System dynamics assessment of mitigation strategies for power distribution poles subjected to hurricanes

This paper presents a system dynamics-based method to evaluate the cost-effectiveness of mitigation strategies for the replacement of power distribution poles subjected to hurricanes. The method demonstrates how the performance of poles distributed over a certain region, as well as the cost of maintenance and replacement, varies with time. Compared to a static assessment, the dynamic analysis provides more information for decision-making about replacement strategies, e.g., the changing trend of cost and performance in a period, and thus a potential trade-off between short-term and long-term benefits. Also, some variables and features that play an important role in cost-effectiveness are examined using sensitivity analysis, so that refinement of pole replacement strategies can be made. The model depicts the systemic and dynamic natures of long-term cost-effectiveness of pole maintenance and assists in the development of a better replacement strategy for multipole systems. In a case study, the model was applied to a typical region subjected to hurricanes, i.e., Miami-Dade County in Florida, USA. The simulation results from the model led to a maintenance strategy optimization that included both selection of class of poles and ways of replacement.     

山东西南部南四湖水位变化特征及其与气候要素的相关分析

气候变化对水资源的影响是水文领域的一个重要的研究方向, 研究水位变化与气候要素的相关分析, 对预测湖面水位意义重大. 利用1981-2013年山东西南部南四湖水位和沿湖5个国家级气象观测站逐月平均气温、 相对湿度、 风速、 降水和蒸发量等资料, 分析了近33 a来南四湖水位变化特征及气象影响因子. 结果表明: 近33 a南四湖水位升高趋势显著, 平均每10 a升高0.46 m; 水位变化整体分两个阶段, 1989年以前为下降态势, 1989年以后为上升态势, 1994年是水位升高的突变时间点; 平均最高水位出现在3月为33.04 m, 最低出现在12月为32.03 m. 各气象要素对南四湖水位的影响呈明显的季节性, 降水量是影响年水位变化的重要气象因子, 年降水量每增加100 mm, 水位升高0.21 m, 夏季降水量对水位的影响更为显著; 蒸发量在夏、 秋季与水位呈极显著负相关; 水位在夏季与风速、 在冬季与相对湿度均呈显著负相关.     

1959-2008长江源被净初级生产力对气候变化的响应

基于长江源区1959-2008年月平均气温、最高气温、最低气温、相对湿度、降水量、风速和日照时数等气候要素资料,应用修订的Thornthwaite Memorial模型计算了50a被净初级生产力,分析其年际和年代际变化特征及其对气候变化的响应.结果表明：1959-2008年间,研究区年NPP变化呈显著上升趋势,NPP变...     

近半个世纪来中国西北地面气候变化基本特征

利用中国西北地区（新、青、甘、宁、陕及内蒙古西部地区）1960—2003年131个测站年平均气温、年降水量、年蒸发量及年平均地面风速等资料,分析了近44年中国西北地区地面气候变化基本特征。研究表明：近半个世纪来中国西北地区基本都表现为显著的增温趋势,增温速率普遍为0.2~0.9℃/10 a,大部分地区高于0.22℃/10 a的全国平均水平,与全球变暖的大背景相一致,并且在1994年还发生了一次增温突变。西风带气候区年降水量表现为小幅增加趋势,而季风带气候区表现为小幅减少趋势。近44年来西北地区水面蒸发量表现为显著的减少趋势,且在1976年左右发生了减少突变。整个西北地区平均地面风速减少、日照时数减少、平均日较差减少、相对湿度增加及平均低云量增加可能是水面蒸发量减少的重要原因。     

Streamflow response to regional climate model output in the mountainous watershed: a case study from the Swiss Alps

