ISSUES IN THE PLANNING AND ESTABLISHMENT OF A GEOGRAPHIC INFORMATION SYSTEM

General issues in the organization of geographic information systems are examined, with some examples pertaining to GIS in agricultural planning and production management. Two initial sections explore both theoretical and practical challenges involved in the development of GIS in the Soviet Union. Then the specifications of a suitable GIS in agriculture are outlined based on principles elaborated earlier, with specific proposals on how to overcome the numerous significant difficulties involved in its implementation. Translated by Edward Torrey, Alexandria, VA 22308 from: Vestnik Moskovskogo Universiteta, geografiya, 1989, No. 4, pp. 3–10.     

Enhancing Operations with Spatial Access Methods in a Database Management System for GIS

Much attention has been devoted in the past to support classes of applications which are not well served by conventional database systems. Focusing on the application domain of geographic information systems (GIS), several architectural approaches have been proposed to implement commercial or prototype systems and satisfy the urgent needs for geographic data handling. However, those systems suffer from several limitations because they either perform much processing on an application layer, which is at the top of the database management system (DBMS), or the underlying data models are not rich enough to represent the spatial dimension of geographic entities. This study examines the spatial operations that should be provided by a DBMS for the application domain of GIS and focuses on the various techniques which may be used to support the efficient execution of both simple operations and composite procedures that involve the spatial dimension of geographic entities.     

COMMON THEMES IN THE DEVELOPMENT OF CARTOGRAPHY AND GEOGRAPHIC INFORMATION SYSTEMS

In a review of one of the fundamental Russian works on geographic information systems, the author provides an interesting glimpse into the development of GIS and GIS training in Russia and other former Soviet republics (most notably, Georgia). Translated by Edward Torrey, Alexandria, VA 22308 from: Geografiya i prirodnyye resursy, 1992, No. 3, pp. 171-172.     

Seamless integration of spatial statistics and GIS: The S-PLUS for ArcView and the S+Grassland Links

The extension of the functional capacity of geographic information systems (GIS) with tools for statistical analysis in general and exploratory spatial data analysis (ESDA) in particular has been an increasingly active area of research in recent years. In this paper, two operational implementations that combine the functionality of spatial data analysis software with a GIS are considered more closely. They consist of linkages between the S-PLUS software for data analysis and two different GIS implementations, the ArcView desktop system, which is mostly vector-oriented, and the primarily raster-based Grassland open GIS environment. We emphasize conceptual and technical issues related to the software implementation of these approaches and suggest future directions for linking spatial statistics and GIS. Received: 14 January 1999 / Accepted: 11 May 1999     

羊安镇信息系统设计与实现

根据邛崃市羊安镇的土地利用信息化需求,以羊安镇土地利用数据为基础,探讨了应用ArcGIS Engine进行土地利用信息系统设计与实现的关键技术,综合运用ArcGIS Engine开发工具建立了面向用户的土地利用信息系统,实现了地理数据的管理、空间查询、空间分析、图表输出等功能。     

基于地理事件时变序列的时空数据模型研究与实现

首先分析比较了已有的时空数据模型的特点，针对其存在的不足，提出并讨论了一种基于地理事件时变序列的时空数据模型，阐述了该模型的时空语义概念和时空拓扑关系，并针对具体的实际应用，在现有成熟的GIS平台上进行扩展，验证了该数据模型的有效性。     

当代地理信息系统进展综述

综述当代地理信息技术的发展现状与趋势,涉及地理信息的获取与处理,地理空间数据的管理,地理信息应用服务,地理信息共享技术以及新型GIS如WebGIS、组件GIS、三维GIS和移动GIS等方面的内容。     

基于ArcGIS的林业综合管理信息系统的设计与实现

探讨了基于ArcGIS的林业综合管理信息系统的总体结构及各主要子系统的功能设计,包括林业GIS应用数据的编辑维护处理、基于B/S结构的林业办公业务系统及信息发布系统等,实现了对林业综合信息的图文一体化交互式管理及林业数据的共享服务。     

