坐标投影作图法在川藏线宿瓦卡岩质边坡稳定性分析中的应用

边坡稳定性问题是川藏线工程建设面临的重要问题。野外调查发现基岩边坡失稳一般表现为块体塌落或滑动。基于岩体结构控制理论,作者以川藏线西藏境内宿瓦卡附近的人工高边坡为例,进行了块体边坡稳定性分析。对比现有理论方法的优缺点,采用坐标投影作图法及其计算机化程序CPH。坐标投影作图法是一种以正投影为基础,以分析岩体结构面的几何关系及由其切割出来的块体的稳定性为目的的图解方法。根据现场量测取得的数据,采用CPH程序确定了块体边坡的结构面方程,从而求出各结构面产状。在此基础上建立水平切面图,并求得各块体顶点坐标,计算出块体的表面积及体积。根据极限平衡理论,运用CPH程序进行块体稳定性分析,并求出块体的稳定性系数。通过分析可知,坐标投影作图法及其计算机化的CPH程序在块体边坡稳定性分析中有着很好的应用效果。     

弯曲结构面几何条件的图解方法及其应用

分析岩体和山体稳定性的主要问题也就是确定结构面及临空面之间的相对位置关系及组合方式。坐标投影作图法是一种以正投影为基础,以分析岩石工程中结构面的几何关系及由其切割出来的块体的稳定性为目的的图解方法。对于弯曲结构面,采用“以直代曲”的原理,将其简化为有限个小平面的集合体进行分析。以蛇蟠岛国际旅游度假村清风洞室群1号洞为例,采用坐标投影作图法对弯曲结构面进行分析,来解决弯曲结构面几何条件的描述和确定问题。     

地下工程中不连续岩体分析图解方法研究

图解方法——赤平投影方法已广泛用于对地下工程中不连续岩体的分析。本文提出图解新方法——下半空间赤平上极射投影-方法或下半空间赤平上极射投影实体比例投影方法。这种方法可行、正确,具有简单、方便、省时,省物的特点。建议在今后的工程实践中运用这种方法。 地下工程中不连续岩体的分析已广泛运用图解方法-赤平投影方法。作者在现行的半空间赤平投影方法和全空间赤平投影方法的基础上,提出新的半空间赤平投影方法即下半空间赤平上极射投影方法或下半空间赤平上极射投影-实体比例投影方法。     

常规作图法绘制过球心平面的赤平投影

极射赤平投影广泛用于地质、工程地质等领域，以方便表示及求解各种线、面间的关系。若采用标准吴氏网，所得图件直径亦是20cm，而实际需要直径往往较小，图件必须缩小，费工费时，且不准确。有现成的计算机软件，但需配备昂贵的外设。本文通过几何推导，得出常规作图法采用参数值计算表达式，针对地质技术人员普遍配置CASIOfx-180P及CASIOfx—3600P科学计算器，编制了参数值计算程序，为作图提供了技巧。1极射赤平投影常规作图法特点及难点圆0为基圆，点0为圆心，R0为半径。设弧NBS是一倾向90°倾角θ的过球心的平面的赤平投影，A为…     

极射赤平投影在定向钻进轨迹设计计算中的应用

赤平投影是将物体三维空间的几何要素(线、面)反映在投影平面上进行处理的方法。将极射赤平投影方法应用到定向钻进轴线的设计计算中,将空间问题转化为平面问题,再利用球面三角形有关公式进行计算,即可得到一系列的特征参数计算公式。研究表明,采用极射赤平投影和球面三角形解析几何相结合的设计计算方法,是一种既简便又快捷的定向钻进轨迹设计方法。      

应用优化程序分析宁芜火山基底构造特征

根据共轭剪切节理求解出三个主应力轴的空间方位,再用极射赤平投影办法绘制主应力图解来分析古构造应力场是目前区域构造研究的有效方法之一。但该法的实施涉及大量数据,手工换算和作图不仅繁琐,而且极     

