黄河入海泥沙悬移输送机制的控制试验(英文)

Five diagnostic experiments with a 3D baroclinic hydrodynamic and sediment transport model ECOMSED in couple with the third generation wave model SWAN and the Grant-Madsen bottom boundary layer model driven by the monthly sediment load of the Yellow River, were conducted to separately diagnose effects of different hydrodynamic factors on transport of suspended sediment discharged from the Yellow River in the Bohai Sea. Both transport and spatio-temporal distribution of suspended sediment concentration in the Bohai Sea were numerially simulated. It could be concluded that suspended sediment discharged from the Yellow River cannot be delivered in long distance under the condition of tidal current. Almost all of sediments from the Yellow River are deposited outside the delta under the condition of wind-driven current, and only very small of them are transported faraway. On the basis of wind forcing, sediments from the Yellow River are mainly transported north-northwestward, and others which are first delivered to the Laizhou Bay are continuously moved northward. An obvious 3D structure characteristic of sediment transport is produced in the wind-driven and tide-induced residual circulation condition. Transport patterns at all layers are generally consistent with circulation structure, but there is apparent deviation between the depth-averaged sediment flux and the circulation structure. The phase of temporal variation of sediment concentration is consistent with that of the bottom shear stress, both of which are proved to have a ten-day cycle in wave and current condition.     

黄河入海泥沙悬移输送机制的控制试验

以三维斜压动力—悬沙模型ECOMSED联合第三代海浪模型SWAN及Grant-Madsen浪流耦合底边界层模型,对黄河入海泥沙悬移扩散的时空变化过程进行了数值模拟。通过5项控制试验,初步揭示了不同动力因子对黄河入海泥沙悬移输送的贡献和影响。研究结果表明,单纯潮流作用下黄河入海悬沙不能形成长距离输送。风海流作用下,绝大部分悬沙直接沉降在黄河三角洲的附近,只有非常小的部分发生长距离输送。风场作用下,黄河入海悬沙主要向北－西北方向输送,部分输往莱州湾的悬沙继续向北输送。环流作用下,悬沙输送具有明显的三维结构,分层结构与环流结构基本一致,而深度平均的悬沙输送通量与环流结构有较大的差别。浪流联合作用下的悬沙浓度变化与底剪切应力都呈现为10天左右的变化周期,表明其变化主要是由风应力所控制。     

黄河入海泥沙输运及沉积过程的数值模拟

以利津站代表的黄河入海径流和泥沙数据驱动ECOMSED模型,对黄河入海泥沙悬移输运过程的逐月时空变化、输送通量以及海底沉积效应进行了数值模拟实验。分析结果表明,在忽略再悬浮作用条件下,黄河入海泥沙的输运扩散过程具有明显的季节变化规律,且这种变化具有年际相似性。黄河泥沙入渤海后总体朝向辽东湾西侧海岸扩散,而主要沉降区域是黄河口附近,且随着距离的增大,沉积通量迅速降低。模拟沉积速率一般在0.5~0.1 mm/年左右,与实际调查结果非常接近。海底地形等高线向渤海海盆西部、渤海湾南部,以及渤海海峡方向突出,也反映了泥沙通量的输送方向。从黄河入海泥沙悬移扩散过程的季节变化特征及其海底沉积效应来看,渤海海域泥沙悬移输运过程受潮汐动力、余流和和底层流场等因子的制约。除了黄河河口地区以外,各月悬浮泥沙高浓度区基本一致,集中分布在潮流能量最强的海域,潮流水平动能的大小与悬沙浓度大小分布基本一致。泥沙悬移输运方向与模拟获得的渤海三维风驱-潮致Lagrange余流的方向具有明显的相关关系,泥沙扩散的方向和强度明显受余流方向和强度的控制。     

1950–2011年黄河入海水沙通量变化的阶段性与多尺度特征(英文)

