南海北部琼东南盆地第四系陆架边缘轨迹迁移及深水沉积模式

陆架边缘迁移轨迹综合受控于构造、物源、海平面和气候等多种因素,其迁移演化与深水沉积体系发育关系密切。陆架边缘迁移规律及沉积物输送体制与深水砂体预测是当前国际地学领域的热点议题。本文通过基于琼东南盆地新采集的高精度地震资料,定量表征了第四系陆架边缘轨迹,识别了低角度缓慢上升型、中等角度上升型和高角度急剧上升型等3类陆架边缘轨迹类型。2.4 Ma以来,陆架边缘轨迹时空演化可分为3个阶段且具有侧向差异性:2.4~1.9 Ma以低角度缓慢上升型为主,1.9~0.8 Ma西北部以低角度缓慢上升型为主,东北部则以中等角度上升型为主,0.8 Ma至今西北部以中等角度上升型为主,东北部以高角度急剧上升型为主。琼东南盆地第四系陆架边缘迁移轨迹研究表明:当陆架边缘轨迹角0°<α<4°时,陆坡区峡谷规模较小且下切浅,深海平原区发育多期大型海底扇沉积,块体搬运沉积(MTDs)较少;当4°<α<35°时,陆坡区峡谷规模有所增加,深海平原区海底扇沉积与块体搬运沉积均有出现;当35°<α<90°时,陆坡区峡谷发育较少但下切深,深水平原区沉积以大型块体搬运沉积为主,海底扇几乎不发育。琼东南盆地更新世以来气温不断下降,以及东亚冬季风的显著增强,物源供给增强加之海平面的下降进而导致了西北部陆架边缘表现为进积特征;研究区东北部的断裂活动频繁以及物源供给弱,导致了研究区东北部陆坡推进距离远远小于研究区西北部且发育多期次块体搬运沉积物。以上认识对南海北部陆架边缘体系及深水扇预测具有一定的理论意义。     

Shelf‐margin clinothem progradation,degradation and readjustment: Tanqua depocentre,Karoo Basin (South Africa)

Degradation of basin‐margin clinothems around the shelf‐edge rollover zone may lead to the generation of conduits through which gravity flows transport sediment downslope. Many studies from seismic‐reflection data sets show these features, but they lack small‐scale (centimetre to metre) sedimentary and stratigraphic observations on process interactions. Exhumed basin‐margin clinothems in the Tanqua depocentre (Karoo Basin) provide seismic‐reflection‐scale geometries and internal details of architecture with depositional dip and strike control. At the Geelhoek locality, clinothem parasequences comprise siltstone‐rich offshore deposits overlain by heterolithic prodelta facies and sandstone‐dominated deformed mouth bars. Three of these parasequences are truncated by a steep (6 to 22°), 100 m deep and 1·5 km wide asymmetrical composite erosion surface that delineates a shelf‐incised canyon. The fill, from base to top comprises: (i) thick‐bedded sandstone with intrabasinal clasts and multiple erosion surfaces; (ii) scour‐based interbedded sandstone and siltstone with tractional structures; and (iii) inverse‐graded to normal‐graded siltstone beds. An overlying 55 m thick coarsening‐upward parasequence fills the upper section of the canyon and extends across its interfluves. Younger parasequences display progressively shallower gradients during progradation and healing of the local accommodation. The incision surface resulted from initial oversteepening and high sediment supply triggering deformation and collapse at the shelf edge, enhanced by a relative sea‐level fall that did not result in subaerial exposure of the shelf edge. Previous work identified an underlying highly incised, sandstone‐rich shelf‐edge rollover zone across‐margin strike, suggesting that there was migration in the zone of shelf edge to upper‐slope incision over time. This study provides an unusual example of clinothem degradation and readjustment with three‐dimensional control in an exhumed basin‐margin succession. The work demonstrates that large‐scale erosion surfaces can develop and migrate due to a combination of factors at the shelf‐edge rollover zone and proposes additional criteria to predict clinothem incision and differential sediment bypass in consistently progradational systems.     