诸暨洞室工程稳定性评价

本文主要根据杭铁诸暨387洞室工程所取得的地质资料及室内岩石物理力学试验指标为依据,对该工程的围岩进行分类、並对围岩进行有限元方法的分析,及对围岩局部块体利用赤平极射投影方法进行稳定性验算,对该工程主体洞室的稳定性作出评价。     

基于坐标投影法岩质边坡块体稳定性分析及其可视化研究

块体塌落或滑动是岩质边坡工程的重要破坏形式之一,因此块体稳定性分析是岩质边坡工程中一项极为重要的内容。以浙江仙居县神仙居岩质边坡为研究背景,对块体稳定性分析及可视化进行研究。基于线性回归法和非均匀有理B样条法提出拟合结构面和临空面的新方法。基于坐标投影法提出单滑面和双滑面型块体的稳定系数计算方法,将无人机与坐标投影法结合,并基于Matlab开发出适于岩质边坡工程中平面多面体块体和曲面块体稳定性分析的CPG程序。该程序可实现结构面、临空面及不稳定块体的空间表示及可视化。工程实践表明,该研究可高效、准确地处理落石、崩塌等工程地质灾害问题。程序计算结果与坐标投影块体理论计算结果基本一致,块体稳定性分析方法可靠,开发的CPG程序可行,可大幅提高块体稳定性分析效率,具有实际工程意义。     

裂隙岩体边坡稳定性分析方法

岩石边坡，尤其是裂隙岩体边坡稳定性分析应考虑岩体中结构面的产状、性质和发育程度。对随机发育的岩体结构面，赤平极射投影是确定优势结构面及分析边坡潜在破坏模式的基础。以某电厂高100m以上岩石高边坡为例，介绍了采用赤平投影图解法及极限平衡法，进行岩体边坡稳定性分析的方法。     

基于块体理论的多结构面控制下岩质边坡关键块体研究

岩质边坡具有不连续性、多变性及各向异性的特点,其稳定性很大程度上受边坡内部发育的多结构面的影响,表现为块体的不稳定性,因此,寻求对边坡稳定性造成不良影响的关键可动块体是一项重要课题。通过块体理论全空间赤平投影与矢量计算的方法,捕获关键块体,并通过矢量计算确定块体的运动方式,计算其稳定系数,证明了全空间赤平投影在确定可动块体上的简便性,其直观的图示能避免矢量法较为繁琐的计算步骤,而在可动块体运动形式的判别上,两者必须相辅相成。通过应用块体理论确定的关键块体相较于传统方法应用于岩坡稳定性分析时强调的“整体性”而更加侧重于边坡内部块体的“个体性”与“精准性”,突破了岩质边坡稳定性分析的模糊性问题,也使边坡防治更精准更具针对性。     

边坡岩体块体稳定性分析系统的开发与研究

提出了复杂形态块体几何建模的切割法, 在此基础上, 对石根华等人提出的块体理论作了改进和完善。并基于Windows操作平台, 开发了一套实用方便、实用的边坡岩体块体稳定性分析系统。经大量的实例 (例如三峡工程船闸高边坡 )检验结果表明, 该系统可以作为对边坡中复杂形状块体稳定性进行现场快速评价的实用工具。     

3D key‐group method for slope stability analysis

Because of the simplicity and the speed of execution, methods used in static stability analyses have yet remained relevant. The key‐block method, which is the most famous of them, is used for the stability analysis of fractured rock masses. The KBM method is just based on finding key blocks, and if no such blocks are found to be unstable, it is concluded that the whole of the rock mass is stable. Literally, though groups of ‘stable’ blocks are taken together into account, in some cases, it may prove to be unstable. An iterative and progressive stability analysis of the discontinuous rock slopes can be performed using the key‐group method, in which groups of collapsible blocks are combined. This method is literally a two‐dimensional (2D) limit equilibrium approach. Because of the normally conservational results of 2D analysis, a three‐dimensional (3D) analysis seems to be necessary. In this paper, the 2D key‐group method is developed into three dimensions so that a more literal analysis of a fractured rock mass can be performed. Using Mathematica software, a computer program was prepared to implement the proposed methodology on a real case. Then, in order to assess the proposed 3D procedure, its implementation results are compared with the outcomes of the 2D key‐group method. Finally, tectonic block No.2 of Choghart open pit mine was investigated as a case study using the proposed 3D methodology. Results of the comparison revealed that the outcomes of the 3D analysis of this block conform to the reality and the results of 2D analysis. Copyright © 2011 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.     

