双线偏振雷达差分反射率因子系统误差订正

差分反射率因子ZDR易受雷达系统自身的影响而产生明显偏差,这种偏差是不随空间积累而改变的.为了保证雷达资料及其产品的质量,根据中国气象科学研究院灾害天气国家重点实验室车载C波段双线偏振多普勒雷达(C-band Polarimetric Doppler Radar on Wheel,CPDRW)的外场试验,对观测的ZDR进行了分析,并以垂直扫描数据的订正结果为参考,重点讨论了以体扫模式最高仰角下的小雨和干雪这两种自然目标物为订正对象得到的订正结果.结果表明,高仰角体扫资料的这两种自然目标物都能较好地订正ZDR的系统误差.但相较于小雨,干雪的订正效果更加稳定,是进行ZDR系统误差订正的最优气象目标物,而利用高仰角体扫资料的干雪粒子进行ZDR系统误差订正也就成为垂直扫描订正法的最佳替代方法.     

基于交叉〖CDF*2〗平行法的双偏振雷达差分反射率硬件定标

双偏振天气雷达具有改善测雨精度及识别降水粒子相态的能力,但其系统自身有可能会对差分反射率因子（ZDR）的测量精度产生明显的偏差,从而降低气象产品的可靠度。美国利用升级为双偏振的WSR 88D进行了大量试验,认为需要校正传输信号在发射和接收通道路径上引起的差异。本文根据其试验报告,以我国研制的车载C波段双偏振多普勒雷达作为试验平台,对比分析后得出产生ZDR系统误差的主要来源为：发射通路、接收通路与天线支路。因此,使用交叉与平行法消除测试信号及设备产生的差异影响,对3部分路径重要节点进行测量并计算出水平、垂直两通道的相对偏差值,进而订正ZDR。其中,天线支路偏差值长期稳定,可相应减少测量次数;发射、接收通路的偏差值会随设备运行产生随机变化,需定期进行测量。以体扫模式最高仰角下的干雪为自然目标物的方法来验证定标的效果,结果表明此方法可较好地订正ZDR的系统误差,为今后偏振雷达业务应用提供了一套消除ZDR系统误差的有效方法。     

广州CINRAD/SA雷达双偏振升级及数据质量分析

介绍广州CINRAD/SA雷达双偏振升级改造后的主要性能指标,并以观测到的一次层状云降水过程为例,分析了降水强度ZH与差分反射率ZDR、差分相移率KDP的一致性,信噪比SNR与差分反射率ZDR、相关系数CC的关系以及ZDR系统偏差的稳定性,结果表明:弱降水的ZDR和KDP接近于0,随着ZH的增加均呈上升趋势;SNR<15 d B时,ZDR和CC受噪声影响很大,存在明显误差,业务中建议将SNR>15 d B作为双偏振产品的可用阈值;ZDR的系统偏差随时间变化保持稳定,变化幅度<0.2d B;KDP在CC<0.9时没有被计算和显示。     

广州S波段双偏振雷达数据质量初步分析

广东省已经通过新布设或对CINRAD\SA雷达的升级改造完成5部S波段双偏振雷达的业务运行。受目前双偏振雷达技术水平限制,双偏振雷达偏振量很不稳定,因此偏振雷达资料使用前需要对数据可用性、偏振量的系统偏差等进行初步分析,以保证偏振雷达后续产品的可靠性。使用广州S波段双偏振雷达稳定运行后的2016年7—8月连续观测资料,分析了噪声对零滞后相关系数ρ_HV(0)及差分反射率因子Z_DR的影响和订正效果。结果表明:当SNR小于20.0 dB时,偏振参量ρ_HV(0)和Z_DR的稳定性变差,数据不可用;噪声订正后,数据可用的SNR阈值减小为17.0 dB。进一步分析了经过噪声订正后的Z_DR和Z_H之间的关系,并与雨滴谱反演结果及理论值进行对比。结果表明:广州雷达Z_DR较雨滴谱反演值和理论值均偏小,Z_DR观测值存在系统偏差。结合广州的气候特征,对偏振量系统误差估计的微雨滴法的指数进行了调整,基于此方法分析了Z_DR、初始相位Φ_DP (0)的系统误差随方位角的变化。结果表明:Z_DR系统误差随方位角在-0.29~0.22 dB之间波动,剔除遮挡后的平均偏差为-0.09 dB,与实测Z_DR值和雨滴谱反演值及理论值对比偏小的结论一致,但偏差大小有区别;同时,Φ_DP (0)随方位角有4 °左右的波动。分析还发现Z_DR、Φ_DP (0)系统误差有随时间波动的特征。最后挑选个例对Z_DR进行噪声和系统误差订正后发现,订正后的Z_DR得到改善。这些初步分析和结果对S波段双偏振雷达数据的使用有一定的参考意义。      

