用卫星高光谱数据提取江西德兴铜矿矿山废水的pH值污染指标

在对德兴铜矿矿山废水的光谱特征深入分析研究的基础上,总结了不同类型水体(酸性水、碱性水以及河流水)的特征光谱,并利用地物谱特征开展矿山废水pH值污染指标提取研究。针对水体光谱反射率低、特征光谱不明显的特点,采用矿区卫星Hyperion高光谱数据,应用ISA算法和掩膜技术识别出水体分布并进一步与MNF变换有效结合,根据波段散点图进行不同pH值水体的有效分割。为矿山废水污染的诊断和监测提供了新技术和理论支撑。     

用卫星高光谱数据提取江西德兴铜矿矿山废水的pH值污染指标

在对德兴铜矿矿山废水的光谱特征深入分析研究的基础上,总结了不同类型水体(酸性水、碱性水以及河流水)的特征光谱,并利用地物谱特征开展矿山废水pH值污染指标提取研究.针对水体光谱反射率低、特征光谱不明显的特点,采用矿区卫星Hyperion高光谱数据,应用ISA算法和掩膜技术识别出水体分布并进一步与MNF变换有效结合,根据波段散点图进行不同pH值水体的有效分割.为矿山废水污染的诊断和监测提供了新技术和理论支撑.     

德兴铜矿矿山污染高光谱遥感直接识别研究

利用高光谱图谱结合特征开展矿山污染直接识别研究.首先详细分析了德兴铜矿矿山污染(废矿、废水以及植被) 地物的光谱特征, 总结出可利用于直接识别和提取这些污染物的特征光谱, 从而利用矿区航天Hyperion高光谱数据并以矿物识别谱系技术为主有效地识别出矿区的污染类型及其分布.对于以黄铁矿等含铁矿物为主的围岩或贫矿矿石的氧化污染利用70 0nm、10 0 0nm以及2 2 0 0nm附近的特征吸收分别识别出含Fe3 + 矿物及其Fe2 + 和Fe3 + 混合矿物, 并进一步根据光谱特征识别出赤铁矿和针铁矿; 根据矿区水体在6 0 0nm附近吸收特征的差异相对区分出酸性水、碱性水和中性水; 根据植被在6 85nm附近的最大吸收深度相对地划分植被污染程度.最后建议建立矿山污染地物光谱数据库.该研究为利用高光谱的技术优势快速且有效地直接识别与提取出污染源的种类、类型并分析其潜在的污染趋势提供了新的思路, 为矿山污染监测、治理规划和复垦提供了新技术和知识支撑.      

硫多金属矿床开采对水环境的影响——以福建大田地区矿产开发为例

闽西大田地区矿床采选冶活动对水土生态环境系统造成了严重的破坏，矿区采选矿废水pH值、SO4^2-浓度远远超过水环境标准，选矿废水和接纳采选矿废水的河流水体中Fe、Mn、Cu、Pb、Zn、Cd的含量大部分超过地面5类水标准，少部分超过4类水标准，矿区采选矿业废水是地表水金属污染的重要源头。矿业废水pH值与金属Fe、Mn、Cu、Pb、Zn、Cd的含量具有明显的负相关关系，SO4^2-浓度与金属离子Fe、Mn、Cu、Pb、Zn、Cd浓度具有较一致的变化规律。提出整治硫多金属矿山环境污染，应坚持因地制宜、矿业资源开发与环境保护并重的方针，用石灰石碱性中和酸性废水，隔离覆盖尾矿矿堆，对废弃矿山植树种草进行生态修复，对效益低下的开采矿山退矿还林，对严重环境污染的矿山实行关闭，对新开矿山要进行科学规划开发。     

酸性矿山废水对合山地下水污染的硫氧同位素示踪

以广西合山煤矿为例,应用硫酸盐硫、氧同位素示踪并量化酸性矿山废水对矿区地下水的污染。合山矿井水表现出高浓度SO2-4和低p H值的酸性矿山废水特征,其硫酸盐硫、氧同位素组成显著富集轻同位素,表明煤矸石中黄铁矿的氧化是其产生的主要机制,反应途径为微生物作用下Fe3+对Fe S2的氧化。利用硫酸盐硫、氧同位素组成并应用三元混合模型计算,结果表明矿区地下水基本都受到酸性矿山废水的入渗影响,其对地下水硫酸盐的贡献比例为16%~52%。硫酸盐硫、氧同位素能够示踪酸性矿山废水对地下水的影响,是示踪与评价矿山开采活动对地下水污染的有效手段。     

