华北地区风速变化的分析

本文利用华北地区1957-2006年共计50a 104个气象观测站的实测风速,分析了该地区年平均风速的空间分布特征、逐年代变化特征、近50a来的变化趋势以及风速突变现象,研究表明,华北地区风速呈西北和东南地区偏大、东北一西南向风速偏小的分布特征;风速有减小趋势,大部分台站风速减小趋势达到了-0.2～-0.5(m·s-1)/10a;华北南部风速最先开始突变,西部次之,北部和中部没有检测到突变时间.     

黄河上游水源涵养区近60年关键气候要素的时空变化

黄河上游水源涵养区是黄河流域生态保护与社会经济高质量发展的重要区段,气候变化对其水资源时空分配的影响会加剧自然灾害的发生,进而影响到我国区域生态乃至人类的生存环境。本文基于1961-2016年CN05.1格点气温、降水、风速数据以及1981-2020年GLEAM V3.5a实际蒸发数据分析了黄河上游水源涵养区过去近60年的关键气候要素变化。结果表明：(1)研究区气温显著上升,气温变化趋势达0.34°C·(10a)^-1,冬季升温幅度最大,其中黑河区域玛曲县及周边地区的升温最为剧烈。(2)区域降水量整体呈现上升趋势,降水变化趋势为9.3 mm·(10a)^-1,春夏季增速相对较快,冬季最慢,增长趋势由西北向东南逐渐减小,西部少雨干旱地区增长显著,东南部多雨湿润地区则有较为明显的减小趋势。(3)风速在20世纪70年代初经历异常上升后便持续下降,风速变化趋势为-0.11 m·s-1·(10a)^-1,在空间上大部分地区都减少,尤其是北部大通河区域。(4)实际蒸发量显著上升,增长趋势达11.89 mm·(10a)^-1     

辽宁省降雨变化对海绵城市低影响开发雨水系统建设的影响

利用辽宁省50个气象站1956—2016年逐日降雨量资料,分析了辽宁省海绵城市低影响开发雨水系统建设首要控制目标——年径流总量控制率的分区、分区与降雨的关系,同时分析了降雨的变化特征,并研究了降雨变化对年径流总量控制率分区稳定性的影响。结果表明:辽宁省在1956—2016年、1956—1985年、1987—2016年3个时段的年径流总量控制率的分区整体呈现辽宁西部、东北部为II区,辽宁省中部、东部和沿海地区为III区,东港周围地区为V区,其余地区为IV区。其差异主要集中在辽宁省中部和东北部地区;辽宁省年径流总量控制率分区的设计降雨量(分区等级)与暴雨比例、中雨比例和暴雨总量关系密切,相关系数大部分通过0.01显著性检验,占总站点的78%,但与大雨总量基本无关;年径流总量控制率的分区受降雨变化影响而存在不稳定区域,主要分布在辽宁的中部、西部、北部以及丹东的南部(丹东和东港),其中,分区变更次数达到5次以上(含5次)的地区,建议年径流总量控制率分区选择出现过的最高等级,其余分区变更次数的地区的分区等级可选取出现频率最高的等级;因辽宁省的降雨存在10 a左右的周期变化,建议在海绵城市低影响开发雨水系统建设中以年径流总量控制率及其对应的设计降雨量为参考的设计参数每10 a进行一次修订。     

1971—2015年大连地区低风速气象特征分析

利用1971—2015年大连地区7个国家气象站的气象资料, 统计低风速条件下的累积频率、日变化、月变化和持续性等特征,分析低风速频率空间分布和年际变化特征。结果表明: (1)大连地区低风速频率较低,平均约20%,地区间差异显著,近海区域长海站最低,为8%,内陆的普兰店地区较高,达32%。(2)近45年,低风速频率呈增加趋势,大连、长海和普兰店站增加趋势显著,特别是近10年增幅更大。(3)大连站低风速频率具有显著的日变化,主要表现为白天偏低、中午时段最低,夜间高,半夜达到最高。(4)3—7月,大连地区低风速频率低;9月至次年2月较高,最大值出现在9月。(5)低风速持续时间长海站最长,持续10 h以上低风速频率达到27%,持续20 h以上接近9%,大连站低风速持续时长最短,持续4 h以下的占85%。     

河西西部地区气候变化的时空特征分析

选取河西西部地区及周边14个站点1958-2013年的气温、降水、相对湿度和风速等气象数据,运用多元线性回归模型、反距离加权插值和Mann-Kendall等方法,对其时空变化规律进行了较为系统地分析。结果表明,平均气温呈持续上升趋势,年际倾向率为0. 25℃·(10a)~(-1),以春季增温率最大,突变发生在1989年;空间上呈中部高、南北低的特点。降水量总体在波动中增加,年际倾向率为1.30mm·(10a)~(-1),秋季降水增加的倾向率最大,其突变点不显著;空间分布上西北少、东南多。相对湿度波动中略有增加,年际倾向率为0. 09%·(10a)~(-1),其中春季和夏季呈下降趋势,秋季和冬季则呈上升趋势,同时未发生明显突变;空间上自西向东呈增加趋势。平均风速变化阶段性显著,1985年前后发生明显的减小突变,突变前后均值相差0. 56 m·s~(-1),各季节中冬季突变前后均值差值最大;空间上自北向南逐渐减小。     