C波段偏振雷达几种系统误差标定方法对比分析

通过介绍几种标定C波段偏振雷达差分反射率因子ZDR和水平反射率因子ZH系统误差常用方法的原理,利用两部相同型号的可移式C波段双线偏振雷达(POLC)在云南、安徽等地的观测数据,对这些方法进行了检验和对比分析。结果表明,ZDR的标定方法中,太阳法由于偏振雷达水平与垂直方向两个接收机在较弱的信号下很难保持一致性,目前实际应用比较困难;垂直指向法要求雷达天线必须达到90°仰角,机械上有所制约;仰角法要求探测到非常均匀的雨区,在时间与空间上极难满足;地物引起的ZDR变化,在统计上无任何规律可循,因此,地物法也基本上可以排除应用于实际;干雪的ZDR并不完全等于0 dB,并且需要知道0℃层的高度,0℃层以上满足信噪比(signal to noise ratio,SNR)条件的数据较少,并且水凝物相态难以确定为干雪,因而干雪法有着一定的局限性;微雨滴法理论清晰、结论可信,不需要专门的扫描方式,能够从正常的体扫观测中得到大量的满足SNR、ZH等阈值条件的数据,提供较为准确的ZDR系统误差估计,因此,微雨滴法是一种利用气象目标进行ZDR系统误差估计较好的方法。进一步分析ZH标定的自约束法的结果表明,自约束法能够大致地验证偏振雷达ZH标定是否正确,但是,其用于ZH标定时,对偏振参量数据质量要求较高,并且约束关系的系数也有待进一步验证。     

天气雷达间一致性评估算法影响因子分析及改进

基于基数据的雷达间一致性评估的基本方法,分析了雷达高差、地形遮挡、噪声、充塞、时空重叠率、衰减等对一致性评估算法的结果质量的影响,并采取了相应的改进措施：使用雷达的波束遮挡比例数据进行遮挡订正或直接剔除存在遮挡的重叠点;对信噪比较低、充塞不充分及存在异常的重叠点予以剔除;增加了时间、空间重叠率因子,分析了不同阈值时间、空间重叠率对评估结果的影响。改进措施对一致性评估结果中的偏差均值、标准偏差的质量均有了一定的提高。使用改进后的算法对岳阳站雷达系统偏差和苏皖地区雷达回波一致性做了评估。结果表明：岳阳站在维护前后与周边雷达的偏差值有明显的降低,并回到正常水平,标准偏差值也略有降低;苏皖地区雷达间偏差均值大部分在2 dB以内,雷达间偏差均值所组成的矢量三角形闭合度较好,标准偏差在2.9~3.3 dB,相关系数在0.40~0.55。     

X波段双偏振雷达垂直指向法标定的应用

垂直指向法标定是双偏振雷达的差分反射率因子ZDR标定有效方法的一种,可以订正ZDR测量误差,提高雷达数据的质量。本文基于双发双收模式的X波段双线偏振天气雷达系统,通过分析雷达硬件系统和垂直指向法标定的数据,诊断了观测数值的一些质量问题,初步判断是方位旋转关节损坏而导致ZDR的数值在某一固定区域上出现较大偏差。更换新的方位旋转关节后,对比处理问题前后的垂直指向标定数据证明能有效解决此问题。最后,经过多次试验分析表明,当垂直指向法标定在回波强度为25.5~30.5dB之间的中等范围稳定的层状云降水情况下使用时,其标定的数据能有效订正系统ZDR偏移量。     

