五台山北麓断裂繁峙段晚第四纪活动性研究

五台山北麓断裂位于山西地堑系北部。本文以五台山北麓断裂繁峙段的地质地貌为研究对象,分别在繁峙县的大峪村和岗里村两地断裂沿线进行了无人机测量。利用三维结构的运动重建技术(Structure from Motion,SfM)进行影像数据处理,得到高精度点云数据,并通过进一步处理获得了分辨率达0.5m的高清断错地貌正射影像(DOM)和数字高程模型(DEM)。通过对典型地区的详细野外调查和挖掘探槽等手段对该段晚第四纪的活动性进行研究,发现断层晚第四纪以来的活动主要是以正倾滑运动为主。同时在五台山北麓断裂沿线的大峪村、岗里村等地进行了断错地貌分析和晚第四纪滑动速率计算,得到约20ka以来的断层垂向滑动速率为0.4—0.6mm/a,近18ka以来该段发生过至少两次古地震事件。古地震事件和滑动速率分析表明,五台山北麓断裂晚第四纪,尤其是全新世以来活动强烈,且不同段落存在明显的活动性差异。     

川西理塘断裂带平均滑动速率、地震破裂分段与复发特征

理塘断裂带是川西北次级块体内部的一条活动断裂带.野外调查获得其晚第四纪断错、近代地震破裂、破裂分段的新证据, 估算出断裂的滑动速率、特征地震震级与复发间隔.结果表明, 理塘断裂带由毛垭坝盆地北缘、理塘和康嘎-德巫等三条次级断裂组成, 以左旋走滑为主, 不同部位伴有不等的逆倾滑分量. 由7个地点的断错地貌及相关沉积物年龄估算断裂带距今约14 ka以来的平均左旋滑动速率为4.0±1.0 mm/a, 垂直(逆)滑动速率0.1~1.8 mm/a; 三条次级断裂均为独立的地震破裂段, 相应特征地震最大矩震级估值为7.0~7.3, 平均复发间隔为500~1000年, 北西段最晚地震破裂发生在距今119±2 a之前, 中段发生在公元1890年前后, 南东段则发生在公元1948年, 显示出与段落之间应力触发作用有关的地震破裂事件沿断裂带单向迁移的特点.     

东昆仑断裂带中东部地震破裂分段性与走滑运动分解作用

基于卫星影像解译和野外考察测量,对东昆仑断裂带中东部托索湖段、玛沁段和玛曲段的晚更新世晚期以来滑动速率以及全新世以来的古地震活动特征进行了分析研究.阿尼玛卿山双挤压弯曲和西贡周断裂交汇区为这3条段落的破裂分段标志,也成为1937年托索湖7.5级地震地表破裂带的终止点.通过构造地貌方法获得这3条段落自西向东晚第四纪晚期以来的平均水平滑动速率分别为（11.2±1）,（9.3±2）和（4.9±1.3）mm/a;垂直滑动速率分别为（1.2±0.2）,（0.7±0.1）和0.3mm/a.断裂水平滑动速率从西至东呈梯度下降,递减的滑动速率主要转换到了与东昆仑断裂相交的阿万仓断裂上.通过构造转换矢量分解获得阿万仓断裂带西支和东支构成一个滑动分解模式,断裂西南盘相对北东盘的滑动速率为4.6mm/a,滑动方向为112.1°.3条段落的活动均产生独立地表破裂,西侧托索湖段1937年发生了M7.5级地震,往东玛沁段发生了514～534calaBP和距今（1070±180）a（格萨尔王时期）的地表破裂,玛曲段地表破裂发生在1055～1524aBP,显示出段落之间与应力触发有关的地震破裂事件沿断裂带单向迁移的特征.同时利用断裂单次地震位移和古地震复发周期获得断裂的长期滑动速率,结果显示与构造地貌方法获得的滑动速率几乎一致,也显示自西向东逐渐递减的趋势.断裂滑动速率的递减与几何结构走向的弯曲以及横向断裂的相交一一对应,因此东昆仑断裂带的滑动速率梯度递减的主要原因是东昆仑断裂带东延与横向断裂相交和构造转换所致.     