四川省风能资源时间及空间变化特征分析

该文利用四川省1961—2014年逐日的平均风速,采用一元线性方程、5 a滑动平均、M-K突变检验、EOF正交函数分解等方法,研究了四川省以及各个分区年平均风速时间和空间分布特征,得到以下结论:(1)四川省年平均风速每10 a减少为0.046 m/s,且4个分区的年平均风速均呈递减的变化趋势,其中川北地区递减幅度最大,同时得出年平均风速存在9~13 a小尺度、8~18 a中尺度的周期变化规律。(2)1990年为年平均风速年际突变年。(3)四川省年平均风速空间分布类型呈东—西型、东北—西南型空间分布特征。该文的研究为四川省风能资源的利用以及对大风造成的灾害防御工作的开展提供一定的指导意义。     

江苏省年最大风速的时空分布及突变分析

根据江苏省34a年最大风速资料,用EOF、REOF方法研究了江苏省年最大风速的空间分布形式和长期变化趋势。结果表明:(1)34a年最大风速基本在11m/s以上,其中最大值区位于盐城的南部和南通的北部,在15m/s以上。近34a来具有明显的波动,整体上呈减小的趋势。(2)EOF分解的第一特征向量场空间分布绝大部分为正值,说明其变化具有极好的一致性,第一时间系数的变化相当于年变化。但是各特征向量场之间的特点相差明显。(3)REOF分析方法表明其可以被分为5个区,分别为西北区、西南区、东南区、中部地区、东北区,各个区域的年最大风速均呈现减小的趋势,但是减小的程度各不相同。突变特征各个区域表现也不同。     

西南地区春季降水时空变化特征

根据1961~2012年西南地区(四川、重庆、贵州、云南)116个气象台站逐月降水资料,利用REOF、Morlet小波分析、Mann-Kendall突变检验等方法分析了西南地区春季降水的年代际变化、空间分布特征、周期变化、突变年份等。结果表明,近52 a来,西南地区春季降水有明显的地域性,从20世纪60年代到21世纪初,几乎每个年代降水都呈现东西部反相趋势。据此把西南地区春季降水进行REOF分区,可分为4个区域:Ⅰ区(云南地区和四川西南部)和Ⅳ区(川西高原和攀西高原部分地区)春季降水呈增加趋势,Ⅱ区(贵州地区和四川东南部个别地区)和Ⅲ区(四川东北部和重庆地区)呈减少趋势。4个区域春季降水都是长周期中包含着短周期,24~28 a的周期和10 a以下的周期较为普遍。4个区域春季降水突变都普遍发生在1980年代后,降水变化显著时期基本集中在21世纪初期。     

新疆东部地区风速的年代际变化及其成因

用新疆东部5个气象站1960～2005年的大风、气温资料,结合国家气候中心下发的74项环流指数和NCEP／NCAR月平均再分析资料分析了新疆东部风速变化的特征。结果表明：①新疆东部地面风速分布特点是北部和南部戈壁地区大,巴里坤一伊吾盆地和哈密盆地小。不同地区风速的年内变化及分布特征基本相同;②1960—2005年年平均风速下降了0．94m·s^-1,减弱速率〉-0．2m·s^-1／10a。南部哈密市风速变化最大,变化速率达-0．46m·s^-1／10a,伊吾县的年平均风速变化最小,变化速率为-0．09m·s^-1／10a。哈密市夏季变化速率最大为-0．5m·s^-1／10a,46a下降了2．3m·s^-1,冬季最小,为-0．4m·s^-1／10a,下降了1．8m·s^-1;③全地区2．0—2．9m·s^-1级的风速出现频率最大,占22．04％,其次是1．0～1．9m·s^-1等级风速,出现频率占18．46％,3．0—3．9m·s^-1级风速出现频率为17．67％;④新疆东部风速变化主要和强冷空气、寒潮、沙尘暴等天气有关。20世纪80年代中期以后侵入新疆东部的强冷空气天气在次数和强度上明显减弱,这与大陆冷性高压和气旋活动趋弱有关,西风指数、极涡面积和强度及东亚大槽等环流因子与风速变化有着很好的相关性,也与城镇化或观测环境的变化等有关。     