煤矿废水—河流系统中硫同位素的地球化学特征——以贵州龙里猴子沟为例

为更好地了解煤矿关闭后矿山环境中水体的变化,本文研究了猴子沟流域矿山废水和河流水系硫酸根中硫同位素的组成。结果显示,煤矿虽然不再开采,但煤矿对当地水体的影响依然存在。水体中硫同位素均值为-3.82‰,显示了与当地煤中硫化物内硫同位素相近值,不仅反应了水体受污染的情况,还揭示了水体中硫酸盐的主要来源。     

铜陵矿区主要河流水质分析与污染评价

铜陵矿区是长江下游重要的铜铁资源基地,也是典型的含硫多金属矿区,矿山酸性废水是矿业开发活动不可避免的环境问题,对地表水体有很大影响。本文以铜陵矿区主要河流为研究对象,通过野外调查采样和室内测试分析,从常规理化性质、矿山酸性废水和重金属元素三方面分析了的水质现状,采用单因子指数和内梅罗水质指数法进行了污染评价。结果表明:(1)矿区河流污染成分以有机污染和矿山酸性废水污染为主,其次是重金属污染。(2)在检测的46个河段中, 按综合污染指数大小分级,共计有93.48%的河段受到不同程度的污染,其中,水质严重污染的河段占 4.35%,水质重污染的河段占13.04%,水质污染的河段占 65.22%,水质轻污染的河段占10.87%;共计有6.52%的河段水质较好,均为清洁状态。(3)3条河流按污染程度大小依次为新桥河>顺安河>红星河,除顺安河外,其他均受到了矿山酸性废水污染。今后应重点关注矿山酸性废水的污染机理与风险评估,加强矿区水环境保护与恢复治理工作。     

广东大宝山铁龙AMD中赭色沉积物的含铁次生矿物研究

以广东大宝山铁龙酸性矿山废水(AMD)为研究对象,采集了7个采样点的赭色沉积物样品。利用X射线荧光光谱(XRF)、傅里叶变换红外光谱(FTIR)、X射线粉晶衍射(XRD)和场发射扫描电镜/能谱分析(FESEM/EDS),对AMD中赭色沉积物的矿物相及形貌进行鉴定。现场测定采样点水体物理化学参数(pH/Eh),探讨不同物理化学条件对含铁次生矿物相的影响。结果表明,大宝山铁龙AMD中赭色沉积物的含铁次生矿物主要有施威特曼石、黄钾铁矾、针铁矿、水铁矿等,此外沉积物中还含有七水铁矾、叶绿矾、四水白铁矾、针绿矾、纤铁矾、锡铁山石及羟铝矾等可溶性硫酸盐。施威特曼石具有带骨针棒状、海胆状形貌,针铁矿常呈针状及肾状集合体产出,黄钾铁矾呈六方板状,施威特曼石常可与黄钾铁矾或者针铁矿共生。赭色含铁次生矿物能在AMD较大范围的pH条件下存在,但倾向于Eh高的环境。当pH值增大时,施威特曼石有转变为针铁矿的趋势,并且针铁矿能保存施威特曼石的形貌特征。     

