选沙相似律对模型沙波相似性影响的试验研究

为了弄清选沙相似律对动床模型沙波相似性的影响,开展基于起动相似等3种不同相似律选择模型沙的沙波水槽试验。基于试验观测的沙波波高、波长以及沙波不同部位的水深、流速,对比分析了沙波尺度及其随水流强度变化过程的相似性。结果表明:当模型沙重率、形状与原型沙相同时,满足起动相似的模型沙沙波尺度与原型相似性最高,满足悬浮相似模型沙的沙波整体偏高、偏长,兼顾起动与悬浮相似的模型沙介于两者之间;不同选沙相似律不影响沙波波高、波长随相对水流强度的变化规律,满足不同相似律的模型沙沙波波高均在相同的相对水流强度达到最大值,波长随相对水流强度增大而增大。说明偏离起动相似越少,沙波相似程度越高。     

鄂尔多斯盆地东南部石炭系本溪组沉积微相特征及其对天然气富集控制作用

综合利用钻井、测井资料,结合邻区露头调查,深入分析鄂尔多斯盆地东南部天然气主要勘探层系石炭系本溪组沉积微相及其砂体分布特征,认为鄂尔多斯盆地东南部本溪组主要发育障壁海岸沉积体系及陆棚沉积体系,并进一步划分出砂坪、混合坪、泥坪、泥灰坪、障壁砂坝、泻湖泥、泥质陆棚7种沉积微相;障壁砂坝及砂坪砂体是天然气储集的骨架砂体,其发育完全受控于沉积相带的展布;本溪组主要产气层"晋祠砂岩"为障壁砂坝及潮汐砂坪成因,障壁主砂坝呈北北东—南南西展布;小砂坝则零星分布,砂坪呈北北西—南南东展布,2类砂体发育区是本溪组天然气勘探有利目标区。     

循环单剪下珊瑚钙质砂和普通硅质砂剪切特性对比研究

对普通硅质砂和西沙群岛珊瑚钙质砂开展多级正应力下循环单剪试验,对比多循环周期下两种砂土剪切性质和颗粒破碎的差异。研究发现,两种砂样在循环剪切下体积变化都比较微弱,剪切过程中存在阶段性剪胀,使得试样的轴向位移呈波动变化;循环单剪下剪应力峰值包络线可以用联合型指数函数表达;剪应力随循环周期变化分为同步阶段和差异阶段,两个阶段转变节点对应的循环周期数随着正应力的增大而迅速减小;同步增长阶段珊瑚钙质砂和普通硅质砂的剪应力变化一致,在差异阶段普通硅质砂的剪应力要高出珊瑚钙质砂。两种砂剪应力差异程度随试验正应力不同而变化,普通硅质砂剪应力最大可高出珊瑚钙质砂14.7%;珊瑚钙质砂和普通硅质砂的颗粒破碎存在明显差异,珊瑚钙质砂全粒径范围内颗粒破碎分布更均衡,普通硅质砂在特定粒径区间内出现了剧烈的颗粒破碎,颗粒级配曲线存在明显拐点。普通硅质砂和珊瑚钙质砂滞回曲线的形状及随循环次数的变化规律有显著差异,是两种砂样剪切性质不同的重要体现。     

沙漠表层粒度与水热变化的环境效应分析──以古尔班通古特沙漠为例

重点探讨了古尔班通古特沙漠不同类型沙漠区（流动沙漠和固定沙漠区）表层沙粒度组成特征及其与热量传输和含水率的相互关系。实地测量和采样分析结果表明:不同类型沙漠区的粒度结构组成与沙层热量传输、水份迁移和沙面蒸散直接相关,并且对地表的感热和潜热以及沙漠对气候的反馈起到了重要作用。同时,沙漠表层粒度与水热传输变化过程,直接影响沙漠区植物成活率与生长,并对沙漠气候与环境变化产生重要影响。     

