Extension and rifting: the Zeit region,Gulf of Suez

A field analysis of faults and fractures in the Ras Gharib-Ras Gemsa region of the Gulf of Suez shows that the main Late Cenozoic extension occurred perpendicular to the rift axis. Three main types of dip-slip normal faults successively developed as the tilt of blocks bounded by antithetic normal faults increased. Determinations of the amount of extension from structural data are compatible with estimates made using subsidence data through a simplified model of lithospheric stretching. The uplift of rift shoulders is related in chronology and volume to the subsidence of the rift. The geometry of fault patterns and directions of extension suggests that the Late Cenozoic total movement corresponds to a counterclockwise rotation of 4–5° of Sinai relative to Africa, with a pole close to Cairo.     

川滇西部上新世以来构造地貌:断裂控制的盆地发育及对于远程陆内构造过程的约束

青藏高原隆升、周边地貌形成是新生代时期印度-欧亚板块碰撞后的重要响应。在滇西北地区发育了一系列由晚新生代(上新世以来)活动断裂所控制的盆地,例如宾川盆地、洱海盆地、鹤庆盆地、弥渡盆地等。宾川盆地是近南北向程海左行走滑断裂在走滑剪切作用下产生的北西向正断层和北东向走滑断层共同作用而形成的一个较大的拉分盆地。洱海盆地是由两组陡立的共轭张剪性(Transtensional)断层组限定的,为一伸展断陷盆地,总体上反映了近E-W向的区域伸展。滇西北地区发育的其它晚新生代盆地,如弥渡盆地、鹤庆盆地、剑川盆地等,也为区域走滑断裂及其分支断裂所控制,并且这些分支断裂在区域上为一组NE-SW和NW-SE向的共轭正断裂,反映了该区域近E-W向的伸展。将藏东南三江地区发育的活动断裂按照其走向分为三组:(1)NW-SE走向的断裂,如红河断裂、无量山-营盘山断裂等;(2)近N-S向断裂系,以程海断裂、小江断裂等为代表;(3)NE-SW走向的断裂,如丽江-剑川断裂、鹤庆-洱源断裂和南定河断裂等。这些断裂的震源机制解表明地震断裂活动性或者是走滑性质或者是伸展属性,它们的组合型式也揭示出藏东南三江地区在上新世以来表现为近E-W向的伸展。区域上,在藏东北部地区发育的断层构造组合普遍反映了以近E-W向挤压为主导的应力场。推测这一现象为上新世以来藏东地区上地壳围绕喜马拉雅东构造结做顺时针旋转所致,区域上受印度-欧亚会聚过程中印度板块顺时针旋转诱发的差异性应力场制约。     

南海北部珠江口盆地西南段断裂特征与成因讨论

珠江口盆地是南海北部陆缘新生代发育的裂陷型盆地,其油气资源丰富,且地处洋陆过渡带,盆地内部断裂特征复杂.在前人研究基础上,利用高分辨率三维地震数据,结合多属性分析技术,完善了区域断裂的精细化解释.将断裂构造类型依据断裂级别与规模划分为控盆一级断裂、控凹二级断裂、控带三级断裂、控圈四级断裂和控层五级小断裂;在盆地西南段发育典型的犁式、旋转正断层等单剖面断裂样式,在地震剖面上形成阶梯状、“Y”字型等多种断层组合,其中珠三坳陷的文昌A凹陷内部常可见树枝状构造,珠二坳陷的开平凹陷广泛分布独特的卷心式断层;而在二维平面上也分布有平行式、斜交式、雁列式等多种组合类型.受新生代以来的持续右旋应力场作用,盆地西南段整体断裂走向以NE→EW→NW顺时针方向发生旋转,且断裂活动速率逐渐降低.结果表明受印度-欧亚板块碰撞、太平洋板块俯冲后撤和古南海持续南移的联合影响,盆地西南段处在伸展拉张应力场环境之下,形成了始新世-渐新世NE-NEE向、EW向和中新世NWW-NW向3组断裂发育.珠江口盆地西南段断裂构造的演化、成因机制与南海北部陆缘应力场变化均保持良好的一致性.      