酸性矿坑废水对流域酸化的影响——以贵州兴仁县典型废弃煤矿区小流域为例

人们在开采使用矿产资源的同时,堆弃大量含有硫化物的废弃矿石和废渣于周围环境中。矿山环境中因硫化矿物氧化,导致采矿产生大量的酸性矿坑排水。这种水体具有低pH值,高电导率,高硫酸根和高重金属含量的特征。酸性矿坑排水对下游水生生物及植物等具有很强的毒性,大量排放引起的环境问题受到广泛关注。为了了解酸性矿山排水对流域水体和土壤的影响,本文选择位于贵州省西南部兴仁的一个典型废弃煤矿区进行研究,通过测定矿坑排水、水库水、河水的pH值和EC,以及土壤的pH值,分析矿坑排水、地表水以及土壤pH值的空间变化情况,在此基础上对矿坑排水对流域酸化的影响进行了综合评价。调查结果表明,酸性矿坑排水和受其影响的水库水体的电导率很高,且pH值均小于3。研究区域地表水（水库水、河水）本底水化学类型为Ca2+-HCO3-型,其pH值在7左右,反映了流域内有碳酸盐岩广泛分布的自然环境特征。当受到酸性矿坑排水影响后,水化学类型转变为Ca2+-SO42-型,pH值则低于4.0。通常,酸性矿坑排水在流动过程中与河床的碳酸盐岩发生中和反应,促使水体的pH升高。野外考察发现,研究区河道中碳酸盐岩中空易碎,其CaCO3成分因长期与酸性矿山排水发生反应而被耗尽。同时,在氧化条件下,酸性矿坑排水中的铁在流动过程中生成大量的氢氧化物覆盖了沿程的河床。这种覆盖作用抑制了酸性矿山排水进一步与碳酸盐岩发生中和反应。因此,在研究区分布有广泛的碳酸盐岩情况下,受酸性矿坑排水影响的河水到下游5 km处仍保持较低的pH值。研究区的主要农作物是水稻,其灌溉水源主要是水库水。为了了解酸性矿坑排水对土壤的影响,对水库下游流域土壤pH值的空间分布进行普查,统计其出现的频率。结果表明,以受酸性矿坑排水影响的水库水作为灌溉水源的土壤,其表土的pH值较低,平均值在5.0左右。反之,土壤表土的pH值平均值在6.5左右。此外,通过对受到酸性矿坑排水影响显著的土壤进行剖面调查,发现从地表到深度90 cm的土壤的pH值均小于4.0。结合受酸性矿坑排水影响的河水pH值普遍偏低的情况可以推测流域酸化与酸性矿坑排水有密切关系。      

不同条件下形成的黄钾铁矾微形貌对比研究

黄钾铁矾是酸性矿山废水（AMD） 中常见的次生矿物,能有效吸附AMD中Cu、Pb、Zn、Gd、As等重金属元素。不 同条件下形成的黄钾铁矾微形貌不同,其吸附能力也不同。文章通过化学法和微生物法合成了黄钾铁矾,并在粤北大宝山 矿酸性矿山废水中采集了含黄钾铁矾的泥样。利用扫描电镜-能谱分析（SEM） 和X光衍射（XRD）,对三种不同条件下形 成的黄钾铁矾进行鉴定和微形貌特征观察,并分析黄钾铁矾的形成条件。结果表明,常温条件下,pH值2.0~2.5时能够化 学合成黄钾铁矾,其晶体粒径约2~10 μm,且晶形呈板状;而在65℃时,可在pH2.0~3.0之间化学合成黄钾铁矾,但晶形 差。微生物法合成黄钾铁矾pH范围是2.0~5.0,其晶形完好,呈菱面体且晶体大小比较均匀,而约为2~4 μm。酸性矿山废 水中的黄钾铁矾形成的pH值为2.5~3.5,晶形为菱面体形,单个晶体大小多为1~2 μm。根据其形成条件和微形貌特征,文 章推测酸性矿山废水中形成的黄钾铁矾可能是微生物成因。     

Mercury mobility in unsaturated gold mine tailings,Murray Brook mine,New Brunswick,Canada

Elevated concentrations of Hg are present (averaging 36 μg/g), mainly as cinnabar, in the Murray Brook Au deposit, located in northern New Brunswick, Canada. After the mined ore was subjected to CN leaching, the tailings were deposited in an unsaturated pile, and 10 a after mine closure an estimated 4.7 × 10³ kg of CN and 1.1 × 10⁴ kg of Hg remain in the pile. Elevated Hg concentrations have been measured in the groundwater (up to 11,500 μg/L) and surface water (up to 32 μg/L) down-gradient of the tailings. To investigate the controls on Hg mobility and leaching persistence, laboratory experiments were conducted using unsaturated columns filled with tailings. Within the first 0.2 pore volumes (PV) eluted, the concentrations of Hg and CN increased to peak concentrations of 12,900 μg Hg/L and 16 mg CN/L, respectively. In the subsequent 0.9 PV, concentrations decreased to approximately 1300 μg Hg/L and 2.8 mg CN/L. Thermodynamic calculations demonstrate that >99.8% of the mobilized Hg in the tailings pore water is in the form of Hg–CN complexes, indicating that Hg mobility to the surrounding aquatic environment is directly dependent on the rate of CN leaching. One-dimensional transport simulations suggest that leached CN can be partitioned into conservative (24%) and non-conservative (76%) fractions. Extrapolation of simulation results to the field scale suggests that CN, and by extension Hg, will continue to elute from the tailings for at least an additional 130 a.     