考虑倾角与开度的薄基岩裂隙溃沙特性研究

顶板溃沙是我国西部矿区浅埋煤层开采过程中面临的安全威胁之一。利用自行研制的裂隙溃沙试验系统,开展无水条件下风积沙溃沙过程的模拟试验,研究沙层厚度、裂隙倾角和裂隙开度对溃沙速率的影响,获得不同影响因素与裂隙中风积沙流动速率之间的定量关系。研究发现,沙层厚度的变化对溃沙速率几乎没有影响;裂隙倾角的变化对溃沙速率有明显的影响,在裂隙开度一定的情况下溃沙速率随着裂隙倾角的增大而增大,两者之间呈对数关系;裂隙开度对溃沙速率的影响较为显著,裂隙倾角一定时溃沙速率随着裂隙开度的增大而快速递增,两者之间符合指数关系;裂隙开度对溃沙速率的影响权重最大,而沙层厚度的影响权重可以忽略。该研究成果可为西部煤矿溃沙灾害的防治提供理论依据和科学指导。     

水平-竖向加筋饱和砂土动弹性模量试验研究

利用美国GCTS公司研制的USTX-2000全自动非饱和土/饱和土动三轴仪,在不同围压下对以有机玻璃作加筋材料的H-V加筋饱和砂土进行了一系列循环荷载下动三轴试验,研究了H-V加筋饱和砂动弹性模量及阻尼比随围压、动应变、竖筋高度的变化规律,从而得到最大动弹性模量与围压的关系。试验表明,纯砂和加筋砂的动弹性模量都随动弹性应变幅的增大而减小,随围压的增大而增大,且H-V加筋砂较纯砂和水平加筋砂有效地增大了动弹性模量,并随着竖筋高度增加而增大;纯砂和加筋砂的最大动弹性模量随着围压的增大而增大,且H-V加筋随竖筋高度增加而增大;纯砂和加筋砂的阻尼比随动弹性应变幅的增大而增大,纯砂和H-V加筋砂的阻尼比随围压的变化不够显著,但有减小的趋势,H-V加筋砂阻尼比随竖筋高度的变化不明显,但加筋砂比纯砂有效地减小了阻尼比。     

Bedform distribution and inferred sand transport on Georges Bank, United States Atlantic Continental Shelf

Four bedform provinces have been identified on Georges Bank using sidescan-sonar and echo-sounding techniques: large sand waves superimposed on sand ridges, small sand waves, megaripples, and featureless seafloor. The large sand waves and sand ridges are found on the bank crest where the surface tidal currents are strongest. Areas of small sand waves and megaripples, formed where tidal currents are moderate in strength, border the area of large sand waves to the north and south. Featureless seafloor is found farthest from the bank crest where surface tidal currents are weakest. Sand-wave asymmetry and surface-sediment texture have been used to infer bedload transport paths on Georges Bank. In the large sand-wave area, bedforms indicate a clockwise transport around each of the linear north-west-striking sand ridges with slight convergence of the sand waves on the ridge crests. This transport pattern implies erosion from the troughs and accumulation on the sand ridges. The asymmetry of the small sand waves along the south side of Georges Bank indicates that sand is also transported southward away from the linear sand ridges on top of the bank. Although the asymmetry of megaripples could not be determined, the occurrence of megaripples between the small sand-wave province and areas of featureless seafloor suggests a decreasing effectiveness of sand transport away from the bank crest. This sand dispersal pattern is further supported by the surface sediments which become progessively finer to the north and SW away from the crest of Georges Bank.     

Geochemical behavior of rare-earth elements and other major and minor elements in soundproducing and silent beach sands in Japan

