肥城煤田白庄煤矿土地复垦适宜性评价方法探讨

土地复垦适宜性评价是土地复垦方案编制过程中至关重要的环节,该文以白庄煤矿为例,在分析土地复垦相关因素的前提下,遵循一定的评价原则,制定了土地复垦适宜性评价的方法和步骤,并最终确定了复垦区各单元的复垦方向,对同类地区土地复垦方案的编制具有一定的参考价值。     

编制矿山土地复垦方案值得注意的几个问题

在编制矿山土地复垦方案过程中,要认真调查、了解和掌握矿山的自然环境条件及矿山开采历史与现状,以及拟开采布局和复垦资源情况,才能确定合理的复垦方向、制定复垦目标,编制出质量较高、可操作性强的矿山土地复垦方案。     

基于RS与GIS的南汇东滩围垦研究

RS和GIS技术是滩涂围垦监测最经济和有效的方法之一。本文基于1983年以来多期遥感影像,解译出了不同时期人工岸线的位置,在此基础上利用GIS技术分析了近30年来南汇东滩的围垦过程及其与滩涂淤涨速率的关系。结果表明,近30年来南汇东滩的围垦过程呈现＂由慢至快＂的发展趋势,经历了＂缓慢—稳步—高速＂三个发展阶段：（1）1983～1995年年均围垦速率约1.23km2/a,圈围速率较小;（2）1995～2000年为7.95km2/a,围垦速率处于稳步增长阶段;（3）2002～2005年为35.27km2/a,是围垦速率最大的阶段。2002年以前,围垦速率与滩涂淤涨速率基本一致,2002年之后,围垦速率远大于滩涂淤涨速率。本文认为8km2/a是南汇东滩适宜的围垦速度。2002年之后南汇东滩的快速围垦并没有导致上海整体滩涂面积的减少,围垦可不囿于局部滩涂面积的稳定,以全市总体滩涂面积和湿地水平的动态平衡,可为滩涂资源开发利用提供现实选择。     

基于能值理论的采煤沉陷区土地复垦行为分析

利用能值分析方法揭示采煤沉陷区土地复垦行为特征,为采煤沉陷区土地复垦决策和土地利用导向提供科学依据。以徐州城北矿区复垦区为例,采用野外试验与能值理论分析相结合的方法,对采煤沉陷区土地复垦前后能值变化进行分析。结果表明:土地复垦是以人的价值行为为导向、自然资源为依托、生态系统流为骨架,来实现和提升采煤沉陷区生态经济系统功能;以恢复和提高区域生产力为价值导向的土地复垦行为可有效提高区域和产品服务功能,年净增加能值361.61×1016 sej;复垦后土地用途增加一定面积的鱼塘和储水区,在满足生产需求的同时,可提高区域水分涵养功能,年净增加能值4.6×1016 sej;土地复垦行为是通过调整采煤沉陷区土地利用结构、土地利用布局和土地利用行为,以实现生态经济系统能量流动与转换来增加区域生态经济系统能值。      

靖远矿区采煤沉陷区复垦综合评价方法研究

以靖远矿区为例,从土地复垦和恢复生态学的角度出发,建立了靖远矿区采煤沉陷区复垦综合评价系统,选择土壤条件（土层厚度、土壤质地、有机质含量、土壤水分）、地形改造条件（地面坡度、地表破坏程度、改造难易程度）、气候及水文条件（年降雨量、灌溉条件）作为分类及评价因子对复垦潜力进行评价。将采煤沉陷地分为四种潜力区,对每种潜力类型区的复垦开发利用方向进行了优化设计,从理论上和实践上对靖远矿区采煤沉陷地的复垦能力以及复垦过程中用地结构的优化作了探讨,以期对当地沉陷地的复垦提供一定的科学依据。     

Physical and chemical characteristics of after-reclamation dust from used sand moulds