基于高分辨率高程数据统计分析新一代天气雷达组网的地形遮挡影响

新一代天气雷达由于受到地形限制产生波束遮挡导致波束能量衰减,从而造成雷达探测回波强度偏弱、雷达定量估测降水结果失真,因此对于雷达波束遮挡情况的统计和分析是一项重要的基础研究工作。利用SRTM （Shuttle Radar Topography Mission）数字高程数据对中国目前业务运行的212部新一代天气雷达波束遮挡情况进行模拟计算分析。计算结果包括雷达单站遮蔽角、VCP21模式0.5°、1.5°、2.4°、3.4°、4.3°仰角波束遮挡率、混合扫描及分区混合扫描波束遮挡率、雷达单站探测范围覆盖情况;计算并绘制全国天气雷达组网遮挡率拼图,统计全国天气雷达组网遮挡情况;利用2019年8月广东省11部天气雷达基数据对比验证单站及组网遮挡计算结果。结果表明雷达组网探测面积覆盖率超过70%,整体覆盖效果较好,遮挡计算结果与实际数据对比验证结果高度一致,对雷达数据订正、降水估测等产品具有正贡献。      

基于TRMM/PR的长江下游地基雷达一致性订正

不同雷达观测相同目标的反射率因子差异会影响雷达组网应用效果,对无波束阻挡的X波段雷达而言,这种差异主要由雷达定标偏差和信号衰减引起,其中衰减包含降水导致的衰减以及天线罩水膜导致的衰减。为了订正定标偏差、天线罩水膜衰减以及降水衰减,设计了一个基于相控阵雷达组网的订正方法。首先,将天线罩水膜导致的衰减看作定标偏差的一部分,使用组网衰减订正算法做初次衰减订正;然后,通过构建一个雷达网观测偏差函数,使用梯度下降法求解各雷达之间的定标偏差;最后,将订正了定标偏差的原始反射率因子再次使用组网衰减订正算法进行二次衰减订正。对上述订正方法,用于广东省佛山市7部X波段相控阵天气雷达探测的一次冷空气降水过程进行检验。结果显示,传统的PIA (Path-integrated attenuation)算法订正结果与广州S波段天气雷达观测结果相关系数为0.53,均方根误差为9.0 dB, 而该算法这两项数值分别为0.64和8.4 dB,优于PIA;在台风外围的局地强降水过程中也得到了相同的结论。

     

基于数字高程的波束遮挡订正及在雷达定量估测降水中应用

地形的起伏使雷达波束受到严重的遮挡,使回波数据质量受到很大干扰。本文使用SRTM任务的DEM数据和谷歌公司的DEM数据分别计算了位于北京南郊的S波段雷达低仰角的波束遮挡率,建立了部分遮挡区域的回波反射率订正关系,并在2018年5月19日北京一次大范围层状云降水过程中,对波束遮挡订正前后的雷达定量估测雨量与地面3个雨量计观测结果进行了定性与定量化对比分析。结果表明:①波束遮挡订正有助于改善反射率因子的空间连续性。波束遮挡订正后的仰角0.5°的反射率与1.5°的反射率之间的差值整体呈现缩小特征,符合层状云降水垂直廓线特点。②09:00—11:00,相比波束遮挡订正前的雷达定量估测雨量(QPE),波束订正后的QPE准确性得到改善,使用分级标准误差与归一化平均偏差评价波束遮挡订正前后QPE与雨量计实测值之间的误差,波束订正后的反射率估测雨量与雨量计实测雨量一致性更好。     

COMPARATIVE ANALYSIS OF VARIOUS DATA OF AIR–SEA TEMPERATURE DIFFERENCE AND ITS VARIATION ACROSS SOUTH CHINA SEA IN THE PAST 35 YEARS