南海北部陆坡分类及成因分析

陆坡形态隐含了丰富的地质信息,其差异性是大陆边缘沉积、侵蚀过程长期交互作用的结果。利用横跨南海北部的二维地震测线,采取曲线拟合的研究手段,在南海北部识别出了下凹型、平直型、"S"型等三种类型的陆坡。下凹型陆坡发育在莺歌海-琼东南西部、珠江口中部两个陆坡区,但其成因不同,前者主要受控于快速的沉积物供给,而后者受到陆架边缘三角洲进积和海底峡谷侵蚀的联合作用;平直型陆坡仅见于琼东南东部地区,其主控因素为弱的沉积物供给和较快的构造沉降;"S"型陆坡发育在珠江口地区的两翼,其形成明显受到海流和内波等外作用的改造。不同类型的陆坡具有特定的地层叠置样式、陆架坡折迁移轨迹类型和沉积体系分布特征。对陆坡类型的研究有助于建立沉积过程和产物的预测模式,从而指导古代陆坡的深水油气勘探。     

南海北部长昌—鹤山凹陷渐新世陆架边缘三角洲—深水扇地震响应及形成条件*

位于现今大陆斜坡之上的长昌—鹤山凹陷是继中国南海北部白云和荔湾深水区油气勘探突破之后的又一个深水战略性勘探区块。根据地震反射上超、下超和顶超等典型反射终止关系、地震相组合以及旋回特征,将渐新统珠海组自下向上划分为ZHSQ1—ZHSQ6共6套三级层序,并在层序格架中,识别出陆架弱—中振幅高连续席状、陆架斜坡变振幅中连续S型—斜交前积楔形、盆地斜坡变振幅中连续丘形双向上超等6种地震相类型,其中大型斜交S型前积和陆坡丘形双向超覆地震反射分别代表陆架边缘三角洲和深水扇沉积。研究表明,随着构造活动、海平面等地质条件的变化,陆架边缘三角洲及深水扇发育特征发生了相应变化。在珠海组ZHSQ1和ZHSQ2沉积时期,断层继承性活动,陆架坡折类型为断控型,沉积体系以局限浅海和近源的三角洲沉积组合为特征。在珠海组ZHSQ3—ZHSQ6沉积时期,盆地进入拗陷阶段,陆架坡折类型为沉积型坡折;在古珠江稳定充裕的供源作用下,陆架坡折带不断向海迁移且范围逐渐变大;伴随着相对海平面下降,大套的前积体不断向前推进,最大前积距离近20,km,且前积角度不断增大;同期深水扇自下而上出现频率增高,且位置更靠近陆架边缘三角洲,规模变大。     

陆架边缘三角洲研究进展及实例分析

自上世纪90年代以来,发育在大陆架边缘的一种特殊类型的三角洲（shelf-edge delta）,因其厚度大,分布面积广,储层物性好,常常与陆坡深水扇体伴生,成藏条件好等特点而引起了广泛关注,成为当前国际沉积学界研究的热点和油气勘探新领域。陆架边缘三角洲一般形成于相对海平面下降或低位时期,主要受控于物源供给、可容纳空间和气候变化,并受到陆坡构造活动影响;也可发育在高位时期,受到波浪与潮汐的影响。前人提出了利用陆架边缘迁移轨迹预测深水沉积和基于陆架斜坡发育模式预测深水沉积的模型,即强烈抬升的陆架边缘迁移轨迹、强烈加积的陆架斜坡发育模式,对应的深水区物质传输体系为泥质;水平—轻微下降的陆架边缘迁移轨迹、强烈前积的陆架斜坡发育模式,预示着大量砂体被搬运至深水区;轻微抬升的陆架边缘迁移轨迹、加积与前积的陆架斜坡发育模式,暗示深水沉积砂体发育介于上述二者陆架边缘迁移与深水扇预测模式之间。陆架边缘三角洲—深水扇规模砂体毗邻优质烃源岩,具备多种类型的油气运移通道,成藏条件良好,是油气勘探的有利领域。实例分析表明:渐新世珠海组沉积时期构造相对稳定,在古珠江充足的供源条件下,南海北坡珠江口盆地鹤山凹陷发育陆架边缘三角洲并伴随陆架不断向海迁移而不断进积,S型前积体不断向海迁移,并在晚期发育下切谷及大型盆底扇沉积。鹤山凹陷珠海组沉积时期发育水平—轻微下降的陆架边缘迁移轨迹,对应于强烈前积的陆架斜坡发育模式,在珠海组沉积晚期发育较大规模叠合连片深水扇富砂沉积体系,是研究区极好的潜在油气勘探目标。     

