天文斑点成象中的数据预处理

主要讨论了由云南天文台的斑点象探测系统引入斑点数据中的两种噪声：斑点图记录噪声和由大气视宁度差异引起的系统误差，叙述了用于克服噪声的预处理方法，噪声改正的实验结果表明，这些预处理对于实现天文目标的高分辨率象复原是有效的和必须的。     

由斑点图重建天文图像的方法

首先介绍了斑点图形成机制以及获取方法,并借助计算机模拟了斑点图的生成。然后重点描述斑点图的图像重建方法,包括频率域和空间域重建方法。在频率域重建方法部分依次详细叙述了用于复原模信息的斑点干涉法和用于复原相位信息的由模复原相位法、Knox-Thompson法、斑点掩模法;空间域重建方法部分介绍了典型的LWH法和迭代位移叠加法;另外,盲消卷积法也为斑点图重建提供了新的思路,文章对此方法也做了介绍;特别地,还对国内在该领域的相关工作做了介绍;关于斑点图重建方法在天文学、天体物理学等领域的应用,文章做了有针对性的介绍;最后一章是斑点图图像重建方法的总结。     

云南天文台高分辨率斑点成像的新进展

本文报道了对天文目标：双星ＡＤＳ１６８００、ＡＤＳ１６１７３,三星Ｈｕ６６（ＡＤＳ１１３４４）和Ｈｌｄ１７１（ＡＤＳ１６６４８）进行的斑点成像观测及测量结果。介绍了所用的二维光子计数斑点像探测系统的性能,分析了探测系统的光子噪声、附加噪声和其它更复杂的噪声对斑点图的平均功率谱和重谱的影响。在讨论了改正重谱中的噪声偏差项时提出了对重谱基底施加正性约束的算法。测量的结果表明,实现了高精度的微射受限天文     

功率谱噪声改正和斑点全息术象复原

简要地介绍了斑点全息术的原理，分析了存在于实际数据中的各种噪声对功率谱造成的严重影响，讨论了消除噪声偏差的方法，最后报导了用斑点全息术对两双星的高分辨率象复原结果。     

一种天文卫星数据预处理方法

天文卫星获取的数据需要经过一系列操作生成可以发布给科学用户的数据产品,数据预处理是其中比较重要的环节,它是数据发布的基础。以硬X射线调制望远镜卫星的中能X射线望远镜及天宫二号上伽玛暴偏振探测仪为例,详细介绍了数据的预处理步骤和方法。提出了一套数据预处理的步骤,并给出数据解析的策略和时间计算方法等,这对中国天文卫星数据处理系统的研制具有参考意义。     

斑点图的重心与波前倾斜

论述了斑点图重心与瞬时波前倾斜的关系,证明了斑点图重心位置与瞬时波前倾斜的一致性,这种一致性无论光瞳孔径是否大于大气相干长度均是成立的.这一结论并未严格受限于近场近似条件,结论的一个重要推论是:用重心对准的位移叠加法对斑点图进行统计后所得到的传递函数就是大气望远镜综合系统的平均短曝光传递函数,该推论对于自适应光学和高分辨率图像重建技术均具有非常重要的意义.     

功率谱噪声改正和斑点全息术象复原

简要地介绍了斑点全息术的原理，分析了存在于实际数据中的各种噪声对功率谱造成的严重影响，讨论了消除噪声偏差的方法，最后报导了用斑点全息术对两双星的高分辨率象复原结果。     

EMCCD附加噪声对天文高分辨成像的影响

讨论了电子倍增电荷耦合器件(Electron-Multiplying Charge-Coupled Device,EMCCD)附加噪声的产生机理及特性,通过模拟详细分析了EMCCD附加噪声对天文图像高分辨统计重建技术——斑点干涉术传递函数信噪比的影响,并和实验进行了对比,结果表明,在星体暗弱时,由附加噪声引入的偏差将使斑点干涉术重建的信噪比下降,严重影响重建的结果,必须加以改正.由实测数据重建结果可以看出,噪声偏差改正模型基本解决了EMCCD附加噪声对斑点干涉术在重建目标自相关或模时的影响.     

On Astronomical Atmospheric Refraction

Through a comparison between the series expression and mapping function expression of the astronomical refraction, we believe that, as far as a specific atmospheric refraction model is concerned, the computational accuracy is not lower in the former than in the latter, and that the convergence is poorer in the theoretically derived series expression, because of the different approximations made. From an analysis of the method of generating function of the atmospheric refraction mapping function it is considered that this kind of method can not embody the characteristics of geophysics and atmospheric physics. It is pointed out from the comparison that the atmospheric refraction model which is constructed by adopting the specific atmospheric distribution of a certain place does not apply to all other places and cannot be used to evaluate the other atmospheric refraction models. For improving the correction accuracy the key lies in the adoption of an effective method by which the instantaneous refraction values at different positions are directly determined to construct a local, position-dependent model of atmospheric refraction observation.     