Deformation style in the damage zone of the Mondy fault: GPR evidence (Tunka basin,southern East Siberia)

The Mondy strike-slip fault connects the W-E Tunka and N-S Hovsgol basins on the southern flank of the Baikal rift system. Ground penetrating radar (GPR) surveys in its damage zone provide constraints on thicknesses, dips, and plunges of fault planes, as well as on the amount and sense of vertical slip. Strike-slip faulting in the southern segment of the Mondy fault within the territory of Russia bears a normal slip component of motion along the W-E and NW planes. These motions have produced negative flower structures in shallow crust appearing as grabens upon Pleistocene fluvioglacial terraces. The amount of normal slip estimated from the displacement of reflection events varies over the area and reaches its maximum of 3.4 m near Mondy Village. In the Kharadaban basin link, left-lateral strike slip displaces valleys of ephemeral streams to 22 m, while normal slip detected by GPR reaches 2.2 m; this normal-to-strike slip ratio corresponds to a direction of ~ 6° to the horizon. The angles of dips of faults are in the range 75°-79°; the thicknesses of fault planes marked by low- or high-frequency anomalies in GPR records vary from 2.5 to 17.0 m along strike and decrease with depth within a few meters below the surface, which is common to near-surface coseismic motions. Many ruptures fail to reach the surface but appear rather as sinkholes localized mainly in fault hanging walls. The deformation style in the damage zone of the Mondy fault bears impact of the NW Yaminshin fault lying between its two segments. According to photoelasticity, the stress field changes locally at the intersection of the two faults, under NE compression at 38°, till the inverse orientations of principal compression and extension stresses. This stress pattern leads to a combination of normal and left-lateral strike slip components.     

Shear structural paragenesis and its role in continental rifting of the East Asian margin

The spatial-genetic relationships between transit fault systems of the East Asian global shear zone (EAGSZ) are analyzed. It is established that the EAGSZ internal structure between the Okhotsk and South China seas is identical to that of world-known natural and experimental shear zones, which confirms its development as an integral structure. The structural-kinematic analysis included the Tan-Lu-Sikhote-Alin (TS) system of left-lateral strike-slip faults (NNE 25°–30°) and the Bohai-Amur (BA) system of updip-strike-slip faults (NE 50°–70°). It is shown that these systems were formed as structural parageneses during two stages. The first and shear-thrust stage (Jurassic-Early Cretaceous) was marked by general NNW-oriented compression with the formation of the TS system of left-lateral strike-slip faults and their structural parageneses (compression structures) such as the BA system of updip-thrusts. The second, strike-slip-pull apart stage (Late Cretaceous-Cenozoic) was characterized by SE-directed tangential compression, which was generated by the SW left-lateral displacement of the continental crust along the Central Sikhote-Alin deep-seated fault. In such dynamic settings, the updip-thrust kinematics of the BA system gave way to that of left-lateral strike-slip faults. The strike-slip faults were formed in the transtension regime (shear with extension), which determined the development of pull-apart structures, where the left-lateral shear extension component played the decisive role. Simultaneously, the extension involved the Tan-Lu strike-slip fault with the formation of the rift valley and the discrete development of sedimentary basins along the latter.     