东昆仑断裂带中东部地震破裂分段性与走滑运动分解作用

基于卫星影像解译和野外考察测量,本文对东昆仑断裂带中东部的3条次级断裂(托索湖断裂、玛沁断裂和玛曲断裂)的滑动速率以及全新世以来的古地震活动特征进行了分析研究。托索湖段与玛沁段走向产生20°和30°的双挤压弯曲,形成阿尼玛卿山挤压隆起,作为托索湖段和玛沁段的破裂分段标志,成为1937年托索湖7.5级地震地表破裂带的终止点;在西贡周西侧和莫哈塘南侧,阿万仓断裂以40°的夹角与东昆仑断裂带相交,形成西贡周断裂交汇区,成为玛沁段与玛曲段破裂分段的标志。通过构造地貌方法获得西段托索湖断裂晚第四纪晚期以来的平均水平速率为10.8±1mm/a,垂直滑动速率为1.2±0.2mm/a;中段玛沁断裂带晚第四纪晚期以来的平均水平滑动速率为9.3±2mm/a,垂直滑动速率为0.7±0.1mm/a;西贡周断层交汇区平均水平滑动速率为7.4±1mm/a,垂直滑动速率为1.2±0.1mm/a;东段玛曲断裂晚第四纪晚期以来的平均水平滑动速率为4.9±1.3mm/a,垂直滑动速率为0.3mm/a。断裂的滑动速率从西至东呈梯度下降,通过构造转换矢量分解获得阿万仓断裂西支的左旋水平走滑速率为2.4mm/a,东支的左旋水平走滑速率为1.4mm/a,垂直断裂的水平缩短速率为2.3mm/a,阿万仓断裂带西支和东支构成一个滑动分解模式。3条次级断裂的活动均产生独立地表破裂,西侧的托索湖断裂发生了1937年MS7.5级地震,中段玛沁断裂发生了公元1061年格萨尔王时期和距今358~430CalaBP的地表破裂,玛曲段地表破裂距今约1055~1524aBP,显示出段落之间应力触发有关的地震破裂事件沿断裂带单向迁移的特征。同时利用断裂单次地震位移和古地震复发周期获得断裂的长期滑动速率,结果显示与构造地貌方法获得的滑动速率几乎一致,也显示自西向东逐渐递减的趋势。断裂滑动速率的递减与几何结构走向的弯曲以及横向断裂的相交一一对应,东昆仑断裂带的滑动速率梯度递减的主要原因是东昆仑断裂带东延和横向断裂相交,构造转换造成的。     

三危山断裂敦煌段古地震活动特征

三危山断裂位于青藏高原北缘NW向扩展的前缘位置,其最新地震活动反映了高原北部地区的构造变形特征。文中通过遥感影像解译、野外实地调查、古地震探槽及光释光年代样品测试,对三危山断裂敦煌段的古地震活动特征开展了研究。结果表明,断裂晚更新世以来发生过2次古地震事件,事件E1发生的年代约为距今(35.1±3.7)～(36.7±4.1) ka;事件E2发生的年代约为距今(76.5±8.8)～(76.7±8.3) ka。三危山断裂晚更新世以来的垂直滑动速率为(0.03±0.01) mm/a,相应的缩短速率为(0.09±0.01) mm/a。综合前人的研究结果,认为三危山断裂的地震活动具有分段性特征,中段、东段可能具有独立破裂的能力,也存在与敦煌段发生级联破裂的特征,复发间隔约为40ka,根据经验公式估算三危山断裂可能发生的震级范围为M_W7.1～7.5。     

东昆仑活动断裂带库赛湖段破裂行为及影响因素的初步研究

2001年11月14日,青藏高原北部东昆仑断裂带库赛湖段发生了MS8.1地震。此次地震的发震断裂在地质史上具有高速左旋滑动的特征,特别是晚更新世晚期以来库赛湖断裂的平均滑动速率达(14.8±2.8)mm/a。库赛湖断裂不同的滑动速率可能会对其未来发生的运动行为产生影响,为此文中研究了东昆仑活动断裂带库赛湖段不同滑动速率和不同断裂面初始摩擦系数对断裂破裂行为的影响,建立了库赛湖断裂段对应的速度和状态依赖摩擦定律控制的单自由度弹簧滑块模型。为得到合理的模型参数,模拟中采用了断裂位错模型,考察了相关古地震研究资料、历史地震资料以及前人的相关研究成果。通过模拟库赛湖断裂段在不同滑动速率下未来6ka的破裂行为,发现断裂滑动速率快可使地震复发周期缩短,滑动速率慢会使地震复发周期延长。例如,若断裂以现今平均14mm/a的初始滑动速率运动时,地震复发周期为2.1ka;若以18mm/a的初始滑动速率运动,其对应地震复发周期为1～1.5ka;而滑动速率为8mm/a时地震复发周期为2.1～2.5ka,但断裂滑动速率对地震发生时断裂错动的位移和错动速度没有规律性影响;断裂面初始摩擦系数的大小对地震复发周期有影响,初始摩擦系数较大可能会使地震周期减小,初始摩擦系数小可能会使地震复发周期增加;同时,断裂面初始摩擦系数较小可能会使地震发生时断裂错动的位移和错动速度变大。     