This paper examines the changes in the time series of water discharge and sediment load of the Yellow River into the Bohai Sea. To determine the characteristics of abrupt changes and multi-scale periods of water discharge and sediment load, data from Lijin station were analyzed, and the resonance periods were then calculated. The Mann-Kendall test, order clustering, power-spectrum, and wavelet analysis were used to observe water discharge and sediment load into the sea over the last 62 years. The most significant abrupt change in water discharge into the sea occurred in 1985, and an abrupt change in sediment load happened in the same year. Significant decreases of 64.6% and 73.8% were observed in water discharge and sediment load, respectively, before 1985. More significant abrupt changes in water discharge and sediment load were observed in 1968 and 1996. The characteristics of water discharge and sediment load into the Bohai Sea show periodic oscillation at inter-annual and decadal scales. The main periods of water discharge are 9.14 years and 3.05 years, whereas the main periods of sediment load are 10.67 years, 4.27 years, and 2.78 years. The significant resonance periods between water discharge and sediment load are observed at the following temporal scales: 2.86 years, 4.44 years, and 13.33 years. Water discharge and sediment load started to decrease after 1970 and has decreased significantly since 1985 for several reasons. Firstly, the precipitation of the Yellow River drainage area has reduced since 1970. Secondly, large-scale human activities, such as the building of reservoirs and floodgates, have increased. Thirdly, water and soil conservation have taken effect since 1985.     

Numerical simulation on seasonal transport variations and mechanisms of suspended sediment discharged from the Yellow River to the Bohai Sea

Based on sediment and discharge flux data for the Yellow River, realistic forcing fields and bathymetry of the Bohai Sea, a suspended sediment transport module is driven by a wave-current coupled model to research seasonal variations and mechanisms of suspended load transport to the Bohai Sea. It could be concluded that surface sediment concentration indicates a distinct spatial distribution characteristic that varies seasonally in the Bohai Sea. Sediment concentration is rather high near the Yellow River estuary, seasonal variations of which are controlled by quantity of sediment from the Yellow River, suspended sediment concentration reaches its maximum during summer and fall. Furthermore, sediment concentration decreases rapidly in other seas far from the Yellow River estuary and maintains a very low level in the center of the Bohai Sea, and is dominated by seasonal variations of climatology wind field in the Bohai Sea. Only a small amount of sediments imported from the Yellow River are delivered northwestward to the southern coast of the Bohai Bay. Majority of sediments are transported southeastward to the Laizhou Bay, where sediments are continuously delivered into the center of the Bohai Sea in a northeastward direction, and part of them are transported eastward alongshore through the Bohai Strait. 69% of sediments from the Yellow River are deposited near the river delta, 31% conveyed seaward, within which, 4% exported to the northern Yellow Sea through the Bohai Strait. Wind wave is the most essential contributor to seasonal variations of sediment concentration in the Bohai Sea, and the contribution of tidal currents is also significant in shallow waters when wind speed is low.     

Diagnostic experiments for transport mechanisms of suspended sediment discharged from the Yellow River in the Bohai Sea

Five diagnostic experiments with a 3D baroclinic hydrodynamic and sediment transport model ECOMSED in couple with the third generation wave model SWAN and the Grant–Madsen bottom boundary layer model driven by the monthly sediment load of the Yellow River, were conducted to separately diagnose effects of different hydrodynamic factors on transport of suspended sediment discharged from the Yellow River in the Bohai Sea. Both transport and spatio-temporal distribution of suspended sediment concentration in the Bohai Sea were numerially simulated. It could be concluded that suspended sediment discharged from the Yellow River cannot be delivered in long distance under the condition of tidal current. Almost all of sediments from the Yellow River are deposited outside the delta under the condition of wind-driven current, and only very small of them are transported faraway. On the basis of wind forcing, sediments from the Yellow River are mainly transported north-northwestward, and others which are first delivered to the Laizhou Bay are continuously moved northward. An obvious 3D structure characteristic of sediment transport is produced in the wind-driven and tide-induced residual circulation condition. Transport patterns at all layers are generally consistent with circulation structure, but there is apparent deviation between the depth-averaged sediment flux and the circulation structure. The phase of temporal variation of sediment concentration is consistent with that of the bottom shear stress, both of which are proved to have a ten-day cycle in wave and current condition.     

黄河中游支流悬移质粒度与含沙量、流量间的复杂关系

本文以黄河中游若干支流为例,研究了宽变幅水沙两相流河流悬移质泥沙的粒度特征。结果表明,宽变幅水沙两相流河流的悬移质泥沙粒度特征与含沙量、流量之间具有复杂的关系。就同一站点而言,随着含沙量和流量的增大,大于0.05mm的粗颗粒泥沙的百分比迅速减小,并达到最小值;当含沙量和流量进一步增大时,其百分比又迅速增大,表现出明显的双值关系。对于小于0.01mm细泥沙而言,情形正好相反。黄河中游不同的支流之间,悬移质泥沙粒度特征与年均含沙量的关系也是复杂的。这些变化图形可以用非高含沙水流与高含沙水流不同的物理力学行为来解释     

