汉中盆地内梁山南缘断裂的活动性分析——以汉江大堤位置为例

为获取梁山南缘断裂在汉江大堤上断点的具体位置、近地表断错、上断点埋深、最新活动时代及滑动速率等信息,对其进行了浅层地震勘探和钻孔联合剖面探测。浅层地震解译结果显示断点两侧第四纪以来的12组反射波全被垂向错断,最大错距约370m,影响带宽度约400m,影响带内地层起伏强烈。钻探结果反映主断层晚更新世中期的最大错距约28m,晚期错距约11m,平均滑动速率为0.38～0.49mm/a,上断点埋深为5～13m,属于晚更新世晚期活动断层。     

宁夏卫宁北山南缘断层探测与活动性初步鉴定

宁夏卫宁北山位于青藏高原、阿拉善和鄂尔多斯3大活动地块的交汇地带,查清该地区的活断层对厘清活动地块边界和规划中卫工业园区布局均具有重要意义。采用浅层地震勘探、钻孔联合剖面探测及槽探等手段,针对卫宁北山南缘推测断层开展综合探测,以便查清该断层展布情况和地层断错特征,并结合区域地层时代对比,初步鉴定已探明断层的活动性。结果表明：前人推测的地貌陡坎之下的卫宁北山南缘正断层并不存在,而在卫宁北山南缘地貌陡坎偏北基岩内发育一条逆冲断层,浅层地震勘探剖面揭示该断层上断点埋深35～40 m,钻孔联合剖面探测和槽探发现断层错断了石炭系和新近系,但未错断上覆的上更新统,表明该断层不是活动断层;另外,浅层地震剖面揭示在中卫盆地内部还发育一条北西西向的隐伏正断层,上断点埋深约60 m,但也未错动晚更新世以来地层,因而推测该断层不存在晚第四纪活动性。     

综合探测方法在太原盆地东山山前断层探测中的应用

东山山前断层位于太原盆地东部,是盆地北端的边界断层。在多道直流电法和浅层地震勘探初步确定断层位置的基础上,采用钻孔联合剖面探测对断层进行准确定位,并结合年代样品测试确定断层的最新活动时代。通过探测得到:东山山前断层是由三条断层组成的断裂带,长22km,宽约800m。断层上断点埋深约16.7m,错断了中更新世地层,最大断距约23.96 m,断层的最新活动时代为中更新世。此结果修正了前人认为其为晚更新世活动断层的结论。三种探测方法中,多道直流电法勘探只能初步确定断层的位置,采用高分辨率浅层地震勘探和钻孔联合剖面相结合的探测方法是确定隐伏断层位置、判定断层活动性的有效方法。     

山东半岛北部近海海域北西向蓬莱-威海断裂带的声波探测

在山东半岛北部近海海域进行了多条剖面的声波探测,初步查明了蓬莱－威海断裂带的基本活动特征.该断裂带由一系列北西走向的次级断层组成,主体在长岛至大竹岛之间的海域,多数断层以正断兼有走滑运动为主,部分断层具有逆冲运动性质.断裂带在第四纪活动明显,以北东向桃村-东陡山断裂在海域的延伸段为界,蓬莱-威海断裂带可分为两段：长岛-烟台段和烟台-威海段.西段长岛-烟台段为晚更新世活动段,多数次级断层上断点埋深位于海底以下30m,明显错断了中更新世地层,部分断层明显错断了晚更新世早期地层,有些断层达到晚更新世地层中部,但没有发现全新世地层错动现象.东段烟台-威海段为中更新世活动段,没有发现晚更新世地层错断现象.蓬莱-威海断裂带对历史地震和现代小震活动具有明显控制作用,其中1548年7级地震发生于断裂带西段,1948年6级地震发生于断裂带东段.蓬莱-威海断裂带与北东向断裂交汇区是中强地震发生的有利部位.     