Sarma‐based key‐group method for rock slope reliability analyses

The methods used in conducting static stability analyses have remained pertinent to this day for reasons of both simplicity and speed of execution. The most well‐known of these methods for purposes of stability analysis of fractured rock masses is the key‐block method (KBM). This paper proposes an extension to the KBM, called the ‘key‐group method’ (KGM), which combines not only individual key‐blocks but also groups of collapsable blocks into an iterative and progressive analysis of the stability of discontinuous rock slopes. To take intra‐group forces into account, the Sarma method has been implemented within the KGM in order to generate a Sarma‐based KGM, abbreviated ‘SKGM’. We will discuss herein the hypothesis behind this new method, details regarding its implementation, and validation through comparison with results obtained from the distinct element method. Furthermore, as an alternative to deterministic methods, reliability analyses or probabilistic analyses have been proposed to take account of the uncertainty in analytical parameters and models. The FOSM and ASM probabilistic methods could be implemented within the KGM and SKGM framework in order to take account of the uncertainty due to physical and mechanical data (density, cohesion and angle of friction). We will then show how such reliability analyses can be introduced into SKGM to give rise to the probabilistic SKGM (PSKGM) and how it can be used for rock slope reliability analyses. Copyright © 2005 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.     

Rock slopes risk assessment based on advanced geostructural survey techniques

The rock mass structure determines the possible unstable blocks that can induce rock fall phenomena. The stability analyses must therefore be based on an accurate geo-structural survey. In this work, the stability conditions of several steep slopes along a motorway in the Far East have been evaluated through key block analysis based on traditional surveys and on laser scanner acquisitions. Discontinuity orientations and positions on the rock face are derived from the point cloud in order to perform the reconstruction of the rock mass and to identify blocks in the slope. Results obtained from both the traditional and the new method is in good agreement. Stability analyses have been performed for evaluating the kinematic feasibility of different failure mechanisms. The rock block shapes and volumes are computed by performing 2D and 3D analyses whereas the failure mechanisms are examined using the key block method. Parametrical analyses have been carried on to evaluate the influence of slope angle variation. DEM models have also been set up. The relative hazard is determined by statistically evaluating the kinematical feasibility of different failure mechanisms. Hazard mapping has been utilized to identify the best methodology for risk mitigation.     

岩体结构稳定分析原理和方法

工程实践表明,在边坡、地基或地下工程岩体中几组地质结构面和临空面的组合往往构成可能失稳的岩石结构体、存在向临空面运动的可能性、影响到工程岩体的稳定性。这时必须针对这种可能失稳的结构体进行分析,采取必要的加固或处理。关于岩石结构体的稳定分析,文献中已有一些报导,但偏重于图解和计算方法、一般是针对特定单一块体的解析,仅应用于边坡工程。     

大型地下厂房块体稳定性简便分析方法

块体是结构控制型岩体中常见的潜在危险源之一。利用极限平衡法及强度折减法两种方法计算了某在建特大型水电站地下厂房开挖揭露的部分块体的安全系数,并根据计算结果提出一种利用块体几何及力学参数判断其稳定性的简便图解方法,经现场监测数据验证计算结果可靠性可满足工程要求。研究表明,对同一块体而言,极限平衡法和强度折减法得到的安全系数以及对其稳定性的总体判别结果并不一致。强度折减法受软件算法及网格尺寸影响,结果偏于保守。简单块体的安全系数计算应以极限平衡法为主,而复杂形态块体的安全系数用强度折减法计算较为方便。利用垂向地应力、块体体积、最大角点深度及结构面等效强度等4个指标并结合块体稳定性判别分区图,可满足快速判断块体稳定性的需要。对于判别为不稳定的块体,应及时支护并考虑加强支护。研究成果可用于类似工程块体稳定性的快速分析。     