The major element composition of sound-producing sand is reported together with rare-earth elements (REE) and other selected elements for the first time. Rare-earth element concentrations in beach sands from Miyagi and Tottori in Japan were determined by induction-coupled, argon-plasma spectrometry (ICP-MS) to characterize the REE of sound-producing and silent sands relative to the parental rocks. Sound-producing sand beaches are very common and all over in Japan: five beaches in Miyagi and 2 in Tottori are selected with other silent sand beaches in the areas. Both sound-producing sand and silent sand samples from Miyagi and Tottori contain more than 60wt% of SiO2 and are composed mainly of quartz and feldspar. Miyagi sand samples are characterized by light REE enrichment and flat chondrite-normalized patterns that are similar to those of local source sandstone. However, all sand samples from Miyatojima in Miyagi show positive Eu anomalies, a characteristic feature not shown in other sand samples from Miyagi. Tottori sand samples also are characterized by high REE contents and remarkable positive Eu anomalies. The sands containing lower REE contents are due to high quartz and feldspar contents. Miyatojima sand samples and Tottori sand samples have high REE contents and show remarkable positive Eu anomalies due to the presence of feldspar. The best results are obtained using all of the geological methods and the Principal Component Analysis (PCA) as a measure of the similarity between sound-producing sand and silent sand. The difference between sound-producing sand and silent sand is obtained from the PCA results.     

钙质砂与硅质砂液化特性对比试验研究

钙质砂颗粒具有形状不规则、多孔隙、强度低、易破碎等特点,较硅质砂表现出更为复杂的液化变形特性.本文对相同级配的钙质砂和硅质砂进行了物性试验、不排水循环三轴试验、轻型动力触探试验,研究两种砂在物理性质、抗液化能力和贯入阻力三方面的差异,分析实验结果得到结论如下:(1)钙质砂比硅质砂具有更大的孔隙比和内摩擦角,这与钙质砂颗...     

风沙堆积对下伏多年冻土影响的数值模拟

青藏高原沙漠化所产生的风沙堆积作为一种重要局地因素,其对下伏多年冻土的具体影响目前尚未清楚。通过数值方式,模拟了红梁河沙害严重地区高温退化型多年冻土在13种厚度的干湿风积沙覆盖下10年内的变化情况。结果表明：在土体浅层,沙层越厚,地温较差越小,且干沙下地温较差变化幅度明显大于湿沙;干沙越厚,最大季节融深越小,湿沙则对最大季节融深影响微弱;积沙无论干湿,沙层越厚,冷暖季年热循环量均越小,且干沙下年热循环量变化幅度明显大于湿沙。因此,风积沙对其下伏多年冻土退化有不同程度减缓,沙层越厚,减缓作用越强,且干沙减缓多年冻土退化的能力明显强于湿沙。     

Prediction method of sand-movement direction in rivers by geochemical elements

 The analysis of sand samples by X-ray fluorescent spectroscopy (XRF) gives the ratio of the geochemical elements to construct the sand samples. The application of the ratio matching to sand samples represents the correlation number between two sand samples with respect to geochemical elements. When the correlation number between two sand samples is low, the two samples are not geochemically similar each other. This denotes that the exchange of sand between two sampling points is scarce or the two samples are independent. When the correlation number between two sand samples is high, the two samples are geochemically similar, signifying that the exchange of sand between two sampling points is frequent or there is sand movement between two sampling points. If there exists prominent sand movement in the study area, the correlation number is almost 1 and kilo count number per second of each geochemical element per weight decreases along the flow direction. The decrease is caused by the reduction of sizes and the adherence of dirt on the surface of sand particles. Since the flow direction in rivers is usually the same as the direction of sand movement, it can be verified. This study obtains satisfactory results applying the method of prediction in sand movement to sediments in rivers. Received: 17 May 1995 · Accepted: 14 August 1995     

透明砂土与天然砂土动力特性对比

人工合成透明土材料在支撑岩土工程可视化模型试验技术领域得到了良好的应用。然而,关于该新型材料的动力特性研究仍相对缺少,一定程度上影响了其在动力相关模型试验中的推广应用。基于共振柱、动扭剪试验仪器,开展人工合成透明砂土的动变形与动强度特性试验研究,并与天然砂土及福建标准砂的相关动变形与动强度特性进行对比分析;透明砂土由折射率一致的熔融石英砂和混合油配制而成,混合油由15号白矿物油和正12烷按比例混合而成。试验测定并分析了透明砂土的动剪切模量-应变、阻尼比-应变、动剪切模量-阻尼比等关系曲线,以及孔压、动强度特征。试验结果表明,由熔融石英砂与混合油配制而成的透明砂土的动变形和动强度特性与天然砂土相似,可以模拟天然砂土材料开展动力相关模型试验研究。     