Hydrochemical characterization of acute acid mine drainage at Iron Duke mine, Mazowe, Zimbabwe

 Acid mine drainage (AMD) with a minimum pH of 0.52 was recorded at Iron Duke mine near Mazowe, Zimbabwe during an investigation of the environmental geochemistry of mine waters in the Greenstone Belts of Zimbabwe. Hydrochemical data for waters emanating from the Iron Duke waste-rock pile indicate their super-saturation with respect to Fe and SO₄ ^2–. Extremely high dissolved concentrations of Al, Zn, Cu, Co, Ni, V, Cr, Cd and As also prevail. Substantial losses of metals from solution occur within 400 m of the AMD source through the precipitation of crystalline sulphates, principally melanterite. Further downstream, hydrous oxide precipitation forms the dominant mechanism of metal attenuation in waters characteristically under-saturated with respect to Fe sulphates. Speciation and saturation index data generated using the equilibrium model WATEQ4F, suggest that such codes have broad utility for generic prediction of the mineralogical contraints on metal mobility in acute AMD systems. Major discrepancies between modelled and empirical hydrochemistries are, however, evident for super-saturated waters in which the kinetics of Fe precipitation are slow, and in which total ionic strengths markedly exceed their theoretical maximum. Received: 28 August 1998 · Accepted: 7 December 1998     

Ephemeral acid mine drainage at the Montalbion silver mine,north Queensland

Sulfide‐rich materials comprising the waste at the abandoned Montalbion silver mine have undergone extensive oxidation prior to and after mining. Weathering has led to the development of an abundant and varied secondary mineral assemblage throughout the waste material. Post‐mining minerals are dominantly metal and/or alkali (hydrous) sulfates, and generally occur as earthy encrustations or floury dustings on the surface of other mineral grains. The variable solubility of these efflorescences combined with the irregular rainfall controls the chemistry of seepage waters emanating from the waste dumps. Irregular rainfall events dissolve the soluble efflorescences that have built up during dry periods, resulting in ‘first‐flush’ acid (pH 2.6–3.8) waters with elevated sulfate, Fe, Cu and Zn contents. Less‐soluble efflorescences, such as anglesite and plumbojarosite, retain Pb in the waste dump. Metal‐rich (Al, Cd, Co, Cu, Fe, Mn, Ni, Zn) acid mine drainage waters enter the local creek system. Oxygenation and hydrolysis of Fe lead to the formation of Fe‐rich precipitates (schwertmannite, goethite, amorphous Fe compounds) that, through adsorption and coprecipitation, preferentially incorporate As, Sb and In. Furthermore, during dry periods, evaporative precipitation of hydrous alkali and metal sulfate efflorescences occurs on the perimeter of stagnant pools. Flushing of the streambed by neutral pH waters during heavy rainfall events dissolves the efflorescences resulting in remobilisation and transport of sulfate and metals (particularly Cd, Zn) downstream. Thus, in areas of seasonal or irregular rainfall, secondary efflorescent minerals present in waste materials or drainage channels have an important influence on the chemistry of surface waters.     

An investigation of aspects of mine waste from a kyanite mine,Central Virginia,USA

Kyanite Mining Corporation, located in Dillwyn, Virginia has been in operation for over 50 years and their local operation is the largest kyanite mine in the world. As part of the processing at this location, a magnetic separate is generated and a minimum estimation of 3.57 million tons of waste has accumulated. Currently no use for the magnetic separate has been identified. We investigated eight representative samples of the magnetic mine waste which varied in color from a dark tan to black, to determine if the waste could be recycled as an ore or could be used as an environmental media. Mineralogical investigations indicate the composition of the magnetic mine waste is dominated by magnetite, kyanite, lesser amounts of hematite and charcoal. Magnetite occurs as fine grained crystals and as inclusions in kyanite. Hematite occurs largely as botryoidal textures, as discrete grains, and as coatings on kyanite grains. Fe-oxide spheres ranging in diameter from approximately 5–100 μm are common and may compose up to 10% in some samples. Titanium dioxide was rarely observed as coatings on silicate mineral grains. Energy dispersive spectroscopy analysis on magnetite crystals indicates they have end-member compositions. Bulk property investigations indicate that grain size distributions of samples are primarily unimodal with 20–40% of material being between 0.600 and 0.250 mm. Hydraulic conductivity values of samples investigated vary between 0.0036 and 0.0077 cm/s and are broadly consistent with those expected of sands with similar grain size distributions. In addition to the magnetic waste stream a light blue, water soluble, amorphous Cu sulfate occurs as a coating on surfaces of boulders. The coating is composed of rounded interlocking particles 5–60 μm in diameter. This material is of some environmental concern for freshwater invertebrates, but can be managed using sorption media. Hyperspectral data were gathered of the magnetic separate, kyanite ore samples, and the light blue Cu sulfate. The signatures of the kyanite ore, the blue mineral coating, and a mixture of the two provide spectral fingerprints that an imaging spectrometer could exploit for rapid detection and subsequent environmental monitoring.     