琼东南盆地莺歌海组陆架边缘轨迹演化及主控因素

陆架边缘连接浅水陆架及深水区,其迁移轨迹动态演化可记录和反馈浅水—深水物质输送过程及样式,开展陆架边缘轨迹量化分析,对预测深水沉积体系及油气勘探意义重大。基于井—震资料并选取过研究区LS33a钻井的地震剖面,利用典型的地震同相轴接触关系在琼东南盆地上新统莺歌海组顶底及内部共计识别出5个层序界面,将莺歌海组自下而上划分为4套三级层序。依据地震反射特征量化统计琼东南盆地莺歌海组陆架边缘轨迹,识别并划分出超高角度滑塌型(50°<α<180°)、高角度上升型(5°<α<50°)和低角度上升型(0°<α<5°)等三种陆架边缘轨迹类型。琼东南盆地上新世陆架边缘迁移轨迹经历了4个演化阶段:阶段一(5.5～4.2 Ma)构造稳定且盆地北部陆架物源供给充足,该阶段陆架边缘轨迹迁移角度大多低于5°;阶段二(4.2～3.2 Ma)由于海平面迅速下降、物源供给减弱,陆架边缘滑塌致使陆架边缘轨迹迁移角度增大;阶段三(3.2～2.7 Ma)由于青藏高原隆升、气候转变(3 Ma开始南海及周边地区冬季风增强),指示物源供给增强,陆架边缘轨迹迁移角度再次减小;阶段四(2.7～1.8 ...     

A fine balance: Accommodation dominated control of contemporaneous cool-carbonate shelf-edge clinoforms and tropical reef-margin trajectories,North Carnarvon Basin,Northwestern Australia

The concurrent development of a cool-carbonate Miocene clinoform system and the tropical reef which developed on its shelf in the North Carnarvon Basin is studied. The study, based on seismic interpretation and geometrical analysis, seeks to investigate how the architecture of the clinoforms develops in relation to the advance of the reef-margin, providing a proxy for discussing contemporaneous shoreline versus shelf-edge development. The progradation of the reef and shelf-edge often display a closely mirrored development, although the reef twice advances an order of two to three times the concurrent advance of the shelf-edge. The forced regression of the second advance, as compared to the normal regression during the first, is observed in proportionally higher input of sediment towards advance of the shelf-edge and toe, along with a gentler slope. The inability of the shelf-edge to keep pace with the reef-margin (and by proxy the shoreline) during lower accommodation/sedimentation is a result of the increased volume of sediment required to match reef-margin advance beyond the shelf-edge. Increased accommodation/sedimentation ratios promote higher trajectories where the volumes on shelf and slope are more balanced and the development more closely matched. The observed matched development of reef and shelf-edge during both limited and increased slope sedimentation, suggest that accommodation is the dominant control on the location and trajectory of both ‘shoreline’ and shelf-edge, and that excess sediment is deposited along the slope.     