Regional climate model (RCM) outputs are often used in hydrological modeling, in particular for streamflow forecasting. The heterogeneity of the meteorological variables such as precipitation, temperature, wind speed and solar radiation often limits the ability of the hydrological model performance. This paper assessed the sensitivity of RCM outputs from the PRUDENCE project and their performance in reproducing the streamflow. The soil and water assessment tool was used to simulate the streamflow of the Rhone River watershed located in the southwestern part of Switzerland, with the climate variables obtained from four RCMs. We analyzed the difference in magnitude of precipitation, maximum and minimum air temperature, and wind speed with respect to the observed values from the meteorological stations. In addition, we also focused on the impact of the grid resolution on model performance, by analyzing grids with resolutions of 50 × 50 and 25 × 25 km². The variability of the meteorological inputs from various RCMs is quite severe in the studied watershed. Among the four different RCMs, the Danish Meteorological Institute provided the best performance when simulating runoff. We found that temperature lapse rate is significantly important in the mountainous snow and glacier dominated watershed as compared to other variables like precipitation, and wind speed for hydrological performance. Therefore, emphasis should be given to minimum and maximum temperature in the bias correction studies for downscaling climatic data for impact modeling in the mountainous snow and glacier dominated complex watersheds.     

青藏高原气候系统变化及其对东亚区域的影响与机制研究进展

青藏高原地区特殊的大气圈、水圈、冰冻圈、生物圈等多圈层相互作用过程及其变化,不仅对青藏高原及其周边地区的气候格局和变化有重要影响,而且对东亚、北半球乃至全球的环流形势和异常产生深远影响。为此,全球变化研究重大科学研究计划于2010年9月启动了"青藏高原气候系统变化及其对东亚区域的影响与机制研究"项目,旨在开展青藏高原环境、地表过程、生态系统对全球变化的响应及其对周边地区人类生存环境影响的综合交叉研究,以揭示青藏高原气候系统变化及其对东亚区域的影响机制,提出前瞻性的应对气候变化与异常的策略,减少其导致的区域自然灾害的损失。项目实施近3年来,开展了青藏高原首次"星—机—地"综合立体协同观测试验和大规模地气相互作用综合观测试验。在遥感结合地面观测估算青藏高原地表特征参数和能量通量方法,高原地区上对流层和下平流层结构,高原季风与东亚季风和南亚季风之间的内在联系,中国及青藏高原地区太阳辐射和风速的年代际变化趋势,青藏高原春季感热源减弱及其对亚洲夏季风和中国东部降水的影响,以及极高海拔地区土地覆被格局等方面取得了一些突出进展。     

Assessing vegetation dynamics impacted by climate change in the southwestern karst region of China with AVHRR NDVI and AVHRR NPP time-series

The relationship between climate change and vegetation dynamics in the southwestern karst region of China has been identified by recent studies. Based on previous researches and AVHRR (Advanced Very High Resolution Radiometer) GIMMS (Global Inventory Monitoring and Modeling Studies) NDVI (Normalized Difference Vegetation Index) (1982–2003) and AVHRR GloPEM (Global Production Efficiency Model) NPP (Net Primary Production) (1981–2000) datasets, vegetation dynamics impacted by climate change in the southwestern karst region of China were assessed. The results show that: (1) since the early 1980s, both vegetation cover density and net primary production have insignificant ascending tendencies. However, the inter-annual variation rates of vegetation indexes have apparent spatial differentiations; (2) the correlation coefficients between the inter-annual variations of vegetation indexes and the inter-annual variations of climate factors vary geographically; (3) as indicated by NDVI and NPP, various vegetation types have different responses to climate change, and the annual mean temperature variation has more significant impact on vegetation dynamics than the annual precipitation variation in the study area; (4) distribution laws of correlation coefficients between the inter-annual variations of vegetation indexes and the inter-annual variations of climate factors in different climate conditions are apparent. All these findings will enrich our knowledge of the natural forces which impact the stability of the karst ecosystems and provide scientific basis for the management of the karst ecosystems.     