天津汉沽断裂准确位置及活动性的综合探测研究

天津汉沽隐伏断裂属于滨海平原区隐伏断裂。本文采用化探、浅层地震勘探和联合钻孔剖面探测等方法,并结合年代样品测试对汉沽断裂进行了综合探测研究,首次查明了汉沽断裂的准确空间位置和晚第四纪活动性。探测结果表明,汉沽隐伏断裂最新上断点埋深25. 8m,断距为2. 15m。结合光释光年代样品测试结果,推断其最新活动时代为49. 3ka ～ 65kaBP,属晚更新世中期活动断裂。由于该断层是与主断层倾向相反的次级断层,可能并不是震源断层错动在地表的直接反映,同时汉沽断裂晚更新世早期以来的平均滑动速率为0. 063mm / a,明显低于海河断裂东段晚更新世以来0. 141mm / a 的平均滑动速率,这都表明汉沽隐伏断裂的活动强度并不是很大,应是一具有中等活动强度的活动断裂。     

甘孜-玉树断裂的平均滑动速率与近代大地震破裂

野外调查获得甘孜-玉树断裂晚第四纪活动及近代地震破裂的新证据,由7个地点的断错地貌及其相关沉积物年龄确定出近5万年来断裂的平均左旋滑动速率(122)mm/a,该结果与鲜水河断裂的平均左旋滑动速率估值很接近,反映了沿川滇～羌塘活动地块的北～东北边界的晚第四纪水平运动总体上是协调的,沿断裂的3个段落均发现近代大地震地表破裂的遗迹,其中,北西段1896年破裂至少长70km,相应地震的矩震级为7.3;中段的最新破裂长约180km,是一次矩震级约为7.7、未知年代的大地震形成的;东南段未知年代的最新破裂长约65km,最大同震左旋位移5.3m,估计相应地震的矩震级约为7.3,已根据调查资料推断了后两次大地震可能分别发生在1854年和1866年,这些证明该断裂的不同段落均具有发生大地震的能力。     

甘孜-玉树断裂带东南段晚第四纪活动性研究

以甘孜-玉树断裂带东南段的地质地貌为研究对象,在遥感解译的基础上,通过对典型地区的详细野外调查和探槽研究对该段晚第四纪活动性进行研究。在断裂沿线的生康乡、仁果乡、错阿乡、日阿乡进行了断错地貌分析和晚第四纪滑动速率计算, 生康区的水平滑动速率为(7.6±0.5)mm/a, 垂直滑动速率为(1.1±0.1)mm/a; 仁果区的水平滑动速率为(8.0±0.3)mm/a,垂直滑动速率为(1.1±0.1)mm/a; 错阿区的水平滑动速率为(10.3±0.4)mm/a; 日阿区的水平滑动速率为(10.8±0.8)mm/a, 垂直滑动速率为(1.1±0.1)mm/a。在仁果乡和错阿乡进行了探槽研究,两处探槽都揭示了多次古地震事件,虽然揭露的断层构造样式有所不同,但总体上都是以走滑为主兼有一定的逆冲分量。综合古地震事件和滑动速率分析表明,甘孜-玉树断裂带东南段晚第四纪尤其是全新世以来活动剧烈。     

渭南塬前断裂晚第四纪古地震研究

渭南塬前断裂是渭南市南侧一条重要的全新世活动断裂,也是1556年华县81/4级大地震的发震断裂之一。通过对渭南市南侧的蒋家村剖面的详细研究,揭示出了两次古地震事件,发生时间分别在41.58±1.72ka与14.43±0.59ka之间,0.73±0.03ka之后,黑垆土被错断0.3m,通过钻孔剖面获得T2阶地砾石层被断错了17.4m,利用T2阶地砾石层的最大年龄为60.36±3.16ka,可获得渭南塬前断裂晚第四纪以来平均滑动速率为0.29mm/a。     

Contribution to the knowledge of the magmatic evolution by the study of the variation of the coefficient of viscosity

The determination of the coefficient of viscosity of eruptive products gives useful elements to the knowledge of possible variations of composition and physical conditions of the magmas.     

Pictorial Series of the Manifestations of the Dynamics of the Earth

Studia Geophysica et Geodaetica -     

Magnetic stratigraphy of the Ordovician in the lower reach of the Kotuy River: the age of the Bysy-Yuryakh stratum and the rate of geomagnetic reversals on the eve of the superchron

Until recently, the existing data prevented the geophysicists from accurately dating the Bysy-Yuryakh stratum, which outcrops in the middle reach of the Kotuy River, constraining the time of its formation to a wide interval from the end of the Late Cambrian to the beginning of the Silurian. The obtained paleomagnetic data unambiguously correlate the Bysy-Yuryakh stratum to the Nyaian regional stage and constrain its formation, at least a considerable part of it, by the Tremadocian. This result perfectly agrees with the data on the Bysy-Yuryakh conodonts studied in this work and yields a spectacular example of the successful application of paleomagnetic studies in solving important tasks of stratigraphy and, correspondingly, petroleum geology. Within the Bysy-Yuryakh stratum, we revealed a large normal-polarity interval corresponding to the long (>1 Ma) period when the geomagnetic reversals were absent. This result, in combination with the data for the Tremadocian and Middle–Upper Cambrian sequences of the other regions, indicates that (1) the rate of occurrence of the geomagnetic reversals on the eve of the Ordovician Moyero superchron of reversed polarity was at most one reversal per Ma; (2) the superchron does not switch on instantaneously but is preceded by a certain gradual change in the operation conditions of the dynamo mechanism which, inter alia, manifests itself by the reduction of the frequency of geomagnetic reversals with the approach of the superchron. This finding supports the views according to which a process preparing the establishment of the superchrons takes place at the core–mantle boundary.     