Sediment supply: The main driver of shelf-margin growth

Despite the obvious importance of sediment supply to shelf-margin architecture and to the potential of margins to contain and bypass deep-water sands, the role of supply in shelf-margin growth has received limited attention. High cross-shelf sediment flux is critically important for the occurrence of deep-water sands, not least on Greenhouse or rapidly subsiding margins where the impact of eustatic sea-level fall may be insufficient to drive sediment delivery out across the shelf into deep-water areas. To draw greater attention to the supply parameter we review a number of shelf margins that have grown chiefly through supply by shelf-edge deltas and associated sediment-gravity flows. Based on structural style and water depth, we recognize two broad types of shelf-margin. Moderately deep-water margins produce clinoforms < 1000 m high and show rates of shelf-edge progradation < 60 km/My and aggradation < 270 m/My, and consequently, infill their basins relatively rapidly, and develop more progradational architectures with morphologically smooth and relatively undeformed slopes. Very deep-water margins produce clinoforms > 1000 m high and generally show rates of shelf-edge progradation < 40 km/My and aggradation < 2500 m/My, and therefore infill their basins more slowly and develop more aggradational architectures with much gravity-driven slope deformation, proneness to failure and ponded architectures (salt or shale driven). On both margin types, long-term (> 1 My) rates of shelf-edge progradation of several tens of km/My tend to be linked to the delivery of relatively large volumes of sand into the deep-water basin. Delivery of this sand beyond the shelf-edge happens despite Greenhouse conditions and is likely recurrent and periodic (delivery cycles in the order of 100′s ky). Such prominent margin growth is a strong indication that sediment influx was relatively high and we refer to these margins as “supply-dominated” shelf margins. The Gulf of Mexico margin is a well-known and data-rich example of a “supply-dominated” shelf-margin during certain times (e.g., Paleocene). In contrast, on both margin types, low rates of shelf-edge progradation are linked to diminished (or even non-existent) and less frequently recurrent deep-water sediment delivery suggestive of relatively low sediment influx. Occurrence of deep-water sand delivery under low sediment influx probably requires fall of relative sea level. The differences between rapidly and slowly prograding margins indicate that sediment supply (and not sea level) is likely to be the key limiting factor on the growth of shelf margins and that sediment supply, as interpreted through progradation rate, can therefore be used to make a first-order prediction of relative amounts of sand passed to deep-water areas.     

应用陆坡形态-迁移轨迹组合法寻找大型富砂深水扇

在海外选区研究阶段,盆地勘探程度极低,资料贫乏,导致常规深水沉积分析工作很难开展。而陆坡形态与陆坡迁移轨迹富含丰富的地质信息,可借助二者的组合对深水沉积进行宏观分析。以二维地震资料为基础,应用陆坡形态-迁移轨迹组合法寻找大型富砂深水扇的有利发育区。A盆地发育上升型、平直型、下降型三种陆坡迁移轨迹类型,其中平直-下降型迁移轨迹对应的陆坡进积距离更大,更有利于发育大型深水扇沉积;同时A盆地发育上凸型、下凹型、直线型和坡坪型四种陆坡类型,上凸型与下凹型陆坡的坡度更缓,宽度更大,更有利于重力流的砂泥分异,从而形成富砂深水扇沉积。将同一时期的大型、富砂深水扇的有利分布区相叠合,重叠区域即为该时期大型富砂深水扇的有利发育区,主要位于盆地东部拐角带与盆地西部。同时应用组合法还可建立盆地漂移期的沉积演化模式,分析漂移期沉积演化历史。     

南海北部珠江口盆地陆架边缘斜坡带层序结构和沉积演化及控制作用

南海盆地是东南亚陆缘最大的、含有丰富油气等资源的边缘海盆地.对于南海大陆斜坡带的发育、沉积演化与南海盆地构造作用及动力学过程的响应关系等方面缺乏深入认识.依据地震、测井及岩心等丰富资料,对南海珠江口盆地东南部陆架边缘斜坡带的层序地层、沉积-地貌演化及其对构造、海平面和沉积物供应变化的响应关系开展了系统性的研究.研究表明盆地的沉积充填可划分为由区域性不整合所限定的7个复合（二级）层序（CS1-CS7）.复合层序CS3-CS7（上渐新统-第四系）均由区域性的海侵-海退旋回构成;其内可进一步划分出由局部不整合或水退-水进的转换面为界的20个次级层序（三级）.研究识别出包括外陆架至陆架边缘三角洲、前三角洲-斜坡扇、陆架边缘前积体、单向迁移的横向底流-斜坡重力流复合水道、大型斜坡下切峡谷、泥质斜坡扇、斜坡滑塌泥石流复合体以及大规模软沉积物变形体等沉积体系或沉积复合体,它们在不同层序具有特定的时空分布,构成多种沉积样式.短周期（三级）的沉积旋回变化与Haq的海平面变化曲线总体上可对比,但长周期的海侵和海退则明显不同,受到了构造隆升和沉降等的控制.陆架边缘沉积演化可划分出裂后早期海底扩张沉积（破裂层序）、裂后晚期海底扩张沉积、后海底扩张等构造-沉积演化阶段.裂谷作用晚期的热隆起、构造差异沉降、裂后热衰减沉降以及上新世以后的东侧碰撞等对主要不整合的形成和海侵-海退产生了重要的影响.晚渐新世至中中新世发育的复合层序（CS3和CS4）记录了裂后海底扩张到停止的大陆斜坡沉积过程;而裂后早期的沉积层序（CS3）为破裂层序,以发育大型的陆架边缘三角洲-前三角洲斜坡扇体系构成的前积层为特征.气候变化和季风加强可能增强了晚渐新世-早中新世和更新世沉积期的沉积物供应,为大规模陆架边缘三角洲体系的发育提供了充足的物源供给.发育于陆架边缘的三角洲-滨岸碎屑体系和共生的前三角洲斜坡扇体系构成区内最重要的油气勘探对象.      