隐伏断裂的活动时代与影响带宽度分析——利用浅层地震和钻探资料

在现场实验探测的基础上 ,获得了最佳浅层地震反射探测参数 .数据处理过程中采用了滤波、编辑切除、预测反褶积、初至时拟合静校正和速度分析等技术 ,得到了高质量的浅层地震反射探测剖面 .利用地震剖面中反射波组信息、测线附近多个钻孔的地层和新年代学资料 ,揭示出探测到的断层带上断点位于埋深 75～ 80m ,距今约 2 2万年的中更新世地层中 .从反射波组的连贯性、间断性、数量的增加或减少和形态变化等特点 ,结合钻探地质剖面等资料 ,认识到断层带上断点的宽度为 1 0 0m .从反射波组的数量在剖面中的变化推测 ,隐伏断层陡坎的宽度为 2 0 0m ,它在早更新世和中更新世早期是一条同沉积活动断层 ,中更新世晚期以来没有发生明显错断上覆地层的构造活动 .     

乌鲁木齐西山断层活动性鉴定与潜在最大地震震级评估

以2004～2007年开展的乌鲁木齐城市活断层探测与地震危险性评价项目之地震危险性评价专题所取得的新资料为基础,重点对乌鲁木齐西山断层活动性和潜在地震最大震级进行评价.西山断层在中更新世-晚更新世中期曾有强烈的活动,最新的活动错断了距今39～16 ka的地层,晚更新世末期以来活动性减弱,没有错断全新世地层,所以为晚更新世断层.该断层晚更新世的垂直滑动速率为0.05～0.06 mm/a.西山断层具有发生直下型地震的能力,估计其潜在最大地震震级为6.5级.     

桐柏断裂地震勘探资料研究

桐柏断裂是廊固凹陷的北边界,向东延伸与河西务断层相接,向西与北东向的大兴隆起以大角度相交,为廊固凹陷内重要的横向转换断层。浅部地震勘探剖面揭示,桐柏断裂的主断裂走向近东西,其上断点埋深为200m左右,错断早更新统底界地层,最新活动时代为早更新世;桐柏断裂分支断裂走向近东西,其上断点埋深为150m左右,错断中更新统底界地层,最新活动时代为中更新世。     

隐伏断裂的活动时代与影响带宽度分析-利用浅层地震和钻探资料

在现场实验探测的基础上，获得了最佳浅层地震反射探测参数. 数据处理过程中采用了滤波、编辑切除、预测反褶积、初至时拟合静校正和速度分析等技术，得到了高质量的浅层地震反射探测剖面. 利用地震剖面中反射波组信息、测线附近多个钻孔的地层和新年代学资料，揭示出探测到的断层带上断点位于埋深75~80 m, 距今约22万年的中更新世地层中. 从反射波组的连贯性、间断性、数量的增加或减少和形态变化等特点，结合钻探地质剖面等资料，认识到断层带上断点的宽度为100 m. 从反射波组的数量在剖面中的变化推测，隐伏断层陡坎的宽度为200 m，它在早更新世和中更新世早期是一条同沉积活动断层，中更新世晚期以来没有发生明显错断上覆地层的构造活动.      

拉萨那林拉卡断裂带晚第四纪古地震研究

拉萨地区最主要的一条晚更新世活断层为那林拉卡断裂带,是走向NWW、倾向SSW、高陡倾角的左旋逆走滑断层,全长33km。通过对该断裂带的研究,发现其从晚更新世以来有明显的活动,并在地表保留了断错地貌现象。其中,在次角林西沟及谢村最为明显,断层错断河流、山脊、阶地等地质体,形成断头沟、断层陡坎等断错地貌,并且两处晚更新世以来的水平位错分别为54～87m和20～67m。通过对断裂带上4个探槽的研究,发现距今约7万年以来,沿那林拉卡断裂带可能发生了5次古地震事件,各次事件的大致发生年龄为距今68.53,54.40,<41.23,21.96,9.86ka,事件平均复发间隔为14.67ka。由于探槽有限,并且各探槽揭露出的地震事件有限,没有一个探槽能完全揭露5次事件,因此文中对一些事件上下限年龄的确定存在一定的不确定性     

