怀来台震前超低频电场与地震关系研究

用河北省怀来电磁辐射观测台连续１１年观测资料,分析了张北－尚义６．２级地震前超低频电场资料的变化,研究了３００ｋｍ范围内Ｍｓ５．０以上地震和２００ｋｍ范围内Ｍｓ４．０以上地震前记录的超低频电场的变化。结果表明,异常信息量、异常起始时间及持续时间与震中距、震级有关,异常信息在地震发生前达最大值。     

大柏舍地电台映震能力初析

分析了大柏舍地电台１８年的有效观测资料，研究了ρｓ异常变化与周围一定范围内发生的Ｍｓ≥４．０级地震的对应关系，评价了该台的映震能力，结果表明，在所发生的１３次Ｍｓ≥４．０级地震中，有１０次地震前观测到了明显的ρｓ异常变化，其中Ｍｓ≥４．３级地震，都有ρｓ前兆反应，５次５级以上地震尤为显著，表明该台具有较强的映震能力。     

姑咱地震窗异常与地震的关系

通过对四川姑咱地震台微震观测记录的普查与系统研究，表明在大约９０ｋｍ范围内，小震活动频率变化与附近５．５级以上地震具有较好的对应关系，它能较灵敏地反映区域应力场的变化。文中分析了姑咱地震窗即前兆敏感点小震月频度的异常特性，预报判据指标及其预报效能。     

合欢树生物电位的非震异常特征

介绍了在山西太钢（集团）有限公司地震台进行合欢树地震观测的震例,总结了合欢树生物电位地震前兆异常的形态及观测成果。认为合欢树的映震性能较好,一般在震前几小时到几天合欢树生物电位会出现异常。在１００ｋｍ以内对３．０级以上地震的映震率达８０％,在５００ｋｍ以内对４．５级以上地震的映震率达７７ ％,在１０００ｋｍ以内对５．５级以上地震映震率为６６％。     

首都圈地区重力变化及其映震能力

对首都圈流动重力观测成果进行非潮汐信息的提取，得到了首都圈地区１９８４—１９９３年期间的重力动态变化图像，认为重力变化与区域构造活动有一定的相关性。以大于２倍均方差作为异常判断标准，统计了北京小网的段差重力异常与地震的对应关系。结果表明：对于测网内发生的４级左右的地震，有异常出现的段差数占总数的１６．９％，对于距测网１００ｋｍ以内发生的５级以上的地震有异常出现的段差数占总数的３７．５％。西北部测环的段差异常出现率比南部和东北部高。     

武威地电台映震能力讨论

本文研究了武威地电台周围１５０ｋｍ范围内发生的景泰６．２、门源６．４、天祝西４．７、旦马５．６、雅布赖４．７级地震和共和７．０级地震（△＝２７０ｋｍ）该台地电阻率（ρｓ）变化，结果显示：对于前４次地震，该台ＥＷ道测值出现１０＾－１－１０＾－２量级的ρｓ短临异常，共和和雅布赖地震前后观测到１０＾－１量级的ρｓ短期下降异常。作者研究认为，ρｓ异常可以是该台ＥＷ道探测范围内介质不完整，孕震后期震源力学过     

包头西6.4级地震前后水化异常的分析

用“八五”攻关水化、水位地震短临预报方法分析研究了１９９６年５月３日包头西６．４级前后震中周围３００ｋｍ范围内水化群体异常随时间的变化特征与地震的关系,结果表明利用该方法可以对包头西６．４级地震发震时间进行短临预测,证明了该方法在地震预报中具有重要实用价值。     

一组近区浅源地震电磁辐射异常过程

通过４．０级地震，一般只有几天较弱的电磁辐射前兆异常，反映范围一般也仅几十公里，而１９９５年７月２０日涿鹿４．０级地震，其震前电磁异常却非常明显并出现的时间较早，震后信息较较强，后映范围也较大，在约１６－１４０ｋｍ为长轴的近ＮＷ向区域内，前兆资料显示了一个由弱变强，再起伏减弱到逐步消失的过程。     

江宁台地电阻率异常震例的中短期预报回归方程的建立

本文研究了１９８３年以来江宁台３００ｋｍ范围内Ｍｓ＞４．５地震的５０ｋｍ范围内地方小震的地电阻率异常震例的中、短期前兆异常特征，分析统计了异常参量与地震三要素之间的关系，并初步建立起中短期预报回归方程，大体给出江宁台所能监控的不同强度地震的最大范围和一般距离；研究表明江宁地电前兆异常有其自身的特征。充分研究单台单手段的前兆异常对地震综合预报水平的提高是有益的。     

地震与电磁辐射关系的定量分析

利用河北省地震电磁辐射台网连续１２ａ的观测资料，研究了地震强度与台站接收的电磁辐射的能量、周期、幅度的关系，并由此总结出５－６级中强地震和４．５－４．９级中等地震的短临预报指标。     

A Monte Carlo study of rainfall forecasting with a stochastic model

A procedure for short-term rainfall forecasting in real-time is developed and a study of the role of sampling on forecast ability is conducted. Ground level rainfall fields are forecasted using a stochastic space-time rainfall model in state-space form. Updating of the rainfall field in real-time is accomplished using a distributed parameter Kalman filter to optimally combine measurement information and forecast model estimates. The influence of sampling density on forecast accuracy is evaluated using a series of a simulated rainfall events generated with the same stochastic rainfall model. Sampling was conducted at five different network spatial densities. The results quantify the influence of sampling network density on real-time rainfall field forecasting. Statistical analyses of the rainfall field residuals illustrate improvement in one hour lead time forecasts at higher measurement densities.     