典型岩溶区潜在蒸散发变化及其影响因素

蒸散发过程是联系大气过程和陆面水文过程的关键环节,对区域/流域水循环过程和水量平衡具有重要影响。岩溶区,地表生态环境脆弱,对气候变化响应敏感,蒸散发可能是联系大气、水、热交换和碳循环的关键生态水文过程。准确地估算蒸散发对于深入研究岩溶水循环响应气候变化、碳循环、生态修复等具有重要作用。本文选择典型岩溶区桂林市为研究对象,基于1951~2015年桂林市气象站逐日气象数据,采用Penman- Monterith方法计算了潜在蒸散发量,利用Mann- Kendall非参数检验法和相关性分析研究桂林市潜在蒸散发的变化趋势及其影响因素。研究结果表明,桂林市潜在蒸散发具有明显的年、年际和季节尺度变化特征。1951~2015年桂林市潜在蒸散发呈显著的减小趋势,变化速率为-8. 02 mm/10a;夏季、秋季和冬季潜在蒸散发呈下降趋势,而春季呈微弱的上升趋势;夏季潜在蒸散发的显著减小是影响年蒸散发下降的主要原因;桂林市潜在蒸散发在1967和2003年左右发生突变;通过Mann- Kendall趋势检验和相关性分析得出,桂林市平均气温、最高、最低气温呈显著的上升趋势,而风速、相对湿度、日照时数呈显著的下降趋势;日照时数是影响桂林市潜在蒸散发变化的主要因素,其次是风速。     

Co-integration analysis between GDP and meteorological catastrophic factors of Nanjing city based on the buffer operator

This paper analyzes the relationship between meteorological catastrophic factors and gross domestic product (GDP) growth rate of Nanjing city (China). The sample spans the period 1980–2010, including GDP growth rate and meteorological catastrophic factors (extreme precipitation, extreme temperature and extreme wind speed). We utilize econometric methods to take co-integration analysis and Granger causality test among GDP growth rate and the time series of meteorological catastrophic factors of Nanjing city processed by buffer operators. Finally, the paper shows the short-term changes in minimum atmospheric pressure, extreme high temperature, and minimum relative humidity, which has a positive impact on GDP; the cumulative effect of extreme precipitation and GDP affects each other to some extent, they are mutually Granger causes. Moreover, at the 95 % confidence level, we believe that maximum wind speed is the Granger causation of GDP growth rate.     

Assessment of climate change impact on the stream-flow in a typical debris flow watershed of Jianzhuangcuan catchment in Shaanxi Province, China

The study on the stream-flow change associated with future climate change scenarios has a practical significance for local socio-economic development and eco-environmental protection. A study on the Jianzhuangcuan catchments was carried out to quantify the expected impact of climate change on the stream-flow using a multi-model ensemble approach. Climate change scenarios were developed by ensemble four Global Climate Models, which showed good performance for Jianzhuangcuan catchment. Soil and Water Assessment Tool (SWAT), a physically based distributed hydrological model, was used to investigate the impacts on stream-flow under climate change scenarios. The model was calibrated and validated using daily stream-flow records. The calibration and validation results showed that the SWAT model was able to simulate the daily stream-flow well, with Nash–Sutcliffe efficiency >0.83 for Yaoping Long station, for calibration and validation at daily and monthly scales. Their difference in simulating the stream-flow under future climate scenarios was also investigated. The results indicate a 0.6–0.9 °C increase in annual temperature and changes of 12.6–18.9 mm in seasonal precipitation corresponded to a change in stream-flow of about 0.62–3.67 for 2020 and 2030 scenarios. The impact of the climate change increased in both scenarios.     