渭河盆地东南缘渭南塬前北侧分支断层的浅部结构及晚第四纪活动

渭南塬前断裂是渭河盆地东南缘一条重要的近EW向的全新世活动断裂,与1556年华县8级特大地震的发生密切相关。该断裂的北分支——渭南塬前北侧分支断层通过渭南市区,查明该北侧分支断层的展布、浅部结构、晚第四纪活动性以及发震能力,对于当地的防震减灾工作具有重要意义。文中通过浅层地震和钻孔联合剖面探测,结合地面地质调查,对渭南塬前北侧分支断层的展布、结构特征以及晚第四纪活动性开展研究。4条测线的浅层地震勘探揭示渭南塬前北侧分支断层与渭南塬前断裂平行展布,两者呈阶梯状正断层结构关系。渭南塬前北侧分支断层错断多套第四纪地层,显示出生长型正断层特征;可识别的上断点埋深为95m以浅,晚更新统的垂直错距为16～20m;在剖面上表现为宽200～1 800m的次级断陷带,具有阶梯状正断层和小型地堑结构。钻孔联合地质剖面揭示渭南塬前北侧分支断层距今19ka以来仍有活动,晚更新世中期以来的平均垂直运动速率为0.07～0.26mm/a。结合地表的断层陡坎和断错地貌现象判定,渭南塬前北侧分支断层与渭南塬前主断层同样具有较强的晚更新世—全新世活动性,不能排除渭南塬前北侧分支断层曾经参与1556年华县8级大地震破裂的可...     

NEW EVIDENCE ON NE-SEGMENT OF JINTAN-RUGAO FAULT DISCOVERED BY SHALLOW SEISMIC EXPLORATION METHOD

The NE-trending regional deep fault, i.e. the Jintan-Rugao Fault, is a boundary fault between the Subei depression and Nantong uplift, and its research has always received broad attention because of its importance and complexity. For the absence of definite proof, there is little consensus regarding the structure and spatial distribution of the fault among geoscientists, and its latest active time is ambiguous. The study of Quaternary activity characteristics of the Jintan-Rugao Fault is of great significance for earthquake trend prediction and engineering safety evaluation, and for earthquake prevention and disaster reduction in Jiangsu Province. In order to investigate the spatial location, characteristics and tectonic features and redefine the activity of the NE-segment of the Jintan-Rugao Fault, and on the basis of likely location and marker beds derived from petroleum seismic exploration sections, we collect and arrange 4 shallow seismic exploration profiles crossing the fault to conduct high-resolution seismic reflection imaging, following the working concept of ‘from known to unknown, from deep to shallow’. In this study, an observation system with trace intervals of 4~6m, shot intervals of 12~18m, and channels of 90~256 and 15~36 folds is used. In addition, by introducing different tonnage vibroseis to suppress the background noise, the raw data with high SNR(signal-noise ratio)can be obtained. By using the above working method and spread geometry, we obtained clear imaging results of the subsurface structure and fault structure in the coverage area of the survey lines. This exploration research accurately locates the NE-segment of Jintan-Rugao Fault, and further shows that it is not a single fault but a fault zone consisting of two normal faults with N-dipping and NE-striking within the effective detection depth. The shallow seismic profiles reveal that the up-breakpoint on the south branch with stronger activity is at depth of 235~243m, which offsets the lower strata of lower Pleistocene. Combining drilling data around the survey lines, we infer the activity time of this fault is early Pleistocene. The results of this paper provide reliable seismological data for determining the location and activity evaluation of the NE-segment of Jintan-Rugao Fault. In eastern China, where the sedimentary layer is thicker, the latest active age of faults can not be determined entirely according to the latest faulted strata. For a fault passing through the thicker area of new deposits, its latest active age should be based on the tectonic background, seismic activity, present tectonic stress field, topographic deformation, structural micro-geomorphological characteristics, sedimentary thickness of new strata, controlling effect of faults on new strata and the latest strata of faults, and combined with upper breakpoints, morphology, structure and occurrence of faults, the active state of the target concealed faults should be analyzed. If the activity of the fault is judged only by the upper faulted point, it may lead to overestimating the age of the fault activity.     

