关于长江正源的确定问題

江源水系诸河,地处青藏高原腹地,因人迹罕至,对那条河是长江正源,历史上并没有一个统一的认识可以遵循。通过考察后,在江源诸河中,论长度,沱沱河(包括源头冰川)最长,当曲稍次;论河道上下游的一致性,尕尔曲最顺,沱沱河其次;而论水量,当曲最丰,沱沱河其次。综合以上因素,我们认为沱沱河长度既长,方向又顺,应为长江正源。综合上述观点,我们算得:由沱沱河源至四川省宜宾,长3474公里;宜宾至长江口约为2806公里。由于长江中下游下流主泓经常摆动,入海口段已有相当延长,故长江全长约为6300公里。     

Assessment and analysis of ecosystem services value along the Yangtze River under the background of the Yangtze River protection strategy

The Yangtze River is the third largest river in the world and the longest and largest river in China.China has adopted a national strategy to protect the Yangtze River.A better understanding of the ecosystem services value along the Yangtze River would provide support for the Yangtze River protection strategy.Using Costanza’s method to estimate the ecosystem services value,the value of 10 ecosystem services was estimated within 1 km and 2 km from the Yangtze River in 2017.These 10 services were derived from the four established groupings of provisioning,regulating,supporting,and cultural services.This study compared and analyzed the changes in the ecosystem services value in the upper,middle,and lower reaches of the river,and in provinces,cities,and villages along the Yangtze River.The total ecosystem services value within 1 km and 2 km from the river was 37.208 and 43.769 billion yuan,respectively.Within 1 km,the ecosystem services value in the middle reaches was 12.93 billion yuan,while the next highest value was in the upper reaches at 12.45 billion yuan,and the downstream area had the smallest value of 11.855 billion yuan.Within 2 km,the value of upstream ecosystem services was the highest at 16.31 billion yuan,while the second highest value was in the middle reaches at 14.376 billion yuan,and the smallest value was in the downstream area at 13.083 billion yuan.In the Yangtze River Basin,regulating services played a leading role,accounting for 81.6%and 78.9%of the ecosystem services value within 1 km and 2 km from the river,respectively.Among the 10 ecosystem services,hydrological regulation was the most important,while the value of raw material production made the smallest contribution.Among the provinces and cities along the Yangtze River,the highest ecosystem services value was in Hubei Province,while the lowest values were in Shanghai and the Qinghai-Tibet Plateau.If villages within 1 km and 2 km from the river were to be relocated,the total regional ecological value would increase by 527 and 975 million yuan,respectively.     

Assessment and exploitation of the waterfront resources in the middle and lower reaches of the Yangtze River

Waterfront resources are important and special kind of natural resources in the marginal area between land and water. The Yangtze River, the longest river in China, is not only rich in waterfront resources, but also has favorable development conditions with great potentiality. Aided by large-scale underwater topographic map, the major factors of the waterfront resources in the middle and lower reaches of the Yangtze River, such as the stability, the water depth and the natural conditions for port construction, are assessed in this paper respectively on the basis of the overall investigations. The results show that: (1) the waterfront resources are abundant in the middle and lower reaches of the Yangtze River, but lack of perfectly combined high grade waterfront; (2) there exists an obvious regional difference in the natural quality of the waterfront along the Yangtze; (3) the fore-bank water depth and waterfront stability are the main natural factors related to the waterfront quality in the middle and lower reaches of the Yangtze River; (4) the waterfronts along the Yangtze are mainly used for port, warehouse and industrial purposes; and (5) the waterfronts near important cities are highly used, especially the high-quality waterfronts. In addition, some suggestions for the development and utilization of the waterfront resources are presented in this paper.     