Earthquake Engineering and Engineering Vibration Aims And Scope

正This journal is established by the Institute of Engineering Mechanics(IEM),China Earthquake Administration,to promote scientific exchange between Chinese and foreign scientists and engineers so as to improve the theory and practice of earthquake hazards mitigation,preparedness,and recovery.To accomplish this purpose,the journal aims to attract a balanced number of papers between Chinese and     

Solute concentrations in the lower niger river and the source rock contribution

Water quality analyses for the Niger River for the 1980/81 hydrological year are presented. The samples were collected from the main river at Lokoja, and from two main tributaries, the Kaduna and the Benue Rivers. Different water types were distinguished by the concentrations of major ions. The type Ca > Na > Mg > K - HCO₃ > SO₄ > Cl was represented at all stations during at least part of the year. Chloride was found to dominate the sulphate ion in the Kaduna and Niger, while the Benue maintained a higher concentration of sulphate relative to chloride all year round. Distinct patterns of seasonal variation in the ion concentrations were observed, particularly for the samples collected at Lokoja. Low ion concentrations were prominent during periods of high discharge, while low flow periods coincided with high dissolved ion concentrations. The contribution of rainwater to the total dissolved solids in the river waters was assessed indirectly using rainwater chemistry data from the Gulf of Guinea. The estimated rainwater contribution to the Lower Niger amounts to 5.15 mg 1^?1. Geochemical weathering calculations involving reactions of the four major minerals of granitic rocks - anorthite, biotite, albite, and K-feldspar - with carbon dioxide and water, can account for the average water composition of the Lower Niger. The proportion of the ionic components was also related to the occurrence of the respective element in the minerals.     

Scenario predictions for potential near-field and far-field earthquakes affecting Hong Kong

Historical earthquakes noted in the written records of the South China region, including Hong Kong, are not well delineated along identified prominent fault sources. Despite the lack of any definitive, localised trend in the spatial distribution of seismic activity in the region, there does appear to be some major disparity in the seismic activity rates (especially for large magnitude earthquakes) between the near-field and the far-field regions of Hong Kong. Despite this observation, previous studies of the regional seismic activity and seismic ground motion hazard (the latter using a probabilistic seismic hazard assessment, PSHA) have considered very broad source zone regions, in which uniform levels of seismic activity have been assumed. The present paper further scrutinises this broad source zone (BSZ) approach by adopting a novel expanding circular disc (ECD) method to determine the rates of earthquake recurrence. Such a method is intended to counter-check previously developed models by determining earthquake scenario events in terms of magnitude–distance (M–R) pairs or combinations, having defined values of average return period. Unlike the BSZ approach, the ECD method specifically accounts for the supposed variations in the seismic activity rates between events in the near-field and the far-field of Hong Kong.The form of the developed method is particularly suited to the determination of design-level earthquake ground motions for bedrock sites, since it assumes a directionally-independent attenuation model as described in the companion paper. It is found that, whilst the BSZ approach may indicate the overall average levels of hazard that are representative of the South China region as a whole, it does not capture the large disparity in seismic activity rates between near-field and far-field events. This important feature is expected to have a significant impact upon engineering assessments of the seismic safety of structures in Hong Kong and elsewhere in the South China region. For example, it is found that for events with M≥6, the seismic activity rate (normalised by time and area) in the very far-field is around 3.5 times larger than in the near-field and medium-field of Hong Kong. The resulting design M-R combinations, covering a range of return periods from 70 to 2500 years, are limited, for very long return periods and for distant events, by the maximum credible earthquake (MCE) magnitude. Intensive research to determine this seismic hazard parameter is recommended, in order to refine further the results of the ECD analysis, which presently conservatively assumes the MCE to range between M=6 in the near-field of Hong Kong to M=8 in the very far-field, at distances greater than 280 km from Hong Kong.     

Depositional ages and characteristics of Middle–Upper Jurassic and Lower Cretaceous lacustrine deposits in southeastern Mongolia