Modeling the potential impact of climate change in northern Mexico using two environmental indicators

Modeling the deterioration of natural resources, especially water and soil that results from the global effects of climate change has become a powerful tool in the search for mitigation and adaptation measures. The objectives of this research were: (1) to model the potential impact of climate change for the period 2010-2039, and (2) to offer advice about future risks based on local radiative forcing or critical areas and taking into account two indicators of environmental quality, the aridity index (AI) and laminar wind erosion (LWE). Evaluation techniques for natural resources, similar to those applied by the Instituto Nacional de Ecología y Cambio Climático (National Institute of Ecology and Climate Change) were used for studies of ecological land use. The inputs include climate information (current and future), soil cover and edaphic properties related to the municipality of Gómez Palacio, Durango, Mexico (25.886° N, 103.476° W). According to calculations estimated from the anomalies for the mean annual rainfall and mean annual temperature, in a future climate change scenario, an average impact of approximately 63% would be caused by LWE, and the AI would change from its historical value of 9.3 to 8.7. It is estimated that the average impact on the AI in the future will be 0.53 ± 0.2.     

Research Progress on the Impact of Urbanization on Climate Change

The world has been undergoing a remarkable process of urbanization, especially in developing countries in recent years. The urbanization process has brought about great urban development and large population agglomeration, changes in production and lifestyle, and man-made disturbances such as greenhouse gas and pollution emissions. As the global urbanization process continues to advance, its impact on climate change continues to strengthen significantly. This paper mainly reviewed and summarized relevant researches from two aspects: the influence of urbanization on climate change and the mechanism of influence of urbanization on climate change. Urbanization causes regional warming and urban heat island effect, extreme events such as high temperature, heat wave and heavy rainfall increase in frequency, and also leads to increased urban flood risk. The increase of pollutant emission in the process of urbanization is the main cause of air quality deterioration. Urbanization also has an indirect impact on air quality by changing urban climate. Urbanization has an important impact on climatic factors such as relative humidity, wind speed, sunshine and cloud cover. The impacts of urbanization on climate change are mainly realized through underlying surface changes, greenhouse gas and pollution emissions, anthropogenic heat emissions and urban high heat capacity. Urbanization not only directly affects the regional/local climate, but also indirectly affects the regional/local climate by promoting global climate change. Therefore, the impact of urbanization on climate change has a global and regional multi-scale superposition effect.     

基于Polar WRF模型的南极冰盖气温、风速和气压数值模拟北大核心CSCD

在全球变暖的背景下,南极已成为全球气候变化研究的热点,然而其区域内的观测站点稀疏且缺乏较长的时间序列,限制了人们对南极气候变化机制的分析与理解。Polar WRF作为目前最先进的极地区域气候模型之一,有力弥补了观测资料不足的缺陷,然而模式存在误差,在应用之前有必要对其定量评估。本文利用Polar WRF3.9.1对2004-2013年南极冰盖2m气温、10m风速和地表气压进行了数值模拟,并与28个气象站数据进行了对比分析,结果表明:模式对气温的模拟值在东南极沿岸偏低,在内陆偏高,在南极半岛既存在冷偏差也存在暖偏差,而对风速和气压的模拟整体呈高估。而从均方根误差和平均绝对误差的空间分布来看,模式对气温和气压的模拟结果在东南极沿岸的精度高于内陆和南极半岛,而风速则在内陆的精度要高于沿岸地区。但总体来说模拟效果较为理想,在2004-2013年间气温、风速、气压的模拟值的变化趋势与实测值的变化趋势相同。模式模拟的年平均2m气温和近地面气压在所有站点都通过了α=0.1的显著性检验,季节误差和月误差整体较小,且所有月份的相关系数都分别大于0.90与0.79。模式对10m风速的模拟精度要略低,部分沿岸站点的年平均误差超过了7.5m·s^(-1),但整体而言其在四季和各个月份的相关性均大于0.5且误差小于4.5m·s^(-1)。虽然Polar WRF作为天气模式,但在模拟长时间尺度的气候方面仍然表现较好。     