渤海海域渤南地区新生代断裂体系与盆地演化

利用现今丰富的三维地震资料,将地震剖面解释与相干切片分析相结合,对渤海海域渤南地区断裂发育与盆地结构 进行研究,明确了断裂体系及构造演化特征。结果表明：新生代郯庐断裂渤南段可分为东、中、西三支,并与受郯庐走滑 断裂影响的近EW向、NW向和NE向主干断裂体系共同组成了渤南地区网格状的构造格局;而区域应力背景的改变导致渤 南地区走滑和伸展作用的强弱发生了变化,使得构造演化可划分为左旋走滑-强伸展、右旋走滑-强伸展和弱走滑-弱伸展 三个阶段,第一阶段孔店组~沙四段郯庐断裂东支强烈活动,中支和西支活动微弱,NW向和近EW向大断裂活动形成了黄 河口凹陷和莱州湾凹陷的盆地格局;第二阶段沙三段~东营组走滑断裂三支及其他方向主干断裂均活动,NE向和近EW向 次级断裂开始发育,各盆地持续性伸展断陷;第三阶段馆陶组-明化镇组右旋走滑减弱,郯庐断裂中支和西支发育呈一系 列NE向雁列断层,东支及其他方向主干断裂附近次级小断层继续增多,各盆地转为了整体的坳陷。     

Kinematics and strain partitioning in the southeast Hellenides (Greece)

New kinematic and structural data from the tectonic windows of eastern Crete and the Dodecanese Islands combined with strain and quartz fabric analysis have enabled us to determine a detailed structural evolution of the region and to present a plate tectonic scenario for the southeast Hellenides. During the Early Mesozoic, the southeastern part of Apulia was separated from North Africa and the adjacent microplates by WNW‐trending rift zones and NE‐trending transfer faults. Displacement along the transfer faults has locally reoriented these rift zones into an ENE–WSW direction. Finite strain and quartz fabric asymmetry data indicate that in Late Cenozoic time, NNW‐directed nappe movements caused a nearly coaxial deformation along the ENE–WSW trending rift segments and non coaxial top‐to‐the‐southeast shearing along the WNW‐trending rift segments, as well as along the pre‐existing NE‐trending transfer faults. Tectonic style along the margin varies in response to the obliquity of the principal shortening direction with respect to the margin. These variations could be due to the pre‐convergence geometry of the southern margin of Eurasia and to local strain partitioning effects. Furthermore, a tectonic model is presented in which syncompressional uplift and vertical buoyancy of the subducted crustal slice caused the rapid exhumation of metamorphic units in the south Hellenides. Copyright © 2003 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.     

Basement controls on fault development in the Penola Trough,Otway Basin,and implications for fault-bounded hydrocarbon traps

The Penola Trough is an intensely faulted northwest – southeast-trending half-graben structure. It is bound to the south by the major listric Hungerford/Kalangadoo Fault system. Several large prominent faults observed in the Penola Trough show offset of basement at depth. These basement-rooted faults have exerted significant controls on the geometry of smaller intra-rift faults throughout the entire structural history of the area. Faulting of the basement was initiated during the initial rift event of the Late Jurassic – Early Cretaceous. Faulting first propagated through a pre-existing basement fabric oblique to the north – south extension direction prevalent during this time. This resulted in the formation of the Hungerford/Kalangadoo and St George Faults with a northwest – southeast and north-northeast – south-southwest trend, respectively. A series of east – west-trending basement faults subsequently initiated perpendicular to the north – south extension direction as extensional strain increased in magnitude. Significant displacement along these basement-rooted faults throughout the initial rift event was associated with the formation of a complex set of intra-rift faults. These intra-rift faults exhibit a broadly east – west orientation consistent with the interpreted north – south extensional direction. However, this east – west orientation locally deviates to a more northwest – southeast direction near the oblique-trending St George Fault, attributed to stress perturbation effects. Many of the intra-rift faults die out prior to the end of the Early Cretaceous initial rift event while displacement on basement faults continued throughout. Faulting activity during the Late Cretaceous post-rift fault event was almost exclusively localised onto basement faults, despite a significant change in extension direction to northeast – southwest. A high-density, en échelon array of northwest – southeast-trending fault segments formed directly above the St George Fault and the large east – west-trending basement faults contemporaneously reactivated. Seismic variance data show that post-rift fault segments that are hard-linked to the St George Fault at depth have propagated through near-surface units. Non-basement-linked post-rift fault segments that lie away from the St George basement have not. This suggests that recent fault activity has continued to occur preferentially along basement faults up to relatively recent times, which has significant implications for fault seal integrity in the area. This is empirically validated by our structural analysis of fault-dependent hydrocarbon traps in the area, which shows that partially breached or breached hydrocarbon columns are associated with basement faults, whereas unbreached hydrocarbon columns are not.     