Geochemical appraisal of mine discharge and tailing at Malanjkhand copper mine,India

Geophysical investigation using Vertical Electrical Sounding (VES), Electrical Resistivity Tomography (ERT) and Seismic Refraction at a proposed conference center site along Ajibode-Labani road, Ibadan, southwestern Nigeria has been carried out. The investigation aims at characterizing and delineating the subsurface strata to understand the weathered profile at the site. Understanding the weathered profile is essential in determining the suitability of the site for engineering construction of the future conference center. A total of 25 VES and 10 ERT profiles were acquired in a systematic grid pattern using both Schlumberger andWenner configurations with Allied omega terrameter. TheVES data were processed and analyzed using WinResist and the ERT data were inverted using RES2DINV. The data were combined to form a 3-D data set of the site and RES3DINV was used to produce the depth slices. Seismic refraction data were also acquired with an ABEM seismograph and processed using SeisImager and Fajseis software. Seismic data were used in understanding the velocity distribution and thickness. The results of VES, ERT and seismic refraction show good correlation. Four sub-surface layers were delineated: top layer of reworked sand, clayey sand/ lateritic hard pan, clay/ sandy clay and fracture/ fresh basement. The 3-D model permits a pictorial view of the sub-surface in relation to materials that overlie the basement. The thickness of unconsolidated materials to bedrock varies from 2.7 m to 12.2 m which revealed inhomogeneity in weathering under the shallow sub-surface. It is found that the integrated geophysical tool is well suited to characterize and delineate sub-surface structure (weathered profile) for engineering site characterization.     

Acid mine drainage at a coal mine in the eastern Transvaal, South Africa

 Several mines in the Witbank coalfield in South Africa are affected by acid mine drainage. This has led to a deterioration in the water quality in many surface streams. The Loubert Mine is one such mine. Hence, an initial investigation was carried out to determine the source of acid mine drainage pollution and the associated hydrogeological conditions. The investigation showed that most of the acid mine drainage is emanating from old opencast workings which have been backfilled. Most of the water from the backfilled area drains into control reservoirs. Unfortunately their capacity is limited, which means that water overspills and seeps from them. This water finds its way into a nearby stream, the water of which accordingly has an unacceptably low pH value and high sulphate content. The proposals advanced to control the problem basically involve inhibiting the amount of water infiltrating the backfilled opencast area on the one hand and reducing the amount of water entering the control reservoirs on the other. Received: 5 March 1997 · Accepted: 17 June 1997     

Mineralogical and geochemical investigation of clay-rich mine tailings from a closed phosphate mine, Bartow Florida, USA