基于WebGIS的旅游信息系统建设

建设基于WebGIS的旅游地理信息系统,是促进和推广GIS在旅游部门中应用的有效方法。本文提出了Internet和GIS技术相结合,将地理信息与旅游专业信息相结合,建设旅游地理信息系统的技术方法,介绍了基于WebGIS的旅游信息系统的建设过程、技术路线、系统的功能设计、系统的特点以及系统中存在的问题,为旅游企业部门的管理,和人们出行旅游提供了及时的地理信息保障。     

地理信息系统的发展前景

从地理信息系统（ＧＩＳ）的数据获取与更新,ＧＩＳ的分布式计算与数据交换,地理信息的三维与四维表示三个方面,探讨了ＧＩＳ进一步发展的一些关键问题,并对ＧＩＳ的市场,应用与前景进行展望。     

Spatial analysis in epidemiology: Nascent science or a failure of GIS?

This paper summarizes contributions of GIS in epidemiology, and identifies needs required to support spatial epidemiology as science. The objective of spatial epidemiology is to identify disease causes and correlates by relating spatial disease patterns to geographic variation in health risks. GIS supports disease mapping, location analysis, the characterization of populations, and spatial statistics and modeling. Although laudable, these accomplishments are not sufficient to fully identify disease causes and correlates. One reason is the failure of present-day GIS to provide tools appropriate for epidemiology. Two needs are most pressing. First, we must reject the static view: meaningful inference about the causes of disease is impossible without both spatial and temporal information. Second, we need models that translate space-time data on health outcomes and putative exposures into epidemiologically meaningful measures. The first need will be met by the design and implementation of space-time information systems for epidemiology; the second by process-based disease models.     

地理学视角下测绘地理信息再透视

系统回顾了地理信息系统产生以来地理信息内涵发展与拓展的主要历程,指出地理信息的定义一直是在"空间+属性"的地图信息基本框架下逐步扩展,其发展历程经历了地图GIS、语义GIS、时空GIS和大数据GIS 4个不同的阶段,但仍无法满足时空大数据的分析和应用需求。从地理学研究的对象和内容出发,对地理学所需要的"地理信息"的内涵和外延进行了系统的梳理总结,提出了涵盖"空间定位""语义描述""属性特征""几何形态""演化过程""要素相互关系"的地理信息六要素表达模型。在地理定律和地理规律的指导下,面向地理现象空间分布、时空格局、演化过程、相互作用机理的集成表达、系统分析和高效管理,设计了六要素集成表达的几何代数统一GIS数据模型、地理规律与相互作用驱动的新型GIS数据结构、非结构化时空数据组织与存储等关键技术,为测绘地理信息走向地理科学信息提供了另一个理论基础与技术方法支撑,有助于提升GIS对地理格局、演化过程和要素相互作用等地理规律的组织、管理、表达和分析能力。     

石油物探地理信息系统中数据库的建立

石油物探地理信息系统是一种将地理空间信息同石油物探信息相结合的计算机应用工程系统。通过数据库存储与石油物探相关的数据和图形信息,实现物探信息的科学管理、动态查询和决策分析。在此围绕石油物探地理信息系统中数据库的建立,从物探数据模型、数据管理方法、工作流程、数据库结构等几个方面进行了探讨。根据物探数据种类多、数据量大的特点,提出了一种以项目为主线的数据管理方法;根据系统既有地理信息数据,又包含物探专题数据的特点,设计了一种科学的数据库结构;并强调了数据安全性的问题。     

Satellite data and geographic information systems for fire and resource management in the Canadian arctic

Abstract

A method of analyzing remotely sensed data, a geographic information system, and an intelligent fire management system have been developed to provide integrated resource data for fire and other resources management. Natural and cultural features were digitized from 1:50,000 topographic maps using a geographic information system (GIS) to cover the 29 communities below the tree line in the western Canadian Arctic. Landsat Thematic Mapper data covering the same area were classified into land cover or fuel types. Detailed information on each fire such as location, area burned, date of discovery, fire number, fire zone, fire class and source of ignition was obtained and added to each map sheet as attribute data. A generalized vegetation cover map using NOAA AVHRR data was also obtained. The Intelligent Fire Management Information System (IFMIS) integrates relational data bases, geographic information display, and expert systems. It also has a spatial analysis procedure for forest fire preparedness planning. Linking the weather to the forest fuels through the Fire Weather Index system (FWI) and the Fire Behaviour Prediction System (FBPS), fire danger and fire behaviour are calculated and displayed, cell‐by‐cell. Values‐at‐risk and fire suppression resources are used in the dispatching and planning component of the system. The planning component allows the user to evaluate the coverage of fire suppression resources under the prevalent forecast fire behaviour conditions. Through the integration of data from the above systems, a set of maps were created which were used to analyze fire behaviour potential, identify fire hazards, and provide a basis for settlement protection strategies within the context of other land use activities such as wildlife harvesting and recreational activities.     