Application of Multi-well Subsidence Analysis of the Beryl Embayment,Viking Graben, Northern North Sea

1 Introduction A series of studies have indicated that there were two extensional phases in the North Sea (Fig. 1). An earlier period (Late Permian-Early Triassic) of rifting occurred widely in these areas, with predominant extension direction of W-E (F?rseth, 1996; F?rseth et al., 1997). In contrast to the widely distributed Permo-Triassic extension, Jurassic extension in the North Sea were generally much more localized into the three main rift arms (Fig. 1): the Viking Graben, Moray…     

西江凹陷早新生代断裂演化及其对南海北缘应力场顺时针旋转的响应

南海北部发育了一系列的新生代盆地,该类盆地记录了新生代早期南海北缘应力场顺时针旋转过程,西江凹陷位于珠江口盆地内,记录了这一过程.利用丰富的二维、三维地震资料,针对西江凹陷断裂体系的演化过程进行了研究.凹陷基底在新生代之前作为华南陆缘的一部分,经历了多期次复杂的构造演化,形成了NE和NW两个方向的基底断层; 早-中始新世,NE向先存断裂优先复活,由太平洋板块俯冲后撤在研究区产生的NW-SE向伸展应力所致; 晚始新世-早渐新世,近EW向断裂大量发育,NW向断裂以走滑方式复活,该时期断层演化主要受太平洋俯冲方向的变化、印度板块碰撞及古南海的拖拽导致该地区应力场顺时针转变为近NS向的影响; 进一步通过物理模拟实验验证了断裂的演化机制,NE向先存断裂施加NS向拉张应力,先存NE向断裂局部复活,大量近EW向断层沿着NE向先存断裂展布位置形成,剖面上表现为正断层; NW向断裂在NS向拉张应力条件下,可见NW向走滑大量复活,局部发育少量的近EW向断裂.该研究对南海北缘新生代应力转变过程研究具有重要的借鉴意义.      

Late Mesozoic and Cenozoic rifting and its dynamic setting in Eastern China and adjacent areas

During the Late Mesozoic and Cenozoic, extension was widespread in Eastern China and adjacent areas. The first rifting stage spanned in the Late Jurassic–Early Cretaceous times and covered an area of more than 2 million km² of NE Asia from the Lake Baikal to the Sikhot-Alin in EW direction and from the Mongol–Okhotsk fold belt to North China in NS direction. This rifting was characterized by intracontinental rifts, volcanic eruptions and transform extension along large-scale strike–slip faults. Based on the magmatic activity, filling sequence of basins, tectonic framework and subsidence analysis of basins, the evolution of this area can be divided into three main developmental phases. The first phase, calc-alkaline volcanics erupted intensely along NNE-trending faults, forming Daxing'anling volcanic belt, NE China. The second phase, Basin and Range type fault basin system bearing coal and oil developed in NE Asia. During the third phase, which was marked by the change from synrifting to thermal subsidence, very thick postrift deposits developed in the Songliao basin (the largest oil basin in NE China).Following uplift and denudation, caused by compressional tectonism in the near end of Cretaceous, a Paleogene rifting stage produced widespread continental rift systems and continental margin basins in Eastern China. These rifted basins were usually filled with several kilometers of alluvial and lacustrine deposits and contain a large amount of fossil fuel resources. Integrated research in most of these rifting basins has shown that the basins are characterized by rapid subsidence, relative high paleo-geothermal history and thinned crust. It is now accepted that the formation of most of these basins was related to a lithospheric extensional regime or dextral transtensional regime. During Neogene time, early Tertiary basins in Eastern China entered a postrifting phase, forming regional downwarping. Basin fills formed in a thermal subsidence period onlapped the fault basin margins and were deposited in a broad downwarped lacustrine depression. At the same time, within plate rifting of the Lake Baikal and Shanxi graben climaxed and spreading of the Japan Sea and South China Sea occurred. Quaternary rifting was marked by basalt eruption and accelerated subsidence in the area of Tertiary rifting. The Okinawa Trough is an active rift involving back-arc extension.Continental rifting and marginal sea opening were clearly developed in various kind of tectonic settings. Three rifting styles, intracontinental rifting within fold belt, intracontinental rifting within craton and continental marginal rifting and spreading, are distinguished on the basis of nature of the basin basement, tectonic location of rifting and relations to large strike–slip faults.Changes of convergence rates of India–Eurasia and Pacific–Eurasia may have caused NW–SE-trending extensional stress field dominating the rifting. Asthenospheric upwelling may have well assisted the rifting process. In this paper, a combination model of interactions between plates and deep process of lithosphere has been proposed to explain the rifting process in East China and adjacent areas.The research on the Late Mesozoic and Cenozoic extensional tectonics of East China and adjacent areas is important because of its utility as an indicator of the dynamic setting and deformational mechanisms involved in stretching Lithosphere. The research also benefits the exploration and development of mineral and energy resources in this area.     