Gravity Flow on Slope and Abyssal Systems in the Qiongdongnan Basin, Northern South China Sea

The study of new seismic data permits the identification of sediment gravity flows in terms of internal architecture and the distribution on shelf and abyssal setting in the Qiongdongnan Basin (QDNB). Six gravity flow types are recognized: (1) turbidite channels with a truncational basal and concordant overburden relationship along the shelf edge and slope, comprising laterally-shifting and vertically-aggrading channel complexes; (2) slides with a spoon-shaped morphology slip steps on the shelf-break and generated from the deformation of poorly-consolidated and high water content sediments; (3) slumps are limited on the shelf slope, triggered either by an anomalous slope gradient or by fault activity; (4) turbidite sheet complexes (TSC) were ascribed to the basin-floor fan and slope fan origin, occasionally feeding the deep marine deposits by turbidity currents; (5) sediment waves occurring in the lower slope-basin floor, and covering an area of approximately 400?km2, were generated beneath currents flowing across the sea bed; and (6) the central canyon in the deep water area represents an exceptive type of gravity flow composed of an association of debris flow, turbidite channels, and TSC. It presents planar multisegment and vertical multiphase characteristics. Turbidite associated with good petrophysical property in the canyon could be treated as a potential exploration target in the QDNB.     

琼东南盆地陆坡体系发育特征及其控制因素

琼东南盆地位于南海北部大陆边缘,是发育于前古近系基底之上的裂陷盆地,自中新世以来进入裂后沉降期。10.5Ma以来,随着盆地演化进入加速沉降阶段,盆地水深迅速增大,陆坡体系开始发育。根据陆坡体系的外部形态及其内部沉积构成特征,在空间上自西向东可以将其划分为3段,盆地西部陆坡以快速进积的陆坡楔状体为主要特征;盆地中部陆坡以陡倾的陆坡角度,大量的陆坡峡谷、沟谷和大规模的沉积物重力流等陆坡沉积为特征;盆地东部陆坡以宽缓的陆坡形态为主要特征。研究表明,沉积物供给和断裂活动对陆坡体系的发育都具有重要的控制作用;同时,陆坡发育时期所经历的沉积过程、古地貌形态和相对海平面变化对陆坡体系的发育也具有一定的控制作用。     

Defining the shelf edge and the three‐dimensional shelf edge to slope facies variability in shelf‐edge deltas

Shelf‐edge deltas play a critical role in shelf‐margin accretion and deepwater sediment delivery, yet much remains to be understood about the detailed linkage between shelf edge and slope sedimentation. The shelf edge separates the flat‐lying shelf from steeper slope regions, and is observable in seismic data and continuous outcrops; however, it is commonly obscured in non‐continuous outcrops. Defining this zone is essential because it segregates areas dominated by shelf currents from those governed by gravity‐driven processes. Understanding this linkage is paramount for predicting and characterizing associated deepwater reservoirs. In the Tanqua Karoo Basin, the Permian Kookfontein Formation shelf‐slope clinothems are well‐exposed for 21 km along depositional strike and dip. Two independent methods identified the shelf‐edge position, indicating that it is defined by: (i) a transition from predominantly shelf‐current to gravitational deposits; (ii) an increase in soft‐sediment deformation; (iii) a significant gradient increase; and (iv) clinothem thickening. A quantitative approach was used to assess the impact of process‐regime variability along the shelf edge on downslope sedimentation. Facies proportions were quantified from sedimentary logs and photographic panels, and integrated with mapped key surfaces to construct a stratigraphic grid. Spatial variability in facies proportions highlights two types of shelf‐edge depositional zones within the same shelf‐edge delta. Where deposition occurred in fluvial‐dominated zones, the slope is sand rich, channelized with channels widening downslope, and rich in collapse features. Where deltaic deposits indicate considerable tidal reworking, the deposits are thin and pinch‐out close to the shelf edge, and the slope is sand poor and lacks channelization. Amplification of tidal energy, and decrease in fluvial drive on the shelf, coincides with a decrease in mouth bar and shelf‐edge collapse, and a lack of channelization on the slope. This analysis suggests that process‐regime variability along the shelf edge exercised significant control on shelf‐edge progradation, slope channelization and deepwater sediment delivery.     