The paper presents the results of investigations of physical and chemical properties of after reclamation dust that is generated in the foundry industry. Universally applied mechanical reclamation processes of spent moulding sands generate large amounts of after-reclamation dusts containing mainly rubbed spent binding agents and quartz dusts. An amount of after-reclamation dusts—in dependence of the reclamation system efficiency and the reclaim dedusting system—can reach 5–10 % in relation to the total reclaimed spent moulding sand. After-reclamation dusts originated from spent moulding sands with different kinds of resins mostly belong to dangerous wastes, since they contain chemo-setting binders with dangerous substances removed in the reclamation process. None of the companies producing mechanical reclamation systems offers presently the complex technology and equipment for utilisation of after reclamation dusts, which would meet technical and economic expectations of foundry plants. The paper presents the results of research carried out at the Faculty of Foundry Engineering AGH UST in Cracow which aims on the determination of possibilities of using the post-reclamation dust generated during mechanical reclamation of used moulding sands with organic resins as a source of energy. Different dusts generated in the mechanical reclamation process of used organic sands, delivered from foundries, were tested to determine their chemical composition, granular characterisation and physicochemical properties. As a result of the investigations, possible ways to utilise the dusts are presented.     

土地复垦美学视觉评价:以黄土高原矿区为例

目前国内外很少有从美学角度进行土地复垦的研究,土地复垦美学概念暂未提出,土地复垦美学视觉评价体系还未成熟。为深入研究土地复垦美学概念内涵,讨论土地复垦美学表现形式,本文参考平朔矿区土地复垦与生态修复的经验,采用文献归纳法和移植研究法,以“山水林田湖草生命共同体理念”为依托,构建了由要素评价和系统评价组成的嵌套式评价体系。通过解构美国林务局视觉管理系统(visual management system,VMS)评价、美国土地管理局视觉资源管理系统(visual resource management,VRM)、联邦公路局视觉影响评估系统(visual impact assessment,VIA)、复田景观评价、园林景观美学评价等成熟的视觉评价体系,结合矿区生态系统修复“五元共轭”理论,构建了一套适用于黄土高原矿区的土地复垦美学视觉评价体系,所有指标共计21项,即地貌重塑与土壤重构相关指标8项、植被重建与生物多样性相关指标7项、景观重现相关指标6项。各项指标完成了定性、半定量化释义,修正了“岩貌、地形地貌、湖泊、毗邻景观”4项指标的评价标准。土地复垦美学评价不可忽略主观因素影响,应注重景观美学表现形式的多样性与差异性,使土地复垦美学视觉表现得更具选择性。     

曹妃甸浅滩潮道保护意义及曹妃甸新老填海规划对比分析

曹妃甸填海工程是全国第一大填海工程,拟填海造陆310 km2,建设曹妃甸工业区。曹妃甸海区有曹妃甸外缘深槽和老龙沟深槽两大港口潜力区,建设曹妃甸工业区,使其充分发挥优良港口的作用是合理的。但填海面积过大,填挖土石方严重不平衡,尤其是通岛公路的建设阻断了曹妃甸浅滩潮道是曹妃甸老填海规划的主要缺陷。曹妃甸浅滩潮道是浅滩区的重要潮流通道,对维护老龙沟深槽港口潜力区和区域海洋环境有重要作用,不应被阻断而应当保留畅通。海洋专家们的呼吁对曹妃甸填海规划的修改起了重要作用。近来出台的曹妃甸新填海规划做了重大修改:准备再开通浅滩潮道,恢复北东东向的浅滩潮流系统;要在老龙沟附近修建一个大港池,使老龙沟深槽港口潜力区得到保护和利用;填挖土石方平衡有了明显改善;增加了岸线;减轻了对海洋环境的影响。但仍然存在某些需要进一步完善和推敲之处。津塘—曹妃甸地区是中国两大地面沉降区之一,应做好防止地面沉降、海洋灾害及地震灾害等隐患的准备。填海面积不宜过大,少填多察,多做海洋环境检测。填海要在海洋环境容量能够承受的情况下循序渐进地进行。     

莱芜市煤矿区土地复垦的现状及策略研究

在人地矛盾日益紧张的大环境下,土地后备资源的开发显得愈来愈重要。作为煤炭主产区的莱芜市,煤矿区的土地复垦还处在起步阶段。该文从分析莱芜市煤矿区土地复垦的现状入手,对今后莱芜市煤矿区的土地复垦提出了建议。     