长江第一弯成因及形成时代探讨

长江第一弯成因及形成时代关系到金沙江—长江水系的形成演化、西南纵向岭谷地理环 境演化、青藏高原隆升对周边环境的影响等重大科学问题, 故近百年来一直为学术界所关注。本 文通过综合考察、地貌和沉积物等的综合分析认为: 长江第一弯是在金沙江水系未曾溯源连通至 三江口段之前的古金沙江与古冲江河、水洛河的汇流口。长江在三江口袭夺了水洛河, 导致水洛 河倒流, 古金沙江与三江口下的长江贯通, 才形成真正的金沙江—长江水系。根据玉龙山强烈隆 起时间、周边层状地貌发育年代、中国水系大局形成等进行推断, 长江第一弯形成时代为中更新 世以来, 说明昆黄运动为本区构造地貌—水系发育的重大转型事件。     

长江中下游岸线资源的特征及其评价利用

Waterfront resources are important and special kind of natural resources in the marginal area between land and water.The Yangtze River,the longest river in China,is not only rich in waterfront resources,but also has favorable development conditions with great potentiality.Aided by large-scale underwater topographic map,the major factors of the waterfront resources in the middle and lower reaches of the Yangtze River,such as the stability,the water depth and the natural conditions for port construction,are assessed in this paper rspectively on the basis of the overall investigations.The results show that:(1)the waterfront resources are abundant in the middle and lower reaches of the Yangtze River,but lack of perfectly combined high grade waterfront;(2)there exists and obvious regional difference in the natural quality of the waterfront along the Yangtze;(3)the fore-bank water depth and waterfront stability are the main natural factors related to the waterfront auality in the middle and lower reaches of the Yangtze River;(4)the waterfronts along the Yangtze are mainly used for port,warehouse and industrial pruposes; and (5)the waterfronts near important cities are highly used,especially the high-quality waterfronts.In addition,some suggestions for the development and utilization of the waterfront resources are presented in this paper.     

Geochronology of detrital muscovite and zircon constrains the sediment provenance changes in the Yangtze River during the late Cenozoic

The geometry and evolution of rivers originating from the Tibetan plateau are influenced by topography and climate change during the India‐Asia collision. The Yangtze River is the longest among these rivers and formed due to capturing many rivers on the eastern Tibetan Plateau by the middle Yangtze. The timing of these capture events is still controversial. Here, we use detrital muscovite ⁴⁰Ar/³⁹Ar and zircon U–Pb ages to constrain the provenance of late Cenozoic sediments in the Jianghan Basin in the middle reaches of the Yangtze River. The combined data suggest that late Pliocene sediments were mainly derived from a local source in the Jianghan Basin including the Dabie Shan. The middle Pleistocene sediments were derived from the Min River west of the Three Gorges. This implies that at least one river, perhaps the palaeo‐Han River, originating from the Dabie Shan region, flowed through the centre of the Jianghan Basin during the late Pliocene. The appearance of sediment from the Min River in the Jianghan Basin somewhere between late Pliocene and middle Pleistocene suggests that the Three Gorges section of the Yangtze River was formed somewhere between late Pliocene and middle Pleistocene (N₂– Q₂).     

长江中下游河道岸线的整治与开发利用

通过分析长江中下游河道的各段的整治措施，提出长江中下游河道整治的关键是：（1）控制河势，治理河岸崩塌，增强河床与河岸的稳定性；（2）充分重视三峡工程建成后对河道变化产生的影响；（3）科学合理地控制好长江采砂。并分析了长江岸线开发利用现状及存在问题，提出了岸线利用的原则。在长江中下游河道岸线利用过程中，还存在：河势不稳定，布局不合理，深水浅用浪费岸线资源和水污染严重等问题，提出遵照河道演变规律开发岸线，保护河岸工程的安全，根据河岸水质污污染与河床特点合理布置引水口和排污口，提高引水质量。     

基于历史地图与遥感影像的近百年来长江荆江段河道演变

基于实测的军事地形图和Landsat遥感影像,重建了20世纪30年代至2015年的近百年长江荆江段河道演变空间数据集,并以此为基础使用计盒维数法在ArcGIS 10.2平台上测算得出河道分形维数近百年来的变化过程。研究表明：荆江河道具有明显的分形特征,河道分维数值在1.074 7~1.049 1之间变动,平均值为1.061 3。近百年来荆江河道演变可以划分为2个阶段：20世纪30~50年代和1976~2015年,其分维均值分别为1.074 3和1.052 6。近百年来荆江河道处于逐渐趋于稳定的过程中。各时间断面下荆江的分维值都高于上荆江,下荆江的河流复杂程度大于上荆江,且荆江河道分维的变化主要取决于下荆江。近百年来荆江河道分维下降的原因主要是1949年后荆江河道大规模治理和人工截弯取直。     