Evolution of the Source of the Active Region of the Sun

Geomagnetism and Aeronomy - The magnetic evolution of the active region of the Sun at the level of the photosphere has been studied. Magnetic synoptic maps of the 2007 Kitt Peak Observatory were...     

On the solution of the reverse problem of geodesics with the help of the chord

Резюме Дается вывод формул для вычислений длины хорды, длины и азимутов нормаляных сечений и длины геодезической линии эллипсоида. Применяются тригонометрические функции данных величин и постоянные принятого ргфгргнц-эллипсоида, что является целесообразным при использовании вычислителQjных машин, особенно автоматов. Рабочие формулы рекомендуются в форме (8–11).

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Dedicated to Professor František Fiala on His 85th Birthday

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Address: Veveři 95, Brno.     

On the gravimetric undulations of the geoid and the deflections of the vertical

Summary The author mentions the aims of the World-wide gravity project he established in the Ohio State University in Columbus, in 1950. He outlines the practical procedure of the gravimetric computations of the undulationsN and the vertical deflection components and and emphasizes that only by the global international cooperation and additional gravity observations at sea carried out during the last decade it has been possible to gather to Columbus the needed gravity material. Since there exist still large gravimetrically unsurveyed areas it is of vital significance to study what gravity anomalies are best to be used for these regions. The given figures concerning the accuracy of theN, and , estimated theoretically and obtained in practice, indicate that in the gravimetrically well surveyed parts of the world like in Europe and the United States we can get gravimetrically on basis of existing gravity material theN-values with accuracy of about 5–10 meters, and and with the accuracy of about 1. The geoid undulationsN are already computed in Columbus for more than 6000 points of the northern hemisphere. The sample maps show the interesting geoid of Europe and vicinity between the latitudes 60° and 30° and longitude 5° W and 30° E, drafted on basis of more than 1000N-values computed at the corners of 1°×1° squares. It is interesting to realize that the geoid undulations in all this area are positive, the extreme values being between 40 and 50 meters. The geophysical significance of the geoid maps of this kind is pointed out.     

The effect of the pollution of the ground layer of the atmosphere on the albedo

Summary A simple model is proposed suitable for studying the effect of the ground layer of the atmosphere, polluted by aerosol, on the albedo. This model is founded on solving the equation of transfer of radiative energy. The numerical results are discussed, particular attention being paid to the analysis of errors due to neglecting the multiple reflection of solar radiation on the aerosol particles. A method which would also include the multiple reflection is proposed, and the conditions under which the presence of the aerosol is responsible for an increase or decrease of the solar radiation balance on the Earth's surface, are analysed.     

On the maintenance of the axisymmetric part of the flow in the atmosphere

Summary The maintenance of the axisymmetric component of the flow in the atmosphere is investigated by means of a steady-state, quasi-geostrophic formulation of the meteorological equations. It is shown that the meridional variations in the time-averaged axisymmetric variables can be expressed as the sum of three contributions, one being due to the eddy heat transport, another to the eddy momentum transport, and a third to the convective-radiative equilibrium temperature which enters the problem through the specification of a Newtonian form of diabatic heating. The contributions by the large scale eddies are evaluated through the use of observed values for the eddy heat and momentum transports.The contributions from each of the three forcing mechanisms to the temperature and zonal wind fields are invstigated individually and found to be of about equal importance. The sum of the three contributions are also presented for the temperature, the zonal wind, the stream function associated with the mean meridional circulation and the corresponding vertical motion. Although the results fail to reproduce the main observed features of the lower stratosphere, they are found to be in good agreement with observations in the middle latitude troposphere. At any pressure level, for example, the computed mean zonal wind has a jet-like profile and the axis of the jet is found to slope to the south with height, as observed in the atmosphere.Based in part on a thesis submitted by the first author as partial fulfillment of the requirements for the Ph.D. degree at the University of Michigan. — Publication No. 194 from the Department of Meteorology and Oceanography, The University of Michigan.     

On the determination of the non-linearity of the gravimeter scale

Summary The results of two different methods of the determination of the non-linearity of the gravimeter scale are compared; the economy is discussed as well.