Effects of intertidal reclamation on tides and potential environmental risks: a numerical study for the southern Yellow Sea

Intertidal (tidal flat) reclamation along the Chinese coastline, especially which is in Jiangsu Province, has increased markedly in recent years. However, the hydrodynamic disturbance and environmental impacts of this activity are not yet fully understood. In this study, a process-based depth-averaged model is used to evaluate quantitatively the possible impacts of intertidal reclamation for the southern Yellow Sea region. The simulation results show that reclamation of both inshore and offshore intertidal areas of ~1800 km² (according to the approved governmental reclamation scheme) would result in three remarkable changes in tidal patterns: enhanced M₂ and M₄ tidal amplitudes in coastal areas, strengthened negative tidal asymmetry in the southern region of the sand ridge system, and an enhanced tidal energy flux toward offshore through the main channels in the south. These changes would result in some negative impacts. The enhancement in local tidal amplitude could increase the probability of coastal hazards, and the offshore sediment transport tendency resulting from negative tidal asymmetry in the south could lead to severe erosion. The enhanced energy flux transported offshore may also affect far-field regions. On the other hand, alternative reclamation of ~400 km² of offshore intertidal area could significantly minimize hydrodynamic disturbances to the local tidal system. Offshore reclamation with lower environment impacts may be the future for coastal development. To cope with the potential environmental risks caused by reclamation, it is recommended to strengthen environmental impact assessment and overseeing of reclamation plans, and advance international cooperation in terms of coastal management. Our findings provide a reference for coastal management in countries with substantial areas of tidal flats.     

Optimization of concurrent mining and reclamation plans for single coal seam: a case study in northern Anhui, China

The extraction of underground ore body inevitably causes a large amount of land subsidence. Current reclamation technologies in China mainly focus on stable subsided land, which means most of the affected lands are submerged into water because of the high groundwater table in some areas, leading to the loss of soils and inefficient reclamation. Therefore, a new technology for reclaiming unstable subsiding land is being studied for restoring farmland as much as possible, based on a case study in northern Anhui, China. In consideration of the mining plan, subsidence processes in various stages were analyzed and some related factors such as vertical subsidence, post-mining slope, water area, and land use condition were also simulated. Due to mining activities, useful farmland has gradually decreased to merely 14.4 % of the pre-mining area. In this study, the following stages were modeled from pre-mining to post-mining: (1) percentage of farmland was 100 % in stage (a) (pre-mining), (2) 72.5 % in stage (b), (3) 67.3 % in stage (c), and (4) 14.4 % in stage (d) (post-mining). The results show that 86.6 % of cultivated land was submerged into water and lost its capacity for cultivation after coal mining. Reclamation plans for stages (b), (c), and (d) were made by a traditional reclamation method called “Digging Deep to Fill Shallow”. Based on scenario simulation of reclamation, the farmland reclamation percentages were improved to 78.3, 73.3, and 40.70 %, respectively. Taking the percentage of reclaimed farmland as the preferred standard, concurrent mining and reclamation for stage (b) and (c) could increase farmland reclamation percentages to 37.6 and 32.6 %, respectively, compared with the farmland reclamation percentage of post-mining [reclaiming the land in stage (d)]. The results reveal that optimum reclamation time should be at stage (b). Therefore, under current technical conditions, concurrent mining and reclamation could enhance the quantity of cultivated land and provide better land protection and food security in the mined areas with high groundwater table.     

Groundwater quality as a geoindicator of organochlorine pesticide contamination after pesticide tomb reclamation: a case study of Franciszkowo, northwestern Poland

The need of surface soil removal during reclamation of the former underground landfills makes environmental monitoring difficult to perform. Environmental quality assessment after reclamation is very important because it provides information about: (1) the efficiency of remediation, (2) the rate of biodegradation of contaminants which were not removed during reclamation works and (3) the possible migration of contaminants from soil and permeable host rocks to surface waters and groundwaters. The concept of geoindicators, which was introduced to facilitate the assessment of environmental changes, can help assess environmental quality at sites previously subjected to reclamation. The groundwater quality is usually used as a geoindicator of inorganic contaminants. This concept was applied to find changes in organochlorine pesticide concentrations in groundwaters after toxic pesticide burial ground reclamation. The aim of this study was to monitor the concentrations of organochlorine pesticides and their metabolites in groundwaters at the former pesticide landfill site after its remediation. The study showed that very high concentrations of organochlorine pesticides and their metabolites in a contaminated soil had a small influence on pesticide concentrations in groundwaters and that this influence decreased in time. It has been 2 years since reclamation of the landfill took place, and the concentrations of organochlorine pesticides in groundwaters dropped to acceptable levels within the current environmental quality standards.     