Human conceptions of spaces: Implications for GIS

The way people conceptualize space is an important consideration for the design of GIS, because a better match with people's thinking is expected to lead to easier-to-use information systems. Everyday space, the basis to GIS, has been characterized in the literature as being either small-scale (from table-top to room-size spaces) or large-scale (inside-of-building spaces to city-size spaces). While this dichotomy of space is grounded in the view from psychology that people's perception of space, spatial cognition, and spatial behaviour are experience-based, it is in contrast to current GIS, which enable us to interact with large-scale spaces as though they were small-scale or manipulable. We analyse different approaches to characterizing spaces and propose a unified view in which space is based on the physical properties of manipulability, locomotion, and size of space. Within the structure of our framework, we distinguish six types of spaces: manipulable object space (smaller than the human body), non-manipulable object space (greater than the human body, but less than the size of a building), environmental space (from inside-of-building spaces to city-size spaces), geographic space (state, country, and continent-size spaces), panoramic space (spaces perceived via scanning the landscape), and map space. Such a categorization is an important part of Naive Geography, a set of theories on how people intuitively or spontaneously conceptualize geographic space and time, because it has implications for various theoretical and methodological questions concerning the design and use of spatial information tools. Of particular concern is the design of effective spatial information tools that lead to better communication.     

GIS建库与地图制图一体化解决方案的设计与实现

GIS建库的目的是实现对空间数据的有效管理,满足空间分析、管理、规划和决策的需求,而地图制图关注的是地理要素的符号化表达,二者面向两种的不同需求。因此,在GIS建库的同时往往得不到符合制图规范的传统地图。本文深入分析建库数据模型和制图数据模型的特点,引入"建库与制图一体化"思想,实现从GIS数据到制图数据的信息补偿,基于SuperMap软件进行了实践,达到了"一库两用"的目的,避免了数据的重复建设。     

快速开发WebGIS应用系统的地理信息平台

由于不同WebGIS业务系统类型存在建设周期长、开发成本高、维护困难等问题,本文提出设计并开发地理信息平台.文中讨论了平台的结构、功能以及实现的关键技术.在GIS平台上实现了空间数据的统一管理和共享;提供统一的接入标准和开放的应用框架,实现各经济社会业务系统的无缝集成与访问;能够利用其可视化配置技术根据业务需求快速搭建...     

基于楼盘表和户型图的分层分户模型建设

随着智慧城市建设的不断升级,城市管理向精细化和智能化方向快速发展.分层分户模型可以承载更复杂、更立体、更详细、更精确的信息,以供全面综合管理、大数据分析和应急指挥使用.本文以"数字郑州三维地理信息及应用服务系统"项目建设实际情况为背景,探索和实现了在SuperMap GIS平台环境下,基于楼盘表提供的层户信息与户型图提供的分户信息,通过数字线划图进行建筑底面定位,利用地名地址将楼盘表和户型图与数字线划图进行关联挂接,并根据LiDAR点云数据的高度信息,快速自动化地建设郑州市800 km2内所有建筑物的分层分户模型的技术方法.进一步探索了通过模型成果与房管信息和公安户籍信息挂接,建立"以图管房、以房管人"的新管理模式,有效提升了政府管理和决策水平.本文提出的方法技术路线先进,实操性强,具有重要的应用推广价值.     

基于SuperMap IS.NET的渔港地理信息管理系统设计与实现

随着渔港建设规模的不断扩大,渔港基础地理数据和建设信息数据不断增加,建立现代化的渔港地理信息管理系统迫在眉睫。文章介绍了渔港地理信息管理系统的设计与实现。该系统基于WebGIS技术,以SuperMap IS.NET为地图功能开发平台,实现了渔港空间量算、地图浏览、数据查询与管理等功能。