黄山北麓青弋江发育研究

青弋江位于黄山北麓,为长江下游最长的支流。野外考察发现青弋江泾县盆地段存在溪口剖面和城北剖面等2个天然剖面,共发育了1级洪积扇台地（P）和3级河流阶地（T3、T2和T1）,并相应堆积了4级砾石层。通过对砾石层进行砾组分析,并借助电子自旋共振（ESR）测年和古地磁测年等方法,初步探讨了青弋江发育的年代、过程和成因。研究结论为：① 砾组分析表明青弋江T3阶地是青弋江的最老阶地,并且其砾石层是青弋江的最老砾石层;② 测年结果表明青弋江发育的年代区间为1300~900 ka,其中~1300 ka为青弋江发育的最早年代,而~900 ka则为青弋江发育的最晚年代;③ 青弋江发育于~1377 ka前的洪积扇辫状河,并先后经历了洪积扇及辫状河发育、辫状河下切、青弋江形成等阶段,即所谓的源于洪积扇辫状河的青弋江发育过程;④ 青弋江发育可能是降水增加和构造抬升共同作用的结果。该研究有助于为中国东部地区中小河流发育研究提供参考。     

黄山北麓青弋江发育原因及其与长江贯通的关系

基于前期研究工作成果和外部环境变化因素分析,探讨了青弋江发育原因及其与长江贯通的关系。研究表明：① 昆黄运动可能在长江中下游地区产生了区域构造响应,导致研究区断层被激活而发生了较大幅度的断块抬升运动,进而为青弋江发育提供了下切驱动力,驱动了青弋江发育;② 东亚夏季风在约1.3 Ma和约0.9 Ma发生的2次显著阶段性减弱事件,引起区域降水量显著增加,进而为青弋江发育提供了下切媒介和持续水流,控制了青弋江发育年代;③ 青弋江发育与长江贯通可能都是昆黄运动区域构造响应与东亚夏季风强度阶段性减弱共同作用的结果,并且长江贯通后所形成的新局部侵蚀基准面也可能促进了青弋江发育,因此青弋江发育年代在一定程度上能反映长江贯通年代。     

Geometric properties of river cross sections and associated hydrodynamic implications in Wuhan–Jiujiang river reach, the Yangtze River

Based on measured hydrological data by using ship-mounted Acoustic Doppler Current Profiler (ADCP) instrument, we analyzed shapes of river cross sections of the middle Yangtze River basin (mainly focusing on Makou and Tianjiazhen river reach). Hydrodynamic properties of river channels were also discussed. The research results indicate that nonlinear relationships can be identified between river-width/river-depth ratio (W/D ratio), sizes of cross section and mean flow velocity. Positive relations are detected between W/D ratio and mean flow velocity when W/D<1; and negative relations are observed when W/D>1. Adverse relationships can be obtained between W/D ratio and cross-section area. Geomorphologic and geologic survey indicates different components of river banks in the wider and narrower river reaches respectively. These may be the main driving factors causing unique hydrological properties of river channels in the middle Yangtze River basin. Narrower river cross sections tend to raise water level in the upstream river reach near narrower river channel, giving rise to backwater effects. River knots can cause serious backwater effects, which is harmful for flood mitigation. However river knots will also stabilize river channel and this will be beneficial for river channel management. The results of this paper may be helpful for flood mitigation and river channel management in the middle Yangtze River basin.     