吉林省极大风速时空变化特征及其与气候变暖的关系

利用吉林省1971—2018年最大风速及2005—2018年极大风速数据,采用阵风系数方法对1971—2004年极大风速进行估算,形成1971—2018年极大风速序列。在此基础上采用累积距平、极值Ⅰ型分布、Mann-Kendall检验等方法对极大风速的时空变化特征及其与气候变暖的关系进行分析。结果表明:(1)8级及以上大风随着风力级别的升高,出现站次迅速减少;(2)年内极大风速呈双峰双谷型特征,春、秋季为两峰,冬、夏季为两谷;(3)1970年代以来,吉林省年平均极大风速每10 a下降0.9 m·s~(-1),超过8级的大风站次呈减少趋势;(4)吉林省平均极大风速、10～50 a一遇的极大风速都呈西北高、东南低的空间分布,长春站10～50 a一遇的极大风速最大,达33.9～40.7 m·s~(-1);(5)年平均极大风速和气温呈明显的反相关和反位相关系,且在1988年前后发生突变,和东北地区气温突变同步;(6)尽管由于气候变暖,吉林省极大风速呈明显减小趋势,但仍有极端大风天气出现,2011—2018年10级以上大风出现95站次,还出现1站次13级以上大风,因此仍需加强大风灾害防御。     

COMPARATIVE ANALYSIS OF VARIOUS DATA OF AIR–SEA TEMPERATURE DIFFERENCE AND ITS VARIATION ACROSS SOUTH CHINA SEA IN THE PAST 35 YEARS

Using the International Comprehensive Ocean-Atmosphere Data Set(ICOADS) and ERA-Interim data, spatial distributions of air-sea temperature difference(ASTD) in the South China Sea(SCS) for the past 35 years are compared,and variations of spatial and temporal distributions of ASTD in this region are addressed using empirical orthogonal function decomposition and wavelet analysis methods. The results indicate that both ICOADS and ERA-Interim data can reflect actual distribution characteristics of ASTD in the SCS, but values of ASTD from the ERA-Interim data are smaller than those of the ICOADS data in the same region. In addition, the ASTD characteristics from the ERA-Interim data are not obvious inshore. A seesaw-type, north-south distribution of ASTD is dominant in the SCS; i.e., a positive peak in the south is associated with a negative peak in the north in November, and a negative peak in the south is accompanied by a positive peak in the north during April and May. Interannual ASTD variations in summer or autumn are decreasing. There is a seesaw-type distribution of ASTD between Beibu Bay and most of the SCS in summer, and the center of large values is in the Nansha Islands area in autumn. The ASTD in the SCS has a strong quasi-3a oscillation period in all seasons, and a quasi-11 a period in winter and spring. The ASTD is positively correlated with the Nio3.4 index in summer and autumn but negatively correlated in spring and winter.     

Could the Recent Taal Volcano Eruption Trigger an El Ni?o and Lead to Eurasian Warming?

<正>The Taal Volcano in Luzon is one of the most active and dangerous volcanoes of the Philippines. A recent eruption occurred on 12 January 2020(Fig. 1a), and this volcano is still active with the occurrence of volcanic earthquakes. The eruption has become a deep concern worldwide, not only for its damage on local society, but also for potential hazardous consequences on the Earth’s climate and environment.     

VARIABILITY OF INTER-ANNUAL RELATIONSHIP BETWEEN INDIAN OCEAN DIPOLE AND HUAXI REGION’S AUTUMN PRECIPITATION

The moving-window correlation analysis was applied to investigate the relationship between autumn Indian Ocean Dipole (IOD) events and the synchronous autumn precipitation in Huaxi region, based on the daily precipitation, sea surface temperature (SST) and atmospheric circulation data from 1960 to 2012. The correlation curves of IOD and the early modulation of Huaxi region’s autumn precipitation indicated a mutational site appeared in the 1970s. During 1960 to 1979, when the IOD was in positive phase in autumn, the circulations changed from a “W” shape to an ”M” shape at 500 hPa in Asia middle-high latitude region. Cold flux got into the Sichuan province with Northwest flow, the positive anomaly of the water vapor flux transported from Western Pacific to Huaxi region strengthened, caused precipitation increase in east Huaxi region. During 1980 to 1999, when the IOD in autumn was positive phase, the atmospheric circulation presented a “W” shape at 500 hPa, the positive anomaly of the water vapor flux transported from Bay of Bengal to Huaxi region strengthened, caused precipitation ascend in west Huaxi region. In summary, the Indian Ocean changed from cold phase to warm phase since the 1970s, caused the instability of the inter-annual relationship between the IOD and the autumn rainfall in Huaxi region.     