Coastal Reclamation and Saltmarsh Carbon Budget: Advances and Prospects

As an important carbon pool and fragile eco-system of earth system, more and more coastal saltmarshes have been reclaimed for releasing population pressure and promoting food safety and economic development, especially in developing countries. During reclamation, original soil carbon cycling pattern and pathway in saltmarshs would be changed, which furthermore could change global carbon budget. In this study, a great amounts of literature and data were summerized to generalize the changes of soil organic carbon, carbon sequestration rate and carbon flux in three main kinds of saltmarshes (Mangrove saltmarsh, Estuary saltmarsh and coastal saltmarsh) during reclamation. The results are as shown: ①The conclusions collected from Europe and America are not suitable to eastern Asia’s coast and more attention should be paid to eastern Asia’s coastal reclamation; ②Mangrove saltmarshes have higher Soil Organic Carbon (SOC) and carbon sequestration rate, followed by estuary saltmarshes and coastal saltmarshes. Soil clay, aggregate, burial rate usually have positive effect on SOC sequestration in coastal areas. Flood frequency, salinity and underground water level generally have negative effect on it. After reclamation, coastal SOC first shows a decrease followed by an increase. Nearly 30 years of reclamation is the turning point where paddy fields can significantly promote SOC; ③CH₄ and CO₂ are the main ways of carbon emission in coastal areas of which CO₂ flux usually is the largest. Mangrove saltmarshes’ carbon emissions are the highest. In natural sites, the carbon emissions in Spartina alterniflora Loisel. and Phragmites australis are higher than those in bare flat areas. Carbon fluxes in flood tide usually are lower than those in other periods. Otherwise, carbon fluxes in natural saltmarshes are far lower than those in reclamation zones, especially upland tillage zones. The results acquired from field monitoring, saltmarshes are the carbon sinks and become the carbon sources when reclamation activities happen. Finally, three main aspects of coastal study were given as follows: much more attention should be paid to carbon budget inventory in saltmarshes; the effect of reclamation activity (i.e., anthropogenic activity, tillage practice, land use, etc.) on carbon cycling in ocean-inland system; the study of land use and reclamation process simulation and its impact on carbon cycling in coastal zone should be strengthened.     

Research Progress and Perspectives on Biodiversity Conservation and Restoration of Coal Mine Reclamation Area

Biodiversity provides many ecosystem functions and services in the coal mine areas and plays an important role in improving the environment and sustainable development of mining area. From the view of coal mining-damage-the whole process of reclamation, the biodiversity conservation planning and biodiversity survey, monitoring and evaluation technology were briefly introduced before coal exploiting. The main contents for biodiversity conservation and technology including the protection of topsoil seed bank, soil fauna, biological soil crusts and optimization techniques of concurrent mining and reclamation during coal mining and the operational phase were elaborated. The key factors affecting biodiversity restoration in land reclamation stage were analyzed. The research on soil improvement and revegetation was discussed. Finally, the development direction of research about conservation and restoration of biodiversity in land reclamation of coal mine were proposed. It may provide some ideas for further promoting the research in this area.     