Clay-rich mine tailings from phosphate mine operations in Florida are a major environmental and economic problem. Options for reclamation and restoration for these tailings are very limited and are fundamentally restricted by poor physical properties such as low mechanical strength, low hydraulic conductivity, and heavy metal content. The major control on these bulk physical properties is the mineralogy of the materials. Eight continuous push borings were obtained to investigate stratigraphy, mineralogy, aspects of geochemistry, and bulk properties of a deposit of clay-rich mine tailings from a phosphate mine near Bartow, Florida that ceased operations in the early 1970s. Stratigraphy is dominated by laminated clay-rich sediment with minor units of silt and sand. An intact kaolinite liner occurs near the impoundment walls and the impoundment floor has approximately 4 m of relief. Moisture content varies from 4.35 to 57.40 wt% and organic content varies from 0.41 to 9.53 wt%. Bulk XRF investigation indicates that the P₂O₅ concentrations vary from approximately 4 to 21 wt%. A very strong correlation (r ² = 0.92) between CaO and P₂O₅ indicates that apatite is a major control on the phosphate. The strong correlation (r ² = 0.77) of Al₂O₃ and TiO₂ suggests that the source materials for this deposit are comparatively uniform. A number of heavy metal elements and trace elements occur. Cr, V, Ni, Cu are interpreted to be in phosphate minerals, largely apatite. Sr and Pb are interpreted to be in both phyllosilicates and phosphate minerals. Two populations of apatite were observed in the clay-sized fraction, one that was Fe and Si- bearing and another that was only Si-bearing. Fe-bearing apatite had Fe₂O₃ contents that varied from 0.38 to 5.32 wt% and SiO₂ contents that varied from 0.90 to 3.32 wt%. The other apatite population had a wider range of SiO₂ contents that varied from 0.77 to 8.80 wt%. TEM imaging shows that apatite grains are dominantly single crystals with lesser amounts of aggregates. Wavellite commonly occurs as individual or clusters of lath-like crystals and the chemical composition differs from the pure aluminium phosphate end member with average concentrations of components being that of CaO (1.57 wt%), Fe₂O₃ (1.98 wt%), SiO₂ (5.94 wt%). In the clay-sized phosphate minerals investigated no fluorine was found above detection limit (approximately 0.15 wt%), nor was any uranium, radium, heavy metal, or REE element detected. The phyllosilicate mineralogy of the deposit is dominated by smectite (montmorillonite with lesser amounts of nontronite), palygorskite, illite and kaolinite. No systematic variation in the relative proportions of phyllosilicates was observed in the clay deposit. Energy dispersive spectroscopy EDS analysis indicates that chemical compositions of phyllosilicates are somewhat typical but overall are enriched with respect to Fe compared to theoretical end members. The relative enrichment of Fe is interpreted to be a primary sedimentary feature. Ca content in smectite minerals is high and may inhibit stabilization using lime or similar methods. The high percentages of montmorillonite and palygorskite explain the high bulk water contents observed. This investigation provides fundamentally new details regarding clay tailing deposits from closed phosphate mines in central Florida which can be used in restoration and reclamation efforts.     

Hydrogeochemical characteristics of acid mine drainage in the vicinity of an abandoned mine, Daduk Creek, Korea

Acid mine drainage discharged from the abandoned Daduk mine towards the Daduk creek has a pH of 3.3, and concentrations of Al, Mn, Fe, Zn and SO₄ of 18, 41, 45, 38 and 1940 mg/L, respectively. In particular, As concentration in acid mine drainage is 1000 μg/L. Removing order of metal ions normalized by SO₄ concentration downstream from discharge point is Fe > As > Al > Cu > Zn > Mn > Cd > Pb. In the Daduk creek, Fe and As are the most rapidly depleted downstream from acid mine drainage because As adsorbs, coprecipitates and forms compounds with ferric oxyhydroxide. From the results of geochemical modeling using the Phreeq C program, goethite (FeOOH) is oversaturated, and schwertmannite (Fe₈O₈(OH)_4.5(SO₄)_1.75) is the most stable solid phase at low pH in the Daduk creek. Yellowish red (orange ochre) precipitates that occurred in the study area are probably composed of goethite or schwertmannite.     

西南天山波沙克-乌兰赛尔成矿亚带锑矿控矿模式

波沙克—乌兰赛尔亚带位于伊犁微板块中的哈尔克山-硫磺山早古生代晚期至晚古生代早期沟弧带中西部,与Hg、Sb、Au有关的区域化探异常有乌兰格林郭勒、阿特达坂、查汉萨拉、地那4个.对应于南天山一条长300 km的Hg、Sb、Au异常带,该带延至哈萨克斯坦和费尔甘纳锑矿带相衔接. 1 成矿地质条件 地质环境与成矿关系 早古生代晚期—晚古生代早期的沟弧构造,为那拉提断裂和哈尔克断裂间的条带状区域,基底为中、晚古生代浅变质岩系.奥陶系、志留系广泛分布,均为碎屑岩-碳酸盐岩建造.下泥盆统为碳酸盐岩-碎屑岩-硅质岩建造,夹玄武岩.中泥盆统为碎…