Using the International Comprehensive Ocean-Atmosphere Data Set(ICOADS) and ERA-Interim data, spatial distributions of air-sea temperature difference(ASTD) in the South China Sea(SCS) for the past 35 years are compared,and variations of spatial and temporal distributions of ASTD in this region are addressed using empirical orthogonal function decomposition and wavelet analysis methods. The results indicate that both ICOADS and ERA-Interim data can reflect actual distribution characteristics of ASTD in the SCS, but values of ASTD from the ERA-Interim data are smaller than those of the ICOADS data in the same region. In addition, the ASTD characteristics from the ERA-Interim data are not obvious inshore. A seesaw-type, north-south distribution of ASTD is dominant in the SCS; i.e., a positive peak in the south is associated with a negative peak in the north in November, and a negative peak in the south is accompanied by a positive peak in the north during April and May. Interannual ASTD variations in summer or autumn are decreasing. There is a seesaw-type distribution of ASTD between Beibu Bay and most of the SCS in summer, and the center of large values is in the Nansha Islands area in autumn. The ASTD in the SCS has a strong quasi-3a oscillation period in all seasons, and a quasi-11 a period in winter and spring. The ASTD is positively correlated with the Nio3.4 index in summer and autumn but negatively correlated in spring and winter.     

Could the Recent Taal Volcano Eruption Trigger an El Ni?o and Lead to Eurasian Warming?

<正>The Taal Volcano in Luzon is one of the most active and dangerous volcanoes of the Philippines. A recent eruption occurred on 12 January 2020(Fig. 1a), and this volcano is still active with the occurrence of volcanic earthquakes. The eruption has become a deep concern worldwide, not only for its damage on local society, but also for potential hazardous consequences on the Earth’s climate and environment.     

VARIABILITY OF INTER-ANNUAL RELATIONSHIP BETWEEN INDIAN OCEAN DIPOLE AND HUAXI REGION’S AUTUMN PRECIPITATION

The moving-window correlation analysis was applied to investigate the relationship between autumn Indian Ocean Dipole (IOD) events and the synchronous autumn precipitation in Huaxi region, based on the daily precipitation, sea surface temperature (SST) and atmospheric circulation data from 1960 to 2012. The correlation curves of IOD and the early modulation of Huaxi region’s autumn precipitation indicated a mutational site appeared in the 1970s. During 1960 to 1979, when the IOD was in positive phase in autumn, the circulations changed from a “W” shape to an ”M” shape at 500 hPa in Asia middle-high latitude region. Cold flux got into the Sichuan province with Northwest flow, the positive anomaly of the water vapor flux transported from Western Pacific to Huaxi region strengthened, caused precipitation increase in east Huaxi region. During 1980 to 1999, when the IOD in autumn was positive phase, the atmospheric circulation presented a “W” shape at 500 hPa, the positive anomaly of the water vapor flux transported from Bay of Bengal to Huaxi region strengthened, caused precipitation ascend in west Huaxi region. In summary, the Indian Ocean changed from cold phase to warm phase since the 1970s, caused the instability of the inter-annual relationship between the IOD and the autumn rainfall in Huaxi region.     

IMPACT OF ATMOSPHERIC LOW-FREQUENCY OSCILLATION ON THE IMMIGRATION OF NILAPARVATA LUGENS(STL) IN HUNAN AND JIANGXI PROVINCES

Various features of the atmospheric environment affect the number of migratory insects, besides their initial population. However, little is known about the impact of atmospheric low-frequency oscillation(10 to 90 days) on insect migration. A case study was conducted to ascertain the influence of low-frequency atmospheric oscillation on the immigration of brown planthopper, Nilaparvata lugens(Stl), in Hunan and Jiangxi provinces. The results showed the following:(1) The number of immigrating N. lugens from April to June of 2007 through 2016 mainly exhibited a periodic oscillation of 10 to 20 days.(2) The 10-20 d low-frequency number of immigrating N. lugens was significantly correlated with a low-frequency wind field and a geopotential height field at 850 h Pa.(3) During the peak phase of immigration, southwest or south winds served as a driving force and carried N. lugens populations northward, and when in the back of the trough and the front of the ridge, the downward airflow created a favorable condition for N. lugens to land in the study area. In conclusion, the northward migration of N. lugens was influenced by a low-frequency atmospheric circulation based on the analysis of dynamics. This study was the first research connecting atmospheric low-frequency oscillation to insect migration.     