广东河源断裂带地热成因及与构造关系初探

广东省河源断裂带位于中国东南沿海地热异常区,地热资源十分丰富,但其形成机制和利用前景尚不确定。为此文章开展了多学科综合分析,获得以下初步认识:温泉是断裂带内深循环地下水被地温加热而成,断裂剪切热和花岗岩浆残余热的贡献基本可以排除;沿断裂展布的厚层硅化带是古水热活动的产物;硅化带形成时期的挤压应力方向为北东-南西,与河源断裂及河源盆地晚白垩世以来的伸展活动对应,现代构造应力场为北西西-南东东方向挤压,与古应力场相比发生了明显变化;现今构造应力场使得北东向河源断裂呈右旋挤压运动,而北西向断裂则发生左旋张剪,导致地下水循环格局也发生相应改变;目前温泉沿河源断裂呈带分布,沿北西向断裂呈线性溢出,断裂交汇部位是热泉上升的主要通道。总体而言,河源地区拥有令人鼓舞的地热资源及应用前景,有可能达到建设地热发电厂的目标。建议继续深入开展地质学、地球物理、水文地质学和地热成因机理等多学科综合研究,从而更好地定量评价地热潜能与开发前景。     

Geometry of the Wagner basin,upper Gulf of California based on seismic reflections

The Wagner basin occupies the northernmost spreading centre in the Gulf of California, located along the Pacific‐North America plate boundary. It is filled with sediments from the Colorado River that obscure its bathymetric expression; therefore it is not as well defined as other basins in the central and southern Gulf of California. To define the geometry and extension of the Wagner basin, a 2D multi‐channel seismic reflection database was used. Data were collected by Petroleos Mexicanos (PEMEX) in 1979–1980. The most important regional structural features identified are the Consag and Wagner normal faults and the Cerro Prieto strike‐slip fault. These structures play an important role in the development of the basin. The Consag fault, described for the first time in this paper, marks the western side of the basin. The eastern and northwest limits are bound by the Cerro Prieto and Wagner faults respectively. The Wagner fault intersects the Cerro Prieto fault at an angle of 130°, bending the depocentre in a NW direction, adjacent to the Cerro Prieto fault zone. The northernmost segment of the Consag fault bends 25° in a NE direction and joins the Cerro Prieto fault at an angle of 110°. Greater subsidence (up to 300 m) takes place along the northern trace of the Cerro Prieto fault, with a downthrown displacement of 400 m. The Consag and Wagner breaks obliquely intersect the Cerro Prieto fault, and, inasmuch as both are normal faults, they have small horizontal slip components which generated oblique displacement. This structural pattern is different relative to the pattern of basins located south of Wagner basin, such as the Upper and Lower Delfin basins. The orientations of the normal faults are perpendicular to the master fault (Ballenas transform fault). The relationship between normal and transform faults in the Wagner basin and the observed ‘S’ shape are typical of a basin that has not yet reached maturity. As a result of this study, the previously uncertain area (～1330 km²) and perimeter (158 km) of the Wagner basin were defined.     