Speckle Masking Imaging of Sunspots and Pores

In recent years, speckle interferometry has been successfully applied to various solar phenomena and provides a powerful tool to study solar small-scale structures. The present investigation lays special emphasis on sunspots and sunspot pores. The observations have been performed with the Vacuum Tower Telescope (VTT) at the Observatorio del Teide (Tenerife) in the years from 1992 to 1994. Time series of high-spatial-resolution observations reveal the highly dynamical evolution of sunspot fine structures such as umbral dots, penumbral grains or the small-scale brightenings in the vicinity of sunspots observed in the wings of strong chromospheric absorption lines (moustache phenomenon). The reconstructed images show small-scale structures close to the telescopic diffraction limit of 0.16 at 550 nm. Furthermore, the high transmission of a Fabry–Pérot interferometer (FPI) as the principal optical element of a two-dimensional spectrometer allows one to reconstruct directly images taken within a passband of 0.014 nm.     

Astronomical network event and observation notification

Networks are becoming a key element in most current and all future, telescope and observatory projects. The ability to easily and efficiently pass observation data, alert data and instrumentation requests between distributed systems could enable science as never before. However, any effective large scale or meta‐network of astronomical resources will require a common communication format or development resources will have to be continuously dedicated to creating interpreters. The necessary elements of any astronomy communication can be easily identified, efficiently described and rigidly formatted so that both robotic and human operations can use the same data. In this paper we will explore the current state of notification, what notification requirements are essential to create a successful standard and present a standard now under development by the International Virtual Observatory Alliance (IVOA), called the VOEvent. (© 2006 WILEY‐VCH Verlag GmbH & Co. KGaA, Weinheim)     

吉林天文观测基地光学观测环境及相关研究进展

地基光学天文望远镜是人类探索与研究宇宙的重要手段, 对已有地基光学台址的光学观测环境进行监测分析, 可以为后期设备针对性改造以及观测者调整观测策略提供参考依据, 对提升地基光学设备的观测效能具有重要的意义. 吉林天文观测基地(简称``基地'')隶属于中国科学院国家天文台长春人造卫星观测站, 位于吉林省吉林市大绥河镇小绥河村南沟约5 km处(东经126.3^\circ, 北纬43.8^\circ, 海拔高度313m). 基地大气视宁度均值范围约为1.3$''$--1.4$''$、天顶附近V波段的天光背景亮度为20.64magcdotarcsec^-2、年晴夜数最高可达270余天, 具有良好的天文观测条件. 吉林天文观测基地于2016年投入运行, 现有1.2m光电望远镜、迷你光电阵列望远镜、大视场光电望远镜阵列、新型多功能阵列结构光电探测平台等多台(套)光电望远镜设备. 利用上述设备, 主要围绕空间目标探测与识别、精密轨道确定、光电探测新方法以及变源天体的多色测光等开展相关研究工作, 与多家国内高校及科研院所保持着良好的合作关系.     

天文选址中的地理信息处理

地理信息是地面望远镜天文选址研究中的重要内容.尤其是对现有地理信息系统(Geographic Information System,GIS)的有效利用,已成为现代选址中远程分析阶段最重要的手段之一.天文址点的考虑在地理条件上应遵循以下原则:相对落差较大、交通可行、尽量远离人口集中的区域.从未来建站维护和人员长期驻站的角度考虑,天文址点以海拔处于3000～5000 m的范围、距离城镇大本营1 h左右车程为最佳.以云南省大姚县百草岭地区为选址研究对象,展示了GIS数据处理能够为全面了解一个候选区域3维地形地貌、江川河流、道路村落、电力分布以及预测该地区未来人口和城市化发展趋势等方面内容提供准确、直观、定量的参考数据.通过基于GIS数据的科学分析,发现海拔3 600多米的大百草岭山顶平坦而又干旱、周围人口稀少、道路便利、无工厂污染源,是地方政府重要自然保护区;它与直线距离10 km外的乡镇之间的相对落差超过了1 500 m,与50km外的县城的相对落差达到1 800 m,是滇中彝州坝区一座名副其实的孤峰.因此,GIS数据分析对于远程选址十分有益,GIS技术是现代天文选址不可或缺的重要手段.     

Learning Vector Quantization for Classifying Astronomical Objects

The sizes of astronomical surveys in different wavebands are increasing rapidly. Therefore, automatic classification of objects is becoming ever more important. We explore the performance of learning vector quantization (LVQ) in classifying multi-wavelength data. Our analysis concentrates on separating active sources from non-active ones. Different classes of X-ray emitters populate distinct regions of a multidimensional parameter space. In order to explore the distribution of various objects in a multidimensional parameter space, we positionally cross-correlate the data of quasars, BL Lacs, active galaxies, stars and normal galaxies in the optical, X-ray and infrared bands. We then apply LVQ to classify them with the obtained data. Our results show that LVQ is an effective method for separating AGNs from stars and normal galaxies with multi-wavelength data.     

Far-Infrared/Submillimeter Astronomical Interferometry with Spaceborne Tether Formations

Through the continuing development of improved detectors and detector arrays, far-infrared/submillimeter astronomical space missions have had enormous successes in recent years. Despite these advances, the diffraction-limited angular resolving power has remained virtually constant. The advent of telescopes with apertures of several meters will improve this capability, but will still leave image resolution many orders of magnitude poorer than in most other spectral ranges. Here we point out that the only foreseeable way to improve image quality to rival that of modern optical telescopes will be with interferometers whose light collectors are connected by tethers. After making the scientific case for high spatial resolution far-infrared/submillimeter imaging and the use of interferometry as the most immediate way of producing results, we discuss recent advances in dynamic analysis and control of tethered formations, and argue that the further development and testing of tethers in space is a first step toward providing improved far-infrared/submillimeter angular resolution and astronomical image quality.