Research Status and Application Prospect of Shelf-Edge Trajectory Analysis

Trajectory analysis is the hotspot and research frontier of sedimentology and sequence stratigraphy. Compared with conventional analytical methods, trajectory analysis is aiming at identifying sedimentary systems and predicting sandstone reservoirs more directly. The definition of trajectory analysis has been made by Helland-Hansen as “The study of the lateral and vertical migration of geomorphological features and associated sedimentary environments, with emphasis on the paths and directions of migration”. Based on current research progress, the basic concepts and methods of trajectory analysis, types of basinward-migrating trajectories (ascending, flat and descending), quantitative parameters and the application in predicting deep-water sandstone reservoirs were introduced. Trajectory analysis mainly centers on two scales: Shoreline trajectories and shelf-edge trajectories. The formation of basin-floor fans has close relation with shelf-edge trajectories, and multiple case studies have confirmed that large-scale basin floor fan usually form under flat or descending shelf-edge trajectories. As research advances, trajectory analysis theory, which developed in continental margins, is believed to have been influenced by multiple factors. Thus, the accurate prediction of sandstone reservoirs requires the comprehensive consideration of the influence of sediment supply, accommodation spaces, past climate and so on. In addition, the problems and extensions of trajectory analysis were also introduced, including ①the along-strike lateral differential evolution; ② trajectory analysis theory in hydrological-closed sedimentary basins; ③the application of trajectory analysis in carbonate settings. As a developing theory, the terminology of trajectory analysis still needs standardization, and the coupling between shelf-edge trajectories and the development and distribution of deep-water sandstones also needs further understanding. The next research focus could be placed on interpreting the evolution of three-dimensional sedimentary systems, and the extension of shelf-edge trajectory theory to hydrologically-closed basin and carbonate sedimentary environments. The research methods of trajectory analysis should also follow the newest trends to allow researchers to better study the evolution of shelf-edge trajectories, for instance, integrating high-resolution seismic data and logging data, core samples, outcrops and high-resolution dating techniques to describe ancient sedimentary environment and geomorphology, combining satellite imaging, ground penetrating radar to portray the modern morphology of continental margins, and utilizing remote sensing to construct more precise three-dimensional models for outcrops.     

Clay mineralogy of Gulf of Papua Shelf and Pandora Trough deposits constrains sediment routing during the last sea-level cycle

The Gulf of Papua inner mid-shelf clinothem and lowstand deposits in Pandora Trough record sediment source and routing through the last sea-level cycle on 20 kyr cycles. Clay mineralogy tracked dispersal of sediment from the two types of rivers (wide versus narrow floodplains) to constrain the contributions of river systems to the Gulf of Papua clinothem and Pandora Trough deposits. Fly River sediment has higher illite:smectite than clays from the small mountainous rivers (Bamu, Turama, Kikori and Purari rivers) that drain regions with more limestones. X-ray diffraction shows high illite:smectite proximal to the Fly River delta that decrease towards the north-east. Downcore mineralogy of inner mid-shelf cores reveals that the largest shifts in illite:smectite correspond to changes in sediment units. The relict clinothem emplaced on the Gulf of Papua shelf during Marine Isotope Stage 3 has lower illite:smectite than the Holocene clinothem that has been building since 2 ka and the Marine Isotope Stage 5a relict clinothem. In the inner mid-shelf, downcore decreases in illite:smectite during Marine Isotope Stage 3 suggest that this region received less clay from the Fly River and more contributions from small mountainous rivers. During Marine Isotope Stage 3, the exposed physiography and narrower shelf in this region may have deflected Fly River sediment more south-eastward, where it bypassed the inner shelf via the Kiwai, Purutu and Umuda valleys and was deposited in the Pandora Trough. The Fly River may have been more susceptible to valley incision because of its limited shelf accommodation and higher ratio of water to sediment discharge. Such bypass of the inner mid-shelf by Fly River sediment during the Marine Isotope Stage 2 sea-level lowstand is recorded in Pandora Trough deposits with high illite:smectite ratios. Inner mid-shelf clinothems with compositional shifts on the order of 20 kyr may be influenced by shelf physiography, accommodation and the variable incision by small and large rivers.     