Extension structural records in the Qinshui basin (North China) since the Late Mesozoic

Qinshui basin has abundant coal-bed methane resources and has been undergoing intensive intracontinental rifting and extensional tectonics since the Late Mesozoic. Some fractures, which were previously considered as conjugate shear fractures, are interpreted as joint sets with extension characteristics, for the first time in the Qinshui basin. The widely distributed joint sets with stable attitudes can be divided into four sets. This paper presents updated results of fault-slip datasets collected in different zones of the Qinshui basin and addresses the changes in the direction of extensional stresses since the Late Mesozoic. Based on the analysis results of the slickenline of normal faults, joint sets in the field, and focal mechanism solutions data from the Shanxi Province, we identified four main directions of extension since the Late Mesozoic in the Qinshui basin: (1) Early Cenozoic ENE–WSW (85 ± 15°) extension; (2) Palaeogene NNE–SSW (30 ± 5°) extension; (3) Miocene NW–SE (135 ± 15°) extension; and (4) Late Pliocene–quaternary NNW–SSE (170 ± 5°) extension. The principal extension directions in the Qinshui basin seem to have undergone a counterclockwise rotation from the Early Cenozoic to the Miocene. We prefer that the extension deformation events in the Qinshui basin since the Late Mesozoic were mainly related to the back-arc spreading induced by westward subduction of the paleo-Pacific plate under the Eurasian continent.     

Aspects of the structural evolution of the Lusitanian Basin in Portugal and the shelf and slope area offshore Portugal

The study provides a regional seismic interpretation and mapping of the Mesozoic and Cenozoic succession of the Lusitanian Basin and the shelf and slope area off Portugal. The seismic study is compared with previous studies of the Lusitanian Basin. From the Late Triassic to the Cretaceous the study area experienced four rift phases and intermittent periods of tectonic quiescence. The Triassic rifting was concentrated in the central part of the Lusitanian Basin and in the southernmost part of the study area, both as symmetrical grabens and half-grabens. The evolution of half-grabens was particularly prominent in the south. The Triassic fault-controlled subsidence ceased during the latest Late Triassic and was succeeded by regional subsidence during the early Early Jurassic (Hettangian) when deposition of evaporites took place. A second rift phase was initiated in the Early Jurassic, most likely during the Sinemurian–Pliensbachian. This resulted in minor salt movements along the most prominent faults. The second phase was concentrated to the area south of the Nazare Fault Zone and resulted here in the accumulation of a thick Sinemurian–Callovian succession. Following a major hiatus, probably as a result of the opening of the Central Atlantic, resumed deposition occurred during the Late Jurassic. Evidence for Late Jurassic fault-controlled subsidence is widespread over the whole basin. The pattern of Late Jurassic subsidence appears to change across the Nazare Fault Zone. North of the Nazare Fault, fault-controlled subsidence occurred mainly along NNW–SSE-trending faults and to the south of this fault zone a NNE–SSW fault pattern seems to dominate. The Oxfordian rift phase is testified in onlapping of the Oxfordian succession on salt pillows which formed in association with fault activity. The fourth and final rift phase was in the latest Late Jurassic or earliest Early Cretaceous. The Jurassic extensional tectonism resulted in triggering of salt movement and the development of salt structures along fault zones. However, only salt pillow development can be demonstrated. The extensional tectonics ceased during the Early Cretaceous. During most of the Cretaceous, regional subsidence occurred, resulting in the deposition of a uniform Lower and Upper Cretaceous succession. Marked inversion of former normal faults, particularly along NE–SW-trending faults, and development of salt diapirs occurred during the Middle Miocene, probably followed by tectonic pulses during the Late Miocene to present. The inversion was most prominent in the central and southern parts of the study area. In between these two areas affected by structural inversion, fault-controlled subsidence resulted in the formation of the Cenozoic Lower Tagus Basin. Northwest of the Nazare Fault Zone the effect of the compressional tectonic regime quickly dies out and extensional tectonic environment seems to have prevailed. The Miocene compressional stress was mainly oriented NW–SE shifting to more N–S in the southern part.     