西北旱区潜在蒸散发的气候敏感性及其干旱特征研究

潜在蒸散量（PET）是干旱监测评价的重要指标,分析影响潜在蒸散发的气候敏感因子对揭示气候变化的水文响应机理尤为重要。常采用的局部敏感性方法不适用于非线性模型且难以评估各气象因子间的相互作用。对此,基于1964—2018年西北旱区内163个气象站的监测数据,通过Penman-Monteith公式,采用Sobol全局敏感性方法分析了西北旱区潜在蒸散发的气候敏感因子,计算得到了自校准帕默尔干旱指数（scPDSI）,进而分析了区域干旱的时空演变特征。结果表明:1964—2018年西北旱区年均潜在蒸散量为1157.8 mm,高值出现在新疆东部与内蒙古西部地区,低值出现在青海南部地区。1993年为转折点,西北旱区潜在蒸散发受气温、日照时数、风速、相对湿度等多种因素综合影响由显著下降的趋势转变为显著上升,且在夏季最为明显。在1964—1993年,净辐射、风速与相对湿度的变化对潜在蒸散发的影响较大;在1994—2018年,风速与相对湿度的变化对潜在蒸散发的影响较大。scPDSI的时空分布表明新疆北部、青海中部以及甘肃境内的干旱有缓解的趋势;而黄河流域西南部干旱呈现加重趋势,将加剧区域水资源紧张,威胁生态安全。     

Detection of algal bloom and factors influencing its formation in Taihu Lake from 2000 to 2011 by MODIS

Time-series MODIS data were used to extract and characterize algal blooms from the Taihu Lake study area. Water quality data including total nitrogen, total phosphorus, and dissolved oxygen; local meteorology data; and global climate trends were examined to reveal the factors influencing the formation of the algal blooms. Results for the 2000–2011 study period show that the annual algal bloom typically begins between March and May in Taihu Lake. All large-scale blooms originate from northern Taihu Lake (Meiliang Bay and Zhushan Bay). Some small-scale blooms originate from southwestern Taihu Lake, but the duration of these blooms is very brief because of episodes of turbulent mixing due to high wind speed. Nutrient supply is the main factor influencing algal mass propagation during bloom periods, and temperature changes may trigger algal recovery. The algal bloom area significantly decreased when wind speed is greater than 4 m/s, causing turbulence and changes in algal buoyancy. A strong East Asian summer monsoon transporting warm air to the lake is shown to extend the duration of algal blooms in Taihu Lake, as occurred in 2007.     

中国北方土壤风蚀问题研究的进展与趋势

土壤风蚀是中国北方土地退化的主要原因之一。国内土壤风蚀的研究工作相对比较薄弱，所取得的进展主要包括区域性的土壤风蚀分布地带性规律和不同时间尺度的准周期性规律，描述性的风蚀强度分级与危害评价，单因子风蚀过程的风洞实验，农田风蚀防治等方面。今后的研究趋势主要表现在土壤风蚀的物理本质、影响因素及发展动态的综合研究，土壤理化性质与表面性质对抗蚀性的影响及其与风蚀的反馈关系，土壤风蚀的基本过程及防治原理，土壤风蚀预报方程与数字模拟，土壤风蚀影响评价模型，土壤风蚀与土地利用以及全球变化的关系，各种观测与实验设备的研究等方面。     

1981-2010年青藏高原积雪日数时空变化特征分析

全球气候变暖大背景下, 作为冰冻圈最为活跃和敏感因子, 青藏高原积雪变化备受国内外关注. 本文利用青藏高原(以下简称高原)1981-2010年地面观测积雪日数资料, 较系统地分析了近30年来高原积雪日数的时空变化特点. 主要结论如下: (1) 近30年内高原平均年积雪日数出现了非常显著的减少趋势, 减少幅度达4.81 d·(10a)^-1, 其中冬季减幅最为明显, 为2.36 d·(10a)^-1, 其次是春季(2.05 d·(10a)^-1), 而夏季最少(0.21 d·(10a)^-1); (2) 30年间, 积雪日数较少的年份多数出现在本世纪初10年内, 且2010年属于异常偏少年, 高原积雪日数在1997年左右发生了由多到少的气候突变; (3) 在空间上, 北部柴达木盆地及其附件区域部分气象台站观测的年积雪日数出现了不显著的增加趋势之外, 高原91.5%的气象站年积雪日数呈减少趋势, 且高寒内陆中东部和西南喜马拉雅山脉南麓等高原历年积雪日数高值区域减少最为明显; (4) 由于受到气象台站所在地理位置、地形地貌、地表类型、海拔高度、局地气候以及大气环流等综合影响, 高原平均年积雪日数的空间差异很大, 最多达146 d, 最少的则不足1 d, 平均仅为38 d, 其中高寒内陆中东部是积雪日数最长的区域, 而东南部海拔和纬度较低的干热河谷地区积雪日数最少.     