黄河宁蒙河段悬沙冲淤量时空变化及其影响因素

通过对黄河宁蒙河段6个水文站1952~2003年间的实测悬移质泥沙资料,运用输沙平衡方法,对划分的5个时段和5个区段的悬沙冲淤量进行了计算分析,探讨宁蒙河段悬沙冲淤量的时空变化规律。黄河上游无大型水库的1952~1959年间和水库建成坝下河道充分调整后的1994~2003年间,宁蒙河段强烈淤积,年均悬沙淤积量分别为0.9588亿t/a和0.9503亿t/a;而期间的三个时段,年均悬沙分别为净侵蚀0.6127亿t/a、微淤0.0161亿t/a和较强淤积0.7475亿t/a。年均悬沙淤积量在宁蒙河段为0.345亿t/a;在宁夏河段为0.076亿t/a,其中下沿河~青铜峡区段微淤,青铜峡~石嘴山区段冲淤平衡;在内蒙古河段总和为0.269亿t/a,石嘴山~巴彦高乐、巴彦高乐~三湖河口、三湖河口~头道拐三个区段分别为0.0084亿t/a、0.113亿t/a和0.147亿t/a,沿程增大。悬沙淤积量的时间变化主要受到区间支流来沙量变化和水库建设的双重影响,而空间变化主要受到青铜峡水库拦沙以及刘家峡、龙羊峡水库消减洪峰的影响。黄河宁蒙河段处于构造沉降区,淤积是总趋势,人类活动可以引起个别时段、区段发生侵蚀,但无法改变其沉积的总趋势。     

怒江流域悬移质输沙时空分布特征及变化趋势

利用怒江-萨尔温江上游地区怒江流域5 个水文站长序列日悬移质输沙与径流观测记录,运用Mann-Kendall 检验和R/S 分析等方法,分析了50 多年来(1956-2011) 怒江干流和支流南汀河输沙时空格局和变化特征及其与径流的关系.结果表明：(1) 怒江干流平均含沙量和输沙模数远小于支流南汀河,流域悬移质输沙率年际变异系数随控制面积增大而减小;(2) 怒江干流木城站悬移质输沙率小于其上游道街坝站,部分泥沙淤积在区间河床可能是其原因之一;(3) 怒江流域悬移质输沙年内分配极不均匀,干流悬移质输沙集中程度在月以上时间尺度高于支流南汀河,而在日时间尺度则低于支流南汀河;(4) 怒江干流和支流南汀河悬移质输沙率均呈明显上升趋势,且未来仍将延续上升趋势,二者的突变分别始于1987 年和1980 年;(5) 怒江干流中上游悬移质输沙与径流的相关性不显著,中下游、下游以及支流南汀河悬移质输沙与径流的相关性均显著.     

渤海风驱-潮致拉格朗日余流的数值模拟与季相时空变异

利用HellermanandRosenstein全球风应力资料中的多年月平均风场资料驱动ECOM模型,设计了潮致、纯风生以及风与潮两者叠加三个数值实验对渤海海域风驱-潮致拉格朗日(Lagrange)余流的逐月时空分布与季节变化进行了模拟。研究结果表明,季风的大小和方向决定了渤海风驱-潮致拉格朗日余流的大小和方向,是影响余流流向和流速的重要因素。冬季,从渤海西岸到莱州湾海域风驱-潮致拉格朗日余流表现出一个大逆时针环流,辽东湾呈现顺时针方向流动,渤海中部存在一个弱的顺时针流环。夏季,整个渤海海域呈现顺时针流况,渤海海盆存在一微弱的逆时针涡旋,一支西南向流沿辽东湾东岸穿越渤海海盆,与起自渤海湾的东向流一起进入莱州湾。风驱-潮致拉格朗日余流主要受风的控制,潮汐则起到一定的调整作用。     

ADCP在长江口悬沙输运观测中的应用

声学多普勒流速剖面仪 (ADCP)是近年来发展起来的一种用于测量流速的声学仪器 ,同时还可以通过建立回声强度和现场取得水样的回归关系式而获得悬沙浓度的数据。本文利用在长江口两个站位的高频观测数据 ,对现场取得的悬沙作粒度分析 ,在此基础上对枯季长江口地区悬沙输送机制和悬沙粒度对水动力的响应进行了分析和探讨。结果表明 :平均流输运在整个悬沙输送中占主导地位 ,同时潮扩散和垂向扩散作用也是引起两站悬沙输运的重要因子 ;不同层次和不同时刻的悬沙粒度参数的变化 ,既和海 陆转换有关 ,也和潮相变化密切相关。