RESEARCH ON THE CHARACTERISTICS OF QUATERNARY ACTIVITIES OF SU-XI-CHANG FAULT

Running across the urban areas of Changzhou, Wuxi and Suzhou, the NW-trending Su-Xi-Chang Fault is an important buried fault in Yangtze River Delta. In the respect of structural geomorphology, hilly landform is developed along the southwest side of the Su-Xi-Chang Fault, and a series of lakes and relatively low-lying depressions are developed on its northeast side, which is an important landform and neotectonic boundary line. The fault controlled the Jurassic and Cretaceous stratigraphic sedimentary and Cenozoic volcanic activities, and also has obvious control effects on the modern geomorphology and Quaternary stratigraphic distribution. Su-Xi-Chang Fault is one of the target faults of the project "Urban active fault exploration and seismic risk assessment in Changzhou City" and "Urban active fault exploration and seismic risk assessment in Suzhou City". Hidden in the ground with thick cover layer, few researches have been done on this fault in the past. The study on the activity characteristics and the latest activity era of the Su-Xi-Chang Fault is of great significance for the prevention and reduction of earthquake disaster losses caused by the destructive earthquakes to the cities of Changzhou, Wuxi and Suzhou. Based on shallow seismic exploration and drilling joint profiling method, Quaternary activities and distribution characteristics of the Su-Xi-Chang Fault are analyzed systematically. Shallow seismic exploration results show that the south branch of the Su-Xi-Chang Fault in Suzhou area is dominated by normal faulting, dipping to the north-east, with a dip angle of about 60° and a displacement of 3~5m on the bedrock surface. The north branch of the Su-Xi-Chang Fault in Changzhou area is dominated by normal faulting, dipping to the south, with a dip angle of about 55°~70° and a displacement of 4~12m on the bedrock surface. All breakpoints of Su-Xi-Chang Fault on the seismic exploration profiles show that only the bedrock surface was dislocated, not the interior strata of the Quaternary. On the drilling joint profile in the Dongqiao site of Suzhou, the latest activity of the south branch of Su-Xi-Chang Fault is manifested as reverse faulting, with maximum displacement of 2.9m in the upper part of Lower Pleistocene, and the Middle Pleistocene has not been dislocated by the fault. The fault acts as normal fault in the Pre-Quaternary strata, with a displacement of 3.7m in the Neogene stratum. On the drilling joint profile in the Chaoyang Road site of Changzhou, the latest activity of the north branch of Su-Xi-Chang Fault is manifested as reverse faulting too, with maximum displacement of 2.8m in the bottom layer of the Middle Pleistocene. The fault acts as normal fault in the Pre-Quaternary strata, with a displacement of 10.2m in the bedrock surface. Combining the above results, we conclude that the latest activity era of Su-Xi-Chang Fault is early Middle Pleistocene. The Su-Xi-Chang Fault was dominated by the sinistral normal faulting in the pre-Quaternary period, and turned into sinistral reverse faulting after the early Pleistocene, with displacement of about 3m in the Quaternary strata. The maximum magnitude of potential earthquake on the Su-Xi-Chang Fault is estimated to be 6.0.     