琼东南盆地莺歌海组—黄流组海平面变化与层序年代地层

琼东南盆地晚第三纪莺歌海－黄注组为巨海相沉积,此时期内发生过多次海平面升降。本文依据对岸崖Ａ－２井有孔虫化石丰度和分异度的定量分析,崖Ａ－１井表层浮游有孔虫壳体氧,碳稳定同位素分析,、地震剖面中上超点迁移分析及对盆地古水深的恢复来研究相对海平面变化。     

Shingled Quaternary debris flow lenses on the north-east Newfoundland Slope

Debris flow deposits are the principal component of Quaternary continental slope sediments between the north-east Newfoundland Shelf and central Orphan Basin. In seismic profiles, these deposits occur as shingled, elongate, acoustically transparent lenses with their long axes orientated downslope. Deposits of individual flows form positive mounds on the sea floor; subsequent flows were diverted by the pre-existing topography into bathymetric lows between older debris flow deposits. These deposits show a large variation in the area of sea floor covered by individual flows (about 60–1000 km²), average thickness of deposits (9–37 m) and volume of sediment displaced (1–27 km³). The ratio of average thickness to a measure of deposit diameter, termed the aspect ratio, has a threefold variation from 0·0006 to 0·0021. Very low depositional slopes and low aspect ratios suggest relatively low viscosities, probably due to inmixing of water during downslope transport. Stratified sediments form three distinct horizons and are locally interbedded with the debris flow deposits. These are mainly hemipelagic deposits. The slope and rise to the west of the Orphan Basin are constructional in character. The apparent absence of upper slope erosional features and the abundance of debris flow deposits on the slope suggest that the supply of sediment to the continental slope occurred predominantly during times of maximum extent of Quaternary glacial ice. The ice sheet grounding line during several glacial maxima must have been situated at or near the present shelf break, supplying vast amounts of sediment directly to the upper slope. Oversteepening and subsequent slope failures fed material into deeper water.     

Sedimentary types and features of gravity flow depositional systems from Late Oligocene to Early Miocene in Liwan sag,Pearl River Mouth Basin

The sedimentary characteristics of gravity flow depositional systems(GFDS)in Liwan sag,Pearl River Mouth Basin,has not been clear. Based on a large number of high-revolution seismic data and a small amount of borehole data,the sedimentary types,spatial-temporal evolution,and controlling factors of the gravity flow depositional systems in Zhuhai Formation and the basal Zhujiang Formation in the Liwan sag are summarized. Four sedimentary types of the GFDS,can be identified according to the different seismic facies associations. Pordelta turbidite fan,the first type,is relatively small-scale compared with other type,but formed at the same time with the shelf edge delta,which is likely to be sand rich. Mass transport complex deposition,the second type,is featured by fault scarps,multiple small detachment faults,internal deformation structures such as sliding and compression,and overall southeast movement. The channelized slope fan,the third type,with lots of small channels on the head,contains microfacies such as turbidite channel,channel-levee complex and crevasse splay. The basin floor fan,the fourth type,is a bidirectionally down-lapped,mound-shaped and strong amplitude continuous intermediate-frequency reflection seismic facie association,and its microfacies such as incised valley,channel filling,front crevasse fan and sheet like lobe can be recognized. It is believed that the coupling of tectonics,climate,sea level change and sediment supply results in the GFDS in the study area and different types of GFDS are formed at different period during the base level cycle change. This research can provide a reference for the summary of gravity flow depositional law and hydrocarbon exploration in the ultra-deep water area.