A COMPARATIVE ANALYSIS OF ATMOSPHERIC AND OCEANIC CONDITIONS BEFORE THE OCCURRENCE OF TWO TYPES OF EL NIO EVENTS

The atmospheric and oceanic conditions before the onset of EP El Ni?o and CP El Ni?o in nearly 30 years are compared and analyzed by using 850 hPa wind, 20℃ isotherm depth, sea surface temperature and the Wheeler and Hendon index. The results are as follows: In the western equatorial Pacific, the occurrence of the anomalously strong westerly winds of the EP El Ni?o is earlier than that of the CP El Ni?o. Its intensity is far stronger than that of the CP El Ni?o. Two months before the El Ni?o, the anomaly westerly winds of the EP El Ni?o have extended to the eastern Pacific region, while the westerly wind anomaly of the CP El Ni?o can only extend to the west of the dateline three months before the El Ni?o and later stay there. Unlike the EP El Ni?o, the CP El Ni?o is always associated with easterly wind anomaly in the eastern equatorial Pacific before its onset. The thermocline depth anomaly of the EP El Ni?o can significantly move eastward and deepen. In addition, we also find that the evolution of thermocline is ahead of the development of the sea surface temperature for the EP El Ni?o. The strong MJO activity of the EP El Ni?o in the western and central Pacific is earlier than that of the CP El Ni?o. Measured by the standard deviation of the zonal wind square, the intensity of MJO activity of the EP El Ni?o is significantly greater than that of the CP El Ni?o before the onset of El Ni?o.     

全球贸易隐含碳变化及其影响分析

基于最新的GTAP8 (Global Trade Analysis Project）数据库,使用投入产出法,分析了2004年到2007年全球贸易变化下南北集团贸易隐含碳变化及对全球碳排放的影响。结果显示,随着发展中国家进出口规模扩张,全球贸易隐含碳流向的重心逐渐向发展中国家转移。2004年到2007年,发达国家高端设备制造业和服务业出口以及发展中国家资源、能源密集型行业及中低端制造业出口的趋势加强,该过程的生产转移导致全球碳排放增长4.15亿t,占研究时段全球贸易隐含碳增量的63%。未来发展中国家的出口隐含碳比重还将进一步提高。贸易变化带来的南北集团隐含碳流动变化对全球应对气候变化行动的影响日益突出,发达国家对此负有重要责任。     

Analysis of Atmospheric Boundary Layer Height Characteristics over the Arctic Ocean Using the Aircraft and GPS Soundings

正ERRATUM to: Atmospheric and Oceanic Science Letters, 4(2011), 124-130 On page 126 of the printed edition (Issue 2, Volume 4), Fig. 2 was a wrong figure because the contact author made mistake giving the wrong one. The corrected edition has been updated on our website. The editorial office is sincerely sorry for any     

Index to Vol.31

正AN Junling;see LI Ying et al.;(5),1221—1232AN Junling;see QU Yu et al.;(4),787-800AN Junling;see WANG Feng et al.;(6),1331-1342Ania POLOMSKA-HARLICK;see Jieshun ZHU et al.;(4),743-754Baek-Min KIM;see Seong-Joong KIM et al.;(4),863-878BAI Tao;see LI Gang et al.;(1),66-84BAO Qing;see YANG Jing et al.;(5),1147—1156BEI Naifang;     

Information for Contributors

正Journal of Meteorological Research is an international academic journal in atmospheric sciences edited and published by Acta Meteorologica Sinica Press,sponsored by the Chinese Meteorological Society.It has been acting as a bridge of academic exchange between Chinese and foreign meteorologists and aiming at introduction of the current advancements in atmospheric sciences in China.The journal columns include Articles.Note and Correspondence,and research letters.Contributions from all over the world are welcome.