Tectonic Model of Boundary Fault Migration and its Genetic Mechanism in the Nanpu Sag,Bohai Bay BasinEI北大核心CSCD

Due to the important control on basin formation and hydrocarbon accumulation, boundary faults have always been the focus of attention in the study of rift basins. However, researches on boundary fault migration in the rift basins have not been reported yet. On the basis of structural analysis of 3D seismic data in the Nanpu Sag, faulting model of pre-existing weaknesses regional tectonic stress field results, and the latest exploration achievements in the Jidong Oilfield, the northern boundary faults in the Nanpu Sag were systematically analyzed. A new model of boundary fault (Boundary faults migration model) is proposed. The results show that: (1) in the rifting stage, with the evolution of tectonic stress field, the northern boundary faults are continuously migrating; (2) the No.5 fault is the northern boundary fault in E2s3 era in the west side of the sag, and the Gaoliu fault is the northern boundary fault in E3d1-2 era in the middle of the sag; (3) the change of stress field (the extension direction) in the rifting stage is the primary cause for the boundary fault migration in the rift basin. Considering that the change of extension direction during 40-38 Ma involves almost all the Cenozoic rift basins in the eastern and southern China, the model of boundary fault migration is expected to have useful implication for fine structural interpretation and oil and gas exploration of the rifted basins in the east and south of China. © 2018, Science Press. All right reserved.     

Basic tectonic features of the Knipovich Ridge (North Atlantic) and its neotectonic evolution

The geological and geophysical data primarily on the structure of the upper sedimentary sequence of the northern Knipovich Ridge (Norwegian-Greenland Basin) that were obtained during Cruise 24 of the R/V Akademik Nikolai Strakhov are considered. These data indicate that the recent kinematics of the northern Knipovich Ridge is determined by dextral strike-slip displacements along the Molloy Fracture Zone (315° NW). This stress field is superimposed by a system related to rifting and latitudinal opening of rifts belonging to the ridge proper. Thus, the structural elements formed under the effect of two stress fields are combined in this district. Several stages of tectonic movements are definable. The first stage (prior to 500 ka ago) is marked by the dominant normal faults, which are overlain by the lower and upper sedimentary sequences. The second stage (prior to 120–100 ka ago) is characterized by development of normal and reverse faults, which displace the lower sequence and are overlain by the upper sequence. Both younger and older structural features reveal peaks of tectonic activity separated by intermediate quiet periods 50–60 ka long. The stress field of the regional strike-slip faulting is realized in numerous oblique NE-trending normal and normal-strike-slip faults that divide the rift valley and its walls into the segments of different sizes. Their strike (20°–30° NE) is consistent with a system of secondary antithetic sinistral strike-slip faults. The system of depressions located 40 km west of the rift valley axis may be considered a paleorift zone that is conjugated at 78°07′ N and 5°20′ W with the NW-trending fault marked by the main dextral offset. The stress field that existed at this stage was identical to the recent one. The rift valley axis migrated eastward to its present-day position approximately 2 Ma ago (if the spreading rate of ～0.7 cm/yr is accepted). The obtained data substantially refine the understanding of the initial breakup of continents with the formation of oceanic structural elements. The neotectonic stage is characterized by combination of different stress fields that resulted in the formation of a complex system of tectonic structural units, including those located beyond the recent extension zone along the rift axis of the Knipovich Ridge. The tectonic deformations occurred throughout the neotectonic stage as discrete recurrent events.     