A COMPARATIVE ANALYSIS OF ATMOSPHERIC AND OCEANIC CONDITIONS BEFORE THE OCCURRENCE OF TWO TYPES OF EL NIO EVENTS

The atmospheric and oceanic conditions before the onset of EP El Ni?o and CP El Ni?o in nearly 30 years are compared and analyzed by using 850 hPa wind, 20℃ isotherm depth, sea surface temperature and the Wheeler and Hendon index. The results are as follows: In the western equatorial Pacific, the occurrence of the anomalously strong westerly winds of the EP El Ni?o is earlier than that of the CP El Ni?o. Its intensity is far stronger than that of the CP El Ni?o. Two months before the El Ni?o, the anomaly westerly winds of the EP El Ni?o have extended to the eastern Pacific region, while the westerly wind anomaly of the CP El Ni?o can only extend to the west of the dateline three months before the El Ni?o and later stay there. Unlike the EP El Ni?o, the CP El Ni?o is always associated with easterly wind anomaly in the eastern equatorial Pacific before its onset. The thermocline depth anomaly of the EP El Ni?o can significantly move eastward and deepen. In addition, we also find that the evolution of thermocline is ahead of the development of the sea surface temperature for the EP El Ni?o. The strong MJO activity of the EP El Ni?o in the western and central Pacific is earlier than that of the CP El Ni?o. Measured by the standard deviation of the zonal wind square, the intensity of MJO activity of the EP El Ni?o is significantly greater than that of the CP El Ni?o before the onset of El Ni?o.     

IMPACT OF ATMOSPHERIC LOW-FREQUENCY OSCILLATION ON THE IMMIGRATION OF NILAPARVATA LUGENS(STL) IN HUNAN AND JIANGXI PROVINCES

Various features of the atmospheric environment affect the number of migratory insects, besides their initial population. However, little is known about the impact of atmospheric low-frequency oscillation(10 to 90 days) on insect migration. A case study was conducted to ascertain the influence of low-frequency atmospheric oscillation on the immigration of brown planthopper, Nilaparvata lugens(Stl), in Hunan and Jiangxi provinces. The results showed the following:(1) The number of immigrating N. lugens from April to June of 2007 through 2016 mainly exhibited a periodic oscillation of 10 to 20 days.(2) The 10-20 d low-frequency number of immigrating N. lugens was significantly correlated with a low-frequency wind field and a geopotential height field at 850 h Pa.(3) During the peak phase of immigration, southwest or south winds served as a driving force and carried N. lugens populations northward, and when in the back of the trough and the front of the ridge, the downward airflow created a favorable condition for N. lugens to land in the study area. In conclusion, the northward migration of N. lugens was influenced by a low-frequency atmospheric circulation based on the analysis of dynamics. This study was the first research connecting atmospheric low-frequency oscillation to insect migration.     

全球贸易隐含碳变化及其影响分析

基于最新的GTAP8 (Global Trade Analysis Project）数据库,使用投入产出法,分析了2004年到2007年全球贸易变化下南北集团贸易隐含碳变化及对全球碳排放的影响。结果显示,随着发展中国家进出口规模扩张,全球贸易隐含碳流向的重心逐渐向发展中国家转移。2004年到2007年,发达国家高端设备制造业和服务业出口以及发展中国家资源、能源密集型行业及中低端制造业出口的趋势加强,该过程的生产转移导致全球碳排放增长4.15亿t,占研究时段全球贸易隐含碳增量的63%。未来发展中国家的出口隐含碳比重还将进一步提高。贸易变化带来的南北集团隐含碳流动变化对全球应对气候变化行动的影响日益突出,发达国家对此负有重要责任。     

Analysis of Atmospheric Boundary Layer Height Characteristics over the Arctic Ocean Using the Aircraft and GPS Soundings

正ERRATUM to: Atmospheric and Oceanic Science Letters, 4(2011), 124-130 On page 126 of the printed edition (Issue 2, Volume 4), Fig. 2 was a wrong figure because the contact author made mistake giving the wrong one. The corrected edition has been updated on our website. The editorial office is sincerely sorry for any     

Index to Vol.31

正AN Junling;see LI Ying et al.;(5),1221—1232AN Junling;see QU Yu et al.;(4),787-800AN Junling;see WANG Feng et al.;(6),1331-1342Ania POLOMSKA-HARLICK;see Jieshun ZHU et al.;(4),743-754Baek-Min KIM;see Seong-Joong KIM et al.;(4),863-878BAI Tao;see LI Gang et al.;(1),66-84BAO Qing;see YANG Jing et al.;(5),1147—1156BEI Naifang;     

Information for Contributors

正Journal of Meteorological Research is an international academic journal in atmospheric sciences edited and published by Acta Meteorologica Sinica Press,sponsored by the Chinese Meteorological Society.It has been acting as a bridge of academic exchange between Chinese and foreign meteorologists and aiming at introduction of the current advancements in atmospheric sciences in China.The journal columns include Articles.Note and Correspondence,and research letters.Contributions from all over the world are welcome.