Pd,Au 为区内具有成矿潜力的元素。划分出裕龙沟外围、欧角北、谢日陇、勒陇、锐山5个找矿靶区,为下一步的地质找矿工作指明了方向。     

淡水水体沉积物磷的环境生态效应研究进展及建议

对淡水水体沉积物磷的环境生态效应的国内外研究热点和领域进行了综述、评价;提出了尽快开展真正内源磷——地质成因磷自然释放的水环境生态效应研究,特别是天然条件下（如人为干扰少的源头河流）,富磷河流水体主要初级生产者——藻类生态响应研究的建议。     

Modern Sedimentation of Phosphorus and Its Microbial Decomposition and Concentration: An Example from Dianchi Lake, Yunnan, China

Dianchi Lake is one of the lakes with the richest phosphorus source in the world, in which the P2O5 content in the bottom sediments reaches averagely 0.51 wt % and maximally 1.92%. Studies indicate that this: extremely P-rich state is attributed mainly to the large volume (as high as hundred thousands of tons) of phosphatic matter coming into the lake as many rivers feeding the lake pass through a vast area of phosphate-mining districts, which then undergo weathering and particularly some human activities, including waste water discharge. When phosphatic matter enters the lake, its grained parts are firstly decomposed by phosphorus-decomposing bacteria, and finally accumulated in some geographically special parts of the lake, such as a bay area where water flow is much more slower than elsewhere in the lake. With the involvement of phosphorus-concentrating bacteria, the accumulated phosphates in the bottom sludge ultimately form phosphate minerals through deep-burial diagenesis.     

Characteristics and Influence of Phosphorus Accumulated in the Bed Sediments of a Stream Located in an Agricultural Watershed

We investigated the accumulation and influence of bioavailable P (BAP) in sediments of a stream located in an agricultural area of the Lake Mendota watershed in Wisconsin, USA. During hydrologic events, the stream carried high concentrations of suspended sediment (up to 250 mg/l) and BAP (up to 2.5 mg/l). Bed sediments were highly enriched in BAP, as inventories of BAP in the top 10 cm of sediment ranged from 143 to 14,500 μg P/cm². Space variations in BAP inventories were related to site-specific hydrodynamics and geochemical factors, including iron (Fe; r ² = 0.71) and aluminum (Al; r ² = 0.54) concentrations. Most sites behaved as potential sinks for dissolved reactive phosphate during hydrologic events and potential sources during base-flow periods. Through the combination of site-specific factors and geochemical controls, Dorn Creek modifies the amount, timing, and composition of P delivered from the watershed to downstream sites and water bodies.     

甘南玛曲沼泽湿地土壤微生物量、理化因子与土壤酶活的关系

对甘南玛曲沼泽湿地6个样地的微生物量与土壤酶活性及其土壤理化性质之间的关系进行了研究.结果表明:纤维素酶活性在冬季达到高峰,其余5种土壤酶活性分别在春季和秋季达到高峰;硝化细菌数量与过氧化氢酶、纤维素酶、脲酶、碱性磷酸酶有较显著的负相关关系;微生物量与酶活性之间存在极显著相关关系,其中微生物量因子中的放线菌、氨化细菌、硝化细菌和土壤酶活性因子中的酸性磷酸酶、碱性磷酸酶、中性磷酸酶是引起相关性的主要因素;酸性磷酸酶活性与土壤含水率、pH值、硝态氮含量、氨态氮含量都有密切的关系,过氧化氢酶活性可以通过有机质的含量来反映,脲酶活性可以通过土壤的含水率来反映,碱性磷酸酶活性可以通过电导率来反映.     

自制氢化物发生系统与电感耦合等离子体发射光谱法联用测定土壤和水系沉积物中的砷锑铋

氢化物发生法-电感耦合等离子体发射光谱(ICP-OES)联用可以提高仪器测定的灵敏度,但氢化物发生的化学反应过程不稳定,导致检测精密度变差。本文设计了一套简易氢化物发生系统,将样品进样管内径由0.32 mm扩大为0.76 mm,与还原剂(硼氢化钾)管路通过三通混合,混合后反应管内径由0.76 mm扩大为1.14 mm,反应管长度由30 cm延长至50 cm,显著增加了待测元素氢化反应的空间和时间,使氢化反应达到平衡态从而提高了氢化物的稳定性。土壤和水系沉积物样品用盐酸-硝酸水浴浸提、硫脲-抗坏血酸预还原后利用此套系统与ICP-OES联用测定了砷锑铋的含量。砷锑铋的检出限分别为0.35μg/g、0.33μg/g、0.25μg/g,测定范围分别为1.1~300μg/g、1.0~100μg/g、0.75~100μg/g,均满足了相关分析要求。     

Seasonal controls on sediment transport and deposition in Lake Ohau,South Island,New Zealand: Implications for a high‐resolution Holocene palaeoclimate reconstruction

Laminated sediments in Lake Ohau, Mackenzie Basin, New Zealand, offer a potential high‐resolution climate record for the past 17 kyr. Such records are particularly important due to the relative paucity of detailed palaeoclimate data from the Southern Hemisphere mid‐latitudes. This paper presents outcomes of a study of the sedimentation processes of this temperate lake setting. Hydrometeorological, limnological and sedimentological data were collected over a 14 month period between 2011 and 2013. These data indicate that seasonality in the hydrometeorological system in combination with internal lake dynamics drives a distinct seasonal pattern of sediment dispersal and deposition on a basin‐wide scale. Sedimentary layers that accumulate proximal to the lake inflow at the northern end of the lake form in response to discrete inflow events throughout the year and display an event stratigraphy. In contrast, seasonal change in the lake system controls accumulation of light (winter) and dark (summer) laminations at the distal end of the lake, resulting in the preservation of varves. This study documents the key processes influencing sediment deposition throughout Lake Ohau and provides fundamental data for generating a high‐resolution palaeoclimate record from this temperate lake.