宁河-昌黎断裂基于浅层地震勘探资料研究

宁河—昌黎断裂长约170 km,为燕山隆起、山海关隆起与黄骅拗陷的分界断裂,断裂西南起自宁河,向东北经南套南、大夫庄南、杨家坨,过昌黎转向东入海,断裂走向NE50°~70°,倾向SE,为上陡下缓的铲形正断层,该断裂为一条地壳基底深断裂,控制了南侧黄骅坳陷北段中、新生代沉积。河北省工程地震勘察研究院于2007年、2014年先后在昌黎、滦南、唐海、丰南布设了4条浅层地震勘探测线对宁河—昌黎断裂进行了探测,浅层地震勘探应用美国GEOMETRICS公司STRATAVISOR NX96高分辨数字地震勘探系统,采用70 kg冲击震源,单边激发多次覆盖观测系统,覆盖次数12次。应用Vista地震处理软件系统,通过对数据进行真振幅恢复、地表一致性振幅补偿等处理方法,获得高质量的地震勘探时间剖面。为获得断裂活动时代的重要信息,通过浅层地震勘探处理过程中的中间数据获得地震剖面时—深转换速度参数,从而获得地震勘探深度剖面,结合测线附近地层层序资料,与地震勘探深度剖面进行对比分析,从而获得断裂的上断点埋深和最新活动时代认识。浅层地震勘探剖面揭示,宁河—昌黎断裂浅部由一条主断层和一条次级断层组成;断层上断点埋深40~110 m,断裂活动时代具有分段活动特征,断裂北段活动时代为晚更新世早期,南段为晚更新世中期;断裂走向为北东的段落,为正断层,走向为北西的段落,以走滑运动为主。     

STUDY ON TANGSHAN-HEJIAN-CIXIAN EARTHQUAKE FAULT ZONE BY SHALLOW SEISMIC EXPLORATION METHOD

The location of the buried faults, the fault broken layers and the depth of breakpoints in the Tangshan-Hejian-Cixian seismotectonic zone are not clear. We implemented 4 shallow seismic exploration profiles on the Daming Fault, Cangxi Fault, and Dachengdong Fault. Line DZ1 is located on the Daming Fault in the southeast of Daming County. Five breakpoints were dectectd, which are all normal faults, with depths of 95~125m and displacements about 6~12m, offsetting late Pleistocene but not the Holocene. Line DZ2 is located in the east of Xianxian County to dectect the Cangxi Fault. Three breakpoints were detected, all are normal faults, with depths of 170~190m and displacements about 7~10m. The upper breakpoints of the three faults cut the middle Pleistocene. The lines DZ3 and DZ4 are located in the west of Litan Town, Dacheng County. Four breakpoints were detected, with the upper breakpoint depth of 120~130m and displacements about 5~15m. They are all normal faults, and the upper breakpoints of the faults cut the Pleistocene strata.
The result of the exploration of Cixian-Daming Fault is not consistent with the buried depth 1 200m proposed by XU Hua-ming. It is proved that the activity of the fault is also consistent with the overall activity of the Cixian-Daming Fault, which is an active fault since late Pleistocene.
The Dachengdong Fault and Cangxi Fault offset the middle Pleistocene strata. Although the late Pleistocene active faults are generally defined as active faults in the practice of active tectonics research in China, strong earthquakes in eastern China have shorter recurrence period, and earthquakes of magnitude 6 or so may also occur in some middle Pleistocene active faults.
During the compilation of GB18306-2015 “Seismic ground motion parameter zonation map of China”, there were no late Pleistocene active faults in the M6~6.5 potential source areas in eastern China. Therefore, we believe that the Dachengdong and Cangxi faults still have the ability to generate earthquake of magnitude 6 or so, and the faults have some similarities with the seismogenic structures of Xingtai earthquake swarm. Under the action of the latest tectonic stress field, the “deep faults” tearing ruptured successively and expanded upwards, resulting in stress migration and loading between two neighbouring en-echolon concealed faults, so, the Dachengdong and Cangxi faults are the product of this three-dimensional rupture process. The Dachengdong Fault is a “newly-generated” fault resulting from the tearing rupturing and upward expanding of the pre-existing concealed “deept faults” in the middle and lower curst.     