考虑地应力的洞室围岩块体稳定性分析的理论与实践

地下洞室围岩的稳定性状态，在很大程度上受围岩应力状态决定，以前的地下洞室岩稳定性分析，一般仅考虑在自重作用下的稳定性状态。而吻略了地应力地围地应力对围岩稳定性的影响，所得结论往往偏于保守。     

Assessment of discontinuous rock slope stability with block theory and numerical modeling: a case study for the South Pars Gas Complex,Assalouyeh, Iran

In this study, a geotechnical model has been used to analyze the stability of a discontinuous rock slope. The main idea behind block theory is that it disregards many different combinations of discontinuities and directly identifies and considers critical rock blocks known as “key blocks”. The rock slope used as a case study herein is situated in the sixth phase of the gas flare site of the South Pars Gas Complex, Assalouyeh, Iran. In order to analyze the stability of discontinuous rock slopes, geotechnical modeling which was divided into geometrical sub-modeling and mechanical sub-modeling has been utilized. This model has been established upon the KGM (key-group method) algorithm which was based on the limit equilibrium method and block theory and prepared and coded by the Mathematica software. According to the results of the stability analysis, the analyzed slope was determined to be in the category of “needs attention,” and the security level, calculated through the FORM (first-order reliability method) analysis, was estimated to be 1.16. In order to verify the model, the results obtained from the model were compared with those of the UDEC software, which is a numerical method based on distinct components. As a conclusion, it was determined that the results of the model agreed well with those of the numerical method.     

Numerical Analysis of the 650,000 m<Superscript>2</Superscript> Åknes Rock Slope based on Measured Displacements and Geotechnical Data

The unstable 650,000 m² Åknes rock slope (Western Norway) poses a hazard, as a sudden failure may cause a destructive tsunami in the fjord. In this study the slope was divided into blocks based on displacements measured at the slope surface. Discontinuous deformation analysis (DDA) showed that three or four blocks in the upper half may be considered as potential subareas that may fail catastrophically. The lower half may be divided into two or three blocks, but more limited data introduces more uncertainty into block definition. The Universal Distinct Element code (UDEC) was used for two-dimensional (2D) stability analyses. By varying fracture geometry, fracture friction, and groundwater conditions within reasonable limits based on site-specific data a number of possible models were compared. The conclusions show that models that were unstable to great depths were in closer agreement with shear strength parameters derived from an earlier study than models that were unstable to smaller depths. The length (depth) of the outcropping fracture, along which shear displacements are shown to occur, plays an important role. A (shallow) slide at 30 m, in which displacements have been documented by borehole measurements, will reduce the stability at greater depths. Increased groundwater pressure is demonstrated to be less critical for very deep slope instability. The results of the DDA and UDEC modelling will be useful for planning of future investigations, interpretation of the subsequent results, further development of the early warning system and in the tsunami modelling.     

Stability Analysis and Design of Cantilever Retaining Walls with Regard to Possible Failure Mechanisms: An Upper Bound Limit Analysis Approach

This study presents a new algorithm for design of cantilever retaining walls based on the proposed failure mechanisms and considers the effects of wall geometric parameters using an upper-bound limit analysis approach. All previous work on this subject has only focused on the optimum design of the retaining walls assuming constant forces, irrespective of the total stability and critical conditions of failure mechanisms. In the present study, the upper-bound limit analysis method was used to determine the shape of the critical failure mechanisms for a retaining wall simultaneously with its optimal dimensions. The safety factors against overturning, sliding, and bearing capacity failure were assessed by the limit analysis approach. The current results show good agreement with the results obtained using the limit equilibrium methods and finite element analyses. The results obtained based on the proposed failure mechanism show that the geometry and dimensions of the wall affect its stability safety factors, the shape of the critical failure mechanisms and the active pressure on the wall; therefore, the process of determining the shape of the critical failure mechanisms, checking the stability of the wall and the procedure of finding its optimal dimensions should be performed simultaneously.