全球气候变化对地表水环境质量影响研究进展

全球气候变化对水文循环有着重要的影响,由气候变化所引起水资源量的时空分布和水质变化等问题已成为各国科学家和政府关注的热点。目前,气候变化对水资源的影响研究多集中于水量,而有关水质方面的影响研究相对较少。全球气候变化主要包括降水,气温,辐射和风速等气象因子的变化。本文综述了温度的升高、降水的增多或减少、风速和风型的变化、光照时间长短以及辐射增强等变化对地表水环境质量影响的研究进展;阐述了气候变化背景下,气象因子如何通过影响水体中污染物的来源、迁移转化方式、生化反应速率和生态效应等过程而直接或间接对地表水环境质量产生影响。并在对现有研究成果进行总结分析的基础上,从微观、中观和宏观的角度提出了气候变化对水环境质量影响的研究展望。     

Climate changing characteristics of Zhangye City in Heihe River basin during 1968–2005

At present, researches on climate change of the Heihe River basin mainly focus on the relationship between basin climate change and regional water resources, regional desertification and dynamic climatic seasons of sandstorm, but less on climate change of oasis region, where there are more intense and frequent human activities. Based on data of precipitation, temperature, strong wind and dust events frequencies obtained from the six meteorological stations of Zhangye region in Heihe River basin, the features of climate change during 1968–2005 were carefully studied. Results show that the regional temperature rise rate exceeded the average level of China. The annual precipitation changed a little, but the precipitation had a slowly increasing trend in spring and winter. Frequencies of strong wind and sandstorm days show obviously descending trends, which had a close correlation with the regional temperature rise and the precipitation increase in spring and winter. Meanwhile, further human economic activities and exploitations to the oasis in the inland valley of arid regions also affected the climate change of this region, which has a sensitive and fragile eco-environment. __________ Translated from Journal of Desert Research, 2007, 27(6): 1048–1054 [译自: 中国沙漠]     

基于Cobb-Douglas生产函数的新疆各地区典型作物生产水足迹驱动因素研究

水资源紧缺是限制我国西北干旱区农业发展的主要瓶颈,正确评估地区农业用水效率及其影响机制,可为提高农业用水效率提供理论依据。以新疆为研究区,基于1988-2015年的长系列数据,分别计算出历年北疆、南疆、东疆典型作物（小麦、棉花）生产水足迹,并采用Cobb-Douglas生产函数定量分析气象因素（年降雨量、年日照时数、年均温度、年均风速、年均湿度）和技术因素（农机总动力、有效灌溉率、化肥施用折纯量）对作物生产水足迹的影响贡献率。结果表明： 1988年至2015年,东疆小麦、棉花生产水足迹显著高于北疆和南疆,在气候变化和技术进步的综合影响下,各地区典型作物生产水足迹逐年降低,其中技术进步对新疆典型作物单产水足迹影响显著高于气候因素,是驱动新疆各地区典型作物生产水足迹变化的主要控制因素。地区尺度上,北疆、南疆、东疆气候变化和农业技术发展均呈现显著的地区差异,总体来看,北疆气候条件最适宜作物生长,东疆气候最为恶劣,北疆、南疆农业技术发展速率整体上高于东疆。