临南油田街2断块沙三上亚段Ⅴ砂岩组沉积微相研究

基于区域地质背景资料,综合运用岩芯观察、岩相和测井相分析等手段,对临南油田街2断块沙三上亚段Ⅴ砂岩组沉积微相的沉积相标志、类型以及展布特征进行了系统研究。结果表明：临南油田街2断块沙三上亚段Ⅴ砂岩组为一套湖泊三角洲沉积体系,亚相类型为三角洲前缘亚相;沙三上亚段Ⅴ砂岩组主要沉积微相可细分为水下分流河道、水下分流河道间湾、河口坝、远砂坝和前缘席状砂等5种微相,并建立了沉积微相识别模式;沉积特征和沉积微相的平面展布呈现在近东西向剖面上砂体连续性较好,可见河口坝与前缘席状砂的交替出现,而在近西南—北东向剖面上,砂体横向上一般由水下分流河道过渡到河口坝或前缘席状砂。总之,临南油田街2断块沙三上亚段Ⅴ砂岩组是研究区三角洲形成的高峰期,水下分流河道、河口坝、前缘席状砂为主要的储集砂体。     

Coastal dunes and strandplains in southeast Queensland: Sequence and chronology

Parabolic dunes invade coastal strandplains and overlie prior blown dunes in southeast Queensland. These coastal dune landscapes were produced primarily by real changes in wind strength and frequency. Sand movement began in past glacial ages and in the most recent instance persisted into Holocene time. Four interglacial shores are identified with marine isotope stages 5, 7, 9 and 11, and allow estimation of the ages of the dune and beach sands, by correlation with the EPICA Dome C ice core, as follows: Triangle dune sand, n.d.; Garawongera dune sand, 65 ka; Woorim beach sand, 125 ka; Bribie beach sand, 245 ka; Bowarrady dune sand, 270 ka; Poyungan beach sand, 335 ka; Yankee Jack dune sand, 360 ka; Ungowa beach sand, 410 ka; Awinya dune sand, 430 – 486 ka; Cooloola dune sand, >486 ka.     

19世纪中叶北京高分辨率沙尘天气记录：《翁心存日记》初步研究*

《翁心存日记》是迄今为止发现的记录天气现象最为详细的历史天气日记,保留了难得的19世纪中叶北京的沙尘天气记录。归纳了对历史文献记录中的沙尘天气进行分类的方法,通过《翁心存日记》,重建了19世纪中叶北京沙尘天气情况。分析发现当时北京年平均沙尘日多达31.36天,高于近60年来北京沙尘天气的平均水平。而19世纪中叶的北京沙尘天气中扬沙、浮尘和沙尘暴天气的构成和现代基本相似,年内分布特征也较相似。但19世纪中叶夏季沙尘比例较现代明显偏多46％,而冬季沙尘比例仅为现代比例的75％,这说明古今间沙尘天气的季节分布可能存在较大差异。另外,19世纪的沙尘天气同样存在明显的年际变化,且本地降水是影响年际变化的因素之一。     

Karstic sandstone bodies in the turonian limestones of Judea,Israel

The occurrence of quartz sand in the predominantly calcareous Upper Turonian section of Judea is more widespread than was previously realised. The encountered sand or argillaceous sand bodies are classified into three types: (1) a sand or marly sand layer concordant with the calcareous sequence below and above it; (2) discordant pockets in the limestone strata filled with quartz sand; and (3) fissure filling and “matrix” in pseudobrecciated limestones. Types 2 and 3 are found below the sand layer.     