淮北海孜煤矿采煤塌陷区煤矸石充填复垦条件分析

为了增加塌陷区耕地资源,有效地提高土地利用率,减少环境污染,本文通过对海孜煤矿塌陷区进行实地勘查,室内测试和实验,分析塌陷区煤矸石充填复垦条件。分析结果表明:塌陷区的地形地貌条件有利于土地复垦工程的实施,较高的地下水位可以为重构土壤提供充足的水分;塌陷区塌陷深度小,且绝大部分塌陷区已达到稳沉状态,有益于煤矸石充填复垦;大量的煤矸石为充填复垦提供了充足的物质基础,煤矸石中有害元素含量低,复垦后不会对地下水和土壤造成显著的污染,且煤矸石的块度组分有利于水分的保持和上移。     

The effect of long-term reclamation on enzyme activities and microbial community structure of saline soil at Shangyu, China

Reclamation of saline soil plays an important role in supporting high population growth in China. To evaluate the effects of reclamation and sustainability of salt-affected land production, soil chemical properties, enzyme activities, microbial community structure and function in sites reclaimed in 1976, 1984 and 1996 were characterized. The 2009 site was left to succession fallow and chosen as a control site. Results showed that electrical conductivity (EC) and pH decreased rapidly after the soil forming process started. An accumulation of soil organic C as a result of farming was observed. In all sites, inorganic N and available P were increased within 33 years after reclamation and commencement of agriculture. As a result of reclamation, soil enzyme activity (β-glucosidase, phosphatase, urease and arylsulfatase) was increased. There were no significant differences in soil enzyme activity between the sites reclaimed in 1976 and 1984, with the exception of phosphatase. Carbon source utilization patterns were less diverse in control soil than in treatment sites. The activities of reclamation resulted in synthesis of new phospholipid fatty acids (14:0, 17:1 c9, 16:0 2OH, 17:0 10Me, i17:0, 20:4 ω6c). Principal component analyses showed that the sites reclaimed in 1976 and 1984 clustered together and were distinct from 1996. Taken together, reclamation showed significantly increased soil quality and microbial activity. EC was the main limiting soil quality characteristic, which showed a comparative steady state after a reclamation time of 33 years. Differences in soil enzyme activity and microbial community function after long-term reclamation have potential to be reflected in soil functional integrity and ecosystem service.     

江苏露采矿山占用破坏土地资源特征及复垦评价

露采矿山是江苏的主体矿山，占用并破坏大量的土地资源，资源禁采后，采矿宕口的复垦给土地资源紧缺的江苏带来了增量土地资源的广阔前景，尤其是城市规划区内，土地复垦的环境、社会和经济效益十分显著。在分析全省露采矿山占用与破坏土地资源不同特征的基础上，初步估算全省露采矿山可复垦的土地资源面积及可复垦土地资源类型，并对土地复垦产生的经济、环境和社会效益进行分析评估，为露采矿山环境治理奠定基础。     

Environmental impacts of sea reclamation in Jiaozhou Gulf, Shandong province of China

The coastal zone, the interface between the sea and the land, has a variety of characteristics, such as resource abundance, multiple services, ecological fragility and frequent occurrence of disasters. It has been under tremendous pressure from human activities, especially increasing sea reclamation in recent years. Sea reclamation, which is an effective way to alleviate human pressure on coastal land, is especially apparent in the coastal zone of Jiaozhou Gulf, located in the southern part of Shandong Province. As a massive human intervention, sea reclamation inevitably has great effects on all aspects of the coastal system.     

Reclamation planning for coal mine in Istanbul, Agacli Region

This paper outlines mining aspect of view to reclamation studies based on rather simpler but more practical analyses in terms of legislations and regulations in Turkey. This paper also presents the results of various multi-disciplinary experimental studies aimed at the development of a reclamation proposal for an open pit mine located in the Istanbul Agacli region. Within the scope of this study, the current conditions and environmental features of the working area and its surrounding were evaluated. Various experimental studies were carried out on the representative samples taken from the overburden material and water sources in order to detect the existence of any contamination and also to determine the properties of samples subjected to the reclamation. Then, both environmental features and the results of experimental studies of the working area were evaluated. At the end of the evaluation, a simple and practicable reclamation proposal was developed.     

煤矿塌陷区覆土造地综合研究——以新庄孜矿为例

以新庄孜矿为例,针对覆土造地过程中,煤矸石充填可能带来的重金属元素的迁移污染作了相关分析。采用煤矸石充填塌陷区,既减少矸石山占地面积,又能在塌陷区覆土造地;同时,填埋矸石有利于保护环境,防止环境污染,具有较大的经济效益、社会效益和环境效益,对淮南矿区覆土造地及工农业持续发展具有重要的示范意义。