Lower Cretaceous lacustrine oil shales are widely distributed in southeastern Mongolia. Due to the high organic carbon content of oil shale, many geochemical studies and petroleum exploration have been conducted. Although most of the oil shales are considered to be Early Cretaceous in age, a recent study reveals that some were deposited in the Middle Jurassic. The present study aims at establishing depositional ages and characteristics of the Jurassic and Cretaceous lacustrine deposits in Mongolia. The Lower Cretaceous Shinekhudag Formation is about 250 m thick and composed of alternating beds of shale and dolomite. The Middle Jurassic Eedemt Formation is about 150 m thick and composed of alternating beds of shale, dolomitic marl, and siltstone. The alternations of shale and dolomite in both formations were formed by lake level changes, reflecting precipitation changes. Shales were deposited in the center of a deep lake during highstand, while dolomites were formed by primary precipitation during lowstand. Based on the radiometric age dating, the Shinekhudag Formation was deposited between 123.8 ±2.0 Ma and 118.5 ±0.9 Ma of the early Aptian. The Eedemt Formation was deposited at around 165–158 Ma of Callovian–Oxfordian. The calculated sedimentation rate of the Shinekhudag Formation is between 4.7 ±2.6 cm/ky and 10.0 ±7.6 cm/ky. Shales in the Shinekhudag Formation show micrometer‐scale lamination, consisting of algal organic matter and detrital clay mineral couplets. Given the average thickness of micro‐laminae and calculated sedimentation rate, the micro‐lamination is most likely of varve origin. Both Middle–Upper Jurassic and Lower Cretaceous lacustrine oil shales were deposited in intracontinental basins in the paleo‐Asian continent. Tectonic processes and basin evolution basically controlled the deposition of these oil shales. In addition, enhanced precipitation under humid climate during the early Aptian and the Callovian–Oxfordian was another key factor inducing the widespread oil shale deposition in Mongolia.     

THEORETICAL APPROACH TO THE SOLUTION OF THE INFILTRATION PROBLEM

ABSTRACT

The one-dimensional transient downward entry of water in unsaturated soils is investigated theoretically. The mathematical equation describing the infiltration process is derived by combining Darcy's dynamic equation of motion with the continuity and thermodynamic state equations adjusted for the unsaturated flow conditions. The resulting equation together with the corresponding initial and boundary conditions constitues a mathematical initial boundary value problem requiring the solution of a nonlinear partial differential equation of the parabolic type. The volumetric water content is taken as the dependent variable and the time and the position along the vertical direction are taken as the independent variables. The governing equation is of such nature that a solution exists for t > 0 and is uniquely determined if two relationships are defined, together with the specified state of the system, at the initial time t = 0 and at the two boundaries. The two required relations are those of pressure versus permeability and pressure versus volumetric water content.

Since the partial differential equation has strong non-linear terms, a discrete solution is obtained by approximating the derivatives with finite-differences at discrete mesh points in the solution domain and integrated for the corresponding initial and boundary conditions. The use of an implicit difference scheme is employed in order to generate a system of simultaneous non-linear equations that has to be solved for each time increment. For n mesh points the two boundary conditions provide two equations and the repetition of the recurrence formula provides n—2 equations, the total being n equations for each time increment. The solution of the system is obtained by matrix inversion and particularly with a back-substitution technique. The FORTRAN statements used for obtaining the solution with an electronic digital computer (IBM 704) are presented together with the input data.

Analysis of the errors involved in the numerical solution is made and the stability and convergence of the solution of the approximate difference equation to that of the differential equation is investigated. The method applied is that of making a Fourier series expansion of a whole line of errors and then following the progress of the general term of the series expansion and also the behavior of each constituent harmonic. The errors (forming a continuous function of points in an abstract Banach space) are represented by vectors with the Fourier coefficients constituting a second Banach space. The amplification factor of the difference equation is shown to be always less than unity which guarantees the stability of the employed implicit recurrence scheme.

Experiments conducted on a vertical column packed uniformly with very fine sand, show a satisfactory agreement between the theoretically and experimentally obtained values. Many experimental results are shown in an attempt to explain the infiltration phenomenon with emphasis on the shape and movement of the wet front, and the effects of the degree of compaction, initial water content and deaired water on the infiltration rate.     

Late Permian post‐ophiolitic trondhjemites from Central Iran: a mark of subduction role in growth of Paleozoic continental crust

Late Permian trondhjemites in the Anarak area occur as stocks and dykes, which cross cut the Anarak ophiolite and its overlying metasedimentary rocks, and are exposed along the northern Anarak east–west main faults. These leucocratic intrusive bodies have enclaves of all ophiolitic units and metamorphic rocks. They are composed of amphibole, plagioclase (oligoclase), quartz, zircon and muscovite. Secondary minerals are chlorite (pycnochlorite), epidote, albite, magnetite and calcite. Whole‐rock major‐ and trace‐element analyses reveal that they are characterized by high SiO ₂ (67.8–71.0 wt%), Al ₂ O ₃ (14.9–17.1 wt%) and Na ₂ O (5.3–8.6 wt%), low K ₂ O (0.1–1.5 wt%; average: 0.8 wt%), low Rb/Sr ratio (0.01–0.40; average: 0.09), low Y (3–6 ppm), negative Ti, Nb and Ta anomalies, slightly negative or positive Eu anomaly, LREE enrichment and fractionated HREE. These rocks present 2 to 40 times enrichment in inclined chondrite‐normalized REE patterns. Geochemical characteristics of the Anarak trondhjemites all reflect melting of a mafic protolith at more than 10 kbar. The field evidence and whole‐rock chemistry reveal that these rocks have been crystallized from magmas derived from melting of subducted Anarak oceanic crust. This study reveals that melting of garnet amphibolite was an important element of continent formation in the study area.