曲折边界斜向裂陷伸展的砂箱实验模拟

根据黄骅盆地边界几何特征简化所设计的３个砂箱实验模型表明,同一裂陷伸过程可以形成不同走向的正断层,基底菜边界方向的变化可以引起裂陷内部断层走向的变化,陷盆地断瞳向受基底展边界方向和裂陷伸展方向的共同影响,裂陷边界及其附近断层走向主要受基底伸展边界方向的影响,裂陷内部、离伸展边界较远部位的断层走向主要受展方向影响,凸菜曲折边界可以引起断层转向,而凹工折边界的复合方向构成对断层走向的控制,黄骅新生代盆     

金湖凹陷断裂特征及其石油地质意义

金湖凹陷自晚白垩世-新生代发育复杂断裂系统,在统一应力场的作用下凹陷内形成伸展断裂、走滑断裂和挤压断裂。断裂系统的演化分为初始伸展、继承伸展、强烈伸展和走滑叠加四个阶段。初始伸展阶段凹陷伸展作用较弱,除主边界断层外,其他断层对沉积地层控制作用较弱;继承伸展阶段,凹陷持续伸展,部分早期断层停止活动;强烈伸展阶段,构造活动集中于主断层之上,形成主要沉积凹陷;走滑叠加阶段,凹陷内断层发生右旋走滑作用,在伸展构造之上叠加了走滑构造,该构造运动奠定了金湖凹陷现今的构造格局。杨村断层和石港断层为受基底断层控制的持续活动断层,而铜城断层是晚期形成调节石港断层和杨村断层走滑应力的变换断层。断裂活动受区域应力场和基底先存断裂的共同控制,表现为两期构造的叠加。两期构造运动控制了金湖凹陷油气的形成、运移和聚集。     

鲁西地块NW走向断层的活动特征及裂变径迹证据

不同于华北克拉通东部普遍存在的NE走向断层,鲁西地块广泛发育一组特征明显的NW走向断层,包括非控盆断层和控盆断层两类。前者位于鲁西地块最南部,倾角相对较陡,错开了古生界及以下地层,下盘太古宇中发育韧性剪切带,断层碎裂岩指示断层存在多期活动;后者位于非控盆断层以北,除蒙山断层外韧性剪切带不发育,倾角相对较缓,控制了中生代以来的沉积。磷灰石/锆石裂变径迹证据分析得出NW走向断层的活动存在差异。断层上、下盘样品磷灰石裂变径迹表观年龄在在67±5~35±2Ma之间,径迹直方图表明样品在冷却过程中没有受到热扰动。通过平均径迹长度-年龄(或香蕉图)图、单颗粒峰值年龄、径迹年龄谱模式以及热史反演模拟综合分析来约束断层的活动时间,结果表明非控盆断层可能在早侏罗世约184Ma开始活动,之后在晚白垩世80~75Ma以及新生代~61Ma和51~43Ma活动,43Ma之后不再活动。控盆断层活动时间稍晚,于早白垩世约141Ma、晚白垩世80~75Ma活动,新生代活动时间为约61Ma、49~42Ma以及36~32Ma。总体上,NW走向断层由早到晚由南向北发育,非控盆断层活动时间早、结束早;控盆断层活动晚、结束晚,并控制了凹陷的向北发育。中生代以来区域构造应力场的变化和郯庐断裂带的走滑作用是导致两类NW走向断层差异演化的根本原因,在深部则受控于晚三叠世以来华北、扬子板块陆陆碰撞和古太平洋板块俯冲方向和速度的改变。印支期后挤压到伸展的转变,加上郯庐断裂带的左行走滑,使靠近华北克拉通南缘的前端NW走向断层首先发育,因倾角较大故不控制盆地发育;向北的后端相对伸展,成为控盆断层,后经早白垩世约141Ma期间的伸展、晚白垩世末80~75Ma和新生代的发育断层最终成型。NW走向断层的这种大致向北迁移的规律,隐示华北克拉通破坏可能始于早侏罗世或晚侏罗世,且由南向北逐渐拆沉。