让江源之说回归真实

介绍了20世纪70年代江源地区的测图情况,指出沱沱河正源纳钦曲是兰州军区测绘部队1974年发现并测图。论述了认定河源诸项标准的由来,指出确定河源不可随意择取认定标准和确定主次。对"三源说"提出了质疑:沱沱河源于尕恰迪如岗雪山群东南侧两初始冰川,而非姜古迪如南侧冰川;认为把楚玛尔河定为长江的北源,既不符合实际,又搞乱了水系的干支名系关系,并出现多个源头,有违发源地的地域慨念。依江源数十条源流形成的密集扇形分布水系,提出长江发源地应表述为:源于唐古拉山脉北麓。按照认定河源的诸项标准,对长江诸源进行了分析与比量,当曲各项均为最优,认为当曲才是长江正源,源于霞舍日啊巴山峰东侧的多朝能谷地。指出量算长江的精确长度,应顾及诸多因素并建议重新量算。     

构建长江干流地区沿江城市带

建设沿江城市带是为了顺应现代城市的发展潮流,加速沿江地区区域经济一体化的进程。建立沿江区域协调发展体系、走大中小城市协调发展的城市化道路、巩固长江发展轴的核心地位、统筹沿江重大基础设施的建设是城市带发展的总体构想。由于沿江各地区发展条件迥异,城市带的建设采取了分区发展的模式,在沿江地区总的发展框架内,设想在城市带内构建7个城市群、城市组团等,根据各集团的特征,制定不同的发展战略。     

长江中下游河床沉积物分布特征

对长江中下游武汉至河口段304处河床沉积物样品进行了粒度测量与分析,通过各参数间的模拟、统计及对比,探讨了沉积物粒度、水动力因素及河床地貌三者间的关系。研究结果表明：本区河床沉积物以中、细砂为主,床底搬运十分微弱,河道相对稳定;从上至下沿程有明显的“粗-细-粗-细”粒径变化,主要反映河流动力地貌、动力沉积特征;粒径在河床的沿程分布总体为北粗南细,说明北岸侵蚀,南岸淤积的特点。研究同时也表明,颗粒因河型不同而迥异;颗粒偏态度-峭度在不同河型中表现各异,对区分顺直微弯分汊和鹅头形分汊河道尤为显著。     

A SUSPENDED SEDIMENT BUDGET OF THE YICHANG-WUHAN REACH OF THE YANGTZE RIVER, CHINA

The amount of the sediment deposition in the Yichan-Wuhan reach of the middle Yangtze River (also known as Changjiang River) has been determined using the concept of sediment budget at the channel-reach scale. The fill-scour processes of the middle Yangtze River were studied during the period 1956–1997 in response to the variation in sediment load and flow inputs. The results show that 13.3% of the net input of sediment was deposited in the studied river reach. Since 1956, the output sediment load of the studied reach increased with time to 1981, followed by a decline. The increase in output before 1981 can be related to the man-made bend neck-cutoff which caused a decrease in the sediment load diverted through the 'three outfalls' (i.e. the three distributaries from the Yangtze main stem to the Dongting Lake) and increased the sediment-carrying capacity of the river. Thereby, the river could transport more sediment to the outlet of the studied river reach. The decrease in the sediment load output after 1984 was directly due to the decreased sediment load at Yichang station. Multiple regression equations have been established to assess the contributions of influencing factors to the variation in sediment deposition amount in the studied river reach.     

长江中游武汉-九江河段河道形态及水动力学特征

Based on measured hydrological data by using ship-mounted Acoustic Doppler Current Profiler (ADCP) instrument, we analyzed shapes of river cross sections of the middle Yangtze River basin (mainly focusing on Makou and Tianjiazhen river reach). Hydrodynamic properties of river channels were also discussed. The research results indicate that nonlinear relationships can be identified between river-width/river-depth ratio (W/D ratio), sizes of cross section and mean flow velocity. Positive relations are detected between W/D ratio and mean flow velocity when W/D<1; and negative relations are observed when W/D>1. Adverse relationships can be obtained between W/D ratio and cross-section area. Geomorphologic and geologic survey indicates different components of river banks in the wider and narrower river reaches respectively. These may be the main driving factors causing unique hydrological properties of river channels in the middle Yangtze River basin. Narrower river cross sections tend to raise water level in the upstream river reach near narrower river channel, giving rise to backwater effects. River knots can cause serious backwater effects, which is harmful for flood mitigation. However river knots will also stabilize river channel and this will be beneficial for river channel management. The results of this paper may be helpful for flood mitigation and river channel management in the middle Yangtze River basin. Foundation: National Natural Science Foundation of China, No.40701015; Key Project of National Natural Science Foundation of China, No.40730635 Author: Zhang Qiang (1974–), Ph.D and Associate Professor, specialized in natural hazards and climatic changes, hydrologic statistics, floods and fluvial geomorphology.     