山东灵山岛北背来石剖面下白垩统顺层砂脉的特征及其成因动力学分析*

山东灵山岛北背来石剖面下白垩统莱阳组发育大量砂脉。根据砂脉与层面的关系,将其分为顺层砂脉和非顺层砂脉。前者主要发育在三角洲前缘黑色泥岩中,顶、底界面普遍参差不齐,常与软沉积变形构造共生。在分析砂脉特征的基础上,建立了非地震条件下顺层砂脉侵入的物理模型和公式,推导出液化砂层的深度与侵位深度和上覆沉积层厚度之间的关系,认为形成大型砂脉的液化砂层深度都很大。该实例对研究砂脉的成因、湖泊相关沉积及盆地构造运动具有重要意义。     

Characteristics and dynamics origin of the Lower Cretaceous sill in northern Beilaishi section of Lingshan Island,Shandong Province

A lot of sand dikes are found in the Lower Cretaceous Laiyang Formation in northern Beilaishi section located in the Lingshan Island of Shandong Province. There are two types including bedding sand dikes and unbedding sand dikes based on their relationship with the bedding plane. The bedding sand dikes, which are often associated with soft sedimentary deformation, are mainly developed in the black mudstone of delta front, and their top and bottom interfaces are generally uneven. Based on the characteristics of sand dikes, the physical model and formula of bedding sand dikes under non-seismic condition are established. The relationship between the depth of liquefied sand layer, the emplacement depth and thickness of overlying sediment layer is deduced. It is considered that the depth of liquefied sand layer which forms large sand veins is very deep. This paper is of great significance in studying the origin of sand veins, lake related deposition and basin tectonic movement.     

水进砂研究进展

水进砂在水进过程中被侵蚀、淘洗、搬运,其沉积特征明显有别于背景砂体,表现出明显的穿时性。水进砂的发现完善了层序地层学理论,同时它在油气储存运移、原油物性预测以及油气勘探开发方面也有重要价值。本文从砂体的性质、来源、所处背景砂体的环境以及发育的构造条件4个方面对水进砂进行了分类,并总结了具代表性的形成机制：地层响应模型、水进型三角洲模型、海侵—海退模型、水动力模型、下切谷模型和潮汐改造的沙脊模型。近年来,相关学者在传统沉积学的基础上,又运用水动力学、遗迹学和不整合面识别等比较独特的方法对水进砂进行了研究。未来水进砂的研究工作将不再局限于海相砂体中,同时将运用更精细的方法对水进砂进行更深入的研究。     

致密砂岩储层骨架砂体构型特征——以鄂尔多斯盆地合水地区延长组长6段砂体为例

合水地区长6油层组深水重力流沉积厚层砂体发育,但砂体较为致密,石油多赋存于其中某一段,连片性差。为更好预测优势砂体分布,基于野外剖面、测井解释成果、铸体薄片、高压压汞、物性等资料,结合前人对湖盆演化、物源等相关问题的研究成果,根据不同成因、单砂体在空间上的叠置关系,将长6段骨架砂体组合类型划分为连续叠加型、间隔叠加型、侧向尖灭型、砂泥互层型四类。并在此基础上,定量表征了长6段四类复合砂体的结构特征,确定了优势砂体组合类型,探讨了优势砂体的分布规律。结果表明:1）连续叠加型砂体以砂质碎屑流为主,单砂体平均厚度为8.20 m,以砂体内夹层为主,砂体连通性好,多发育在湖底扇内扇;间隔叠加型砂体以砂质碎屑流为主,浊流次之,单砂体平均厚度为4.10 m,隔夹层均有发育,砂体连通性由隔夹层厚度决定,多发育在湖底扇内扇、中扇;侧向尖灭型砂体以浊流为主,滑塌岩次之,单砂体平均厚度为1.10 m,以砂体间隔层为主,砂体不连通或连而不通,多发育在湖底扇中扇、外扇;砂泥互层型砂体以浊流为主,单砂体平均厚度为0.38 m,以砂体间隔层为主,砂体不连通,多发育在湖底扇外扇。2）从连续叠加型到砂泥互层型,砂体发育规模减小,非均质性增强,物性变差,含油性降低。最终,确定了研究区连续叠加型与间隔叠加型为优势砂体的组合类型。在平面上,大规模优势砂体以片状、条带状在研究区东北部沿东北-西南向展布,而在西南部基本不发育。