河西务断裂活动性的综合探测研究

河西务断裂为河西务构造带的东缘断裂,总体走向北东,倾向南东,向北延伸与廊固凹陷内的横向断层（桐柏断裂）小角度相接,向南延伸与牛东断裂相接,为廊固凹陷与武清凹陷的分界断裂,隐伏于冀中凹陷覆盖层之下。本文通过浅层地震勘探和钻孔联合剖面探测,结合年代样品测试,对河西务断裂的活动性和滑动速率进行了综合研究,揭示断裂上断点埋深约150m或以浅,第四系底界面的垂直错距为20—45m,断裂的最新活动时代为晚更新世早期,晚更新世以来的平均垂直滑动速率为0.03mm/a,中更新世晚期以来的平均垂直滑动速率为0.11mm/a。     

海口市全新世活动海秀断裂存在性判断

海秀断裂近东西向展布于海口市中心,准确厘定其几何位置和最新活动特征对科学评价海口市地震危险性、地震构造和地球动力学具有重要科学意义.本文采用野外地质调查、微地貌测量、浅层人工地震勘探和钻孔联合剖面探测相结合的方法,针对前人确定的海口市中心城区全新世活动海秀断裂,分别在5个典型地点进行详细研究.首先,通过野外地质调查和微...     

纵横波联合勘探应用于栟茶河断裂活动性的调查与研究

栟茶河断裂自20世纪50年代石油部门勘探发现以来,由于缺乏确凿的证据,地学家们对其活动性一直存在争议。目标断裂所在测区基岩顶面埋深约在800~1 600m,单一的地震勘探方法难以深浅兼顾且单波勘探经常存在局限性。为了调查栟茶河断裂的空间位置、产状及性质,重新厘定其活动性,在同一条测线上同时进行高分辨率的浅层地震P波和SH波勘探,通过采用不同的地震波激发震源和观测系统参数,获得沿测线不同埋藏深度的地下细结构图像,揭示栟茶河断裂的形态和特征,尤其SH波地震剖面更加清晰地反映出超浅层地层和构造空间特征。结果表明,测线控制范围内的栟茶河断裂为近东西走向、视倾角约为60~75°、倾向N的正断层,该断层错断了新近纪和早第四纪地层,有可能断错了晚更新世地层。本文的纵、横波联合勘探实例证实了多波勘探的优越性。     

镇江地区主要NW向断裂的第四纪活动性

五峰山-西来桥断裂和丹徒-建山断裂是镇江地区2条主要的NW向断裂,可能与镇江多次破坏性地震相关.文中通过浅层地震勘探和钻孔联合剖面探测方法,对五峰山-西来桥断裂和丹徒-建山断裂的展布特征及第四纪活动性进行了系统研究.五峰山-西来桥断裂在浅层地震剖面上倾向NE,倾角约为60°,断距约为5～9m,以正断活动为主;大路镇场地...     

浅层人工地震和地质雷达在城市活动断层探测中的联合应用?以鹤壁市汤东断裂为例

浅层人工地震勘探是探查城市隐伏活动断层最有效的手段之一,然而受近地表探测盲区和探测分辨率的限制,该方法难以获取活动断层超浅层上断点的准确埋深位置。地质雷达探测方法在一定程度上可弥补浅层人工地震勘探的不足。为探索浅层人工地震勘探和地质雷达探测的联合应用效果,分析其在城市隐伏活动断层探测中的应用潜力,选取河南省鹤壁市汤东断裂西支为研究对象,并在冯屯村和前交卸村分别开展联合探测,获取高信噪比的浅层人工地震反射剖面和地质雷达剖面。浅层人工地震勘探揭示的冯屯村处汤东断裂西支上断点埋深为60～70 m,地质雷达探测揭示的上断点埋深约为2.5 m,结合平均沉积速率推测汤东断裂西支在冯屯村的最新活动时代约为25 ka。浅层人工地震勘探揭示的前交卸村处汤东断裂西支上断点埋深为50～60 m,地质雷达探测揭示出汤东断裂西支在前交卸村处未造成近地表约10 m以内的地层断错。研究结果表明,在城市隐伏活动断层探测中,采用浅层人工地震勘探和地质雷达探测相结合的方法,不但可有效确定活动断层的位置,且可进一步约束活动断层上断点的准确埋深,有利于指导后期地震地质勘探中的探槽和钻孔布设。