基于能量的鄱阳湖——长江相互作用表征指标研究（英文）

The complex relationship between the Yangtze River and Poyang Lake controls the exchange of water and sediment between the two,and exerts effects on water resources,flooding,shipping,and the ecological environment.The theory of energy is applied in this paper to investigate the physical mechanisms that determine the nature of the contact between the Yangtze River and Poyang Lake and to establish an energy differenceindex to quantify the interactions between the two systems.Data show that Fe values for this interaction have increased since the 1950s,indicating a weakening in the river effect while the lake effect has been enhanced.Enclosure of the Three Gorges Reservoir(TGR)has also significantly influenced the relationship between the river and the lake by further reducing the impacts of the Yangtze River.The river effect also increases slightly during the dry season,and decreases significantly at the end of the flooding period,while interactions between the two to some extent influence the development of droughts and floods within the lake area.Data show that when the flow of the five rivers within this area is significant and a blocking effect due to the Yangtze River is also clearly apparent,floods occur easily;in contrast,when the opposite is true and the flow of the five rivers is small,and the Yangtze River can accommodate the flow,droughts occur frequently.Construction and enclosure of the TGR also means that the lake area is prone to droughts during September and October.     

我国河水主要离子组成与区域自然条件的关系

对我国四大水系－长江、黄河、松花江和珠江５０年代末至８０年代中期河水中主要离子含量流域降水量、区域地质岩性等自然条件进行了统计研究。研究表明：区域地质岩性对河水离子含量和组成有显著影响;河水离子总量与相应区域的降水存在显著负相关关系。     

长江中游田家镇深槽的特征及其泄洪影响

长江中游田家镇附近江面最狭处仅650 m, 江底最深处低于黄海基准面以下-90 m, 是长江干流河床突出的最低所在, 距离长江口900 km。通过实地地质地貌调查揭示田家镇深槽形成及其对洪水的渲泄有何影响。 根据地质、水文、地形和直接考察资料, 卡口深槽段长8 km, 系长江自NW-SE斜切过一排强烈褶曲的三叠系厚层石灰岩山地而成, 3个临江石灰岩小山所成矶头导致江流方向变化与流速加速, 以至形成多处涡流, 向江底侵蚀, 而褶皱的石灰岩抗拒侵蚀、溶蚀能力很低, 因而导致远低于海平面深槽的形成, 估计卡口深槽是从中更新世红色风化壳发育的和缓起伏的地面上叠置下来, 已有以10万年年计的长远历史。近数十年多次实测资料比较, 侵蚀淤积有小量变化, 但河床基本稳定。对正常的中、枯水位江流运行没有影响, 但对超过50 000~60 000 m³/s洪水的排泄则有明显的壅阻作用。     

基于TOPEX/Poseidon卫星数据的江河流量测算

TOPEX／Poseidon卫星的原始目的是测量海面高度变化信息,为海洋监测服务。作者通过假设基准面的方法,将由TOPEX／Poseidon卫星数据估算的下垫面水位相对变化信息转化为”水位”系列并建立了由TOPEX／Poseidon得出的“水位”与相邻水文站实测流量间的相关关系,进而实现了由TOPEX／Poseidon卫星数据估算河道流量的目的。利用1998～1999年TOPEX／Poseidon在长江下游大通附近的过境数据和对应年份大通水文站实测流量数据,验证了本方法的可行性。研究结果表明：在长江下游河道地区,由TOPEX／Poseidon卫星数据可定量估算出山河流流量信息。