THE METEOR AND METEOR-PRIRODA EARTH OBSERVATION SATELLITES

This first installment in a series of papers extracted from a Soviet “manual” of remote sensing describes the design, operation, and payloads of the “Meteor” and “Meteor-Priroda” earth observation satellites-the latter as name given to “Meteor” satellites used for economic land-use studies, instead of their original meteorological applications. Issues such as orbit parameters, spatial resolution, scan width, and telemetry are also addressed. Translated from: Priroda Zemli iz kosmosa, A.P. Tishchenko and S.V. Viktorov, eds. Leningrad: Gidrometeoizdat, 1984, pp. 16-24.     

地球资源卫星应用系统及其智能化

为地球资源卫星工程设想的一个应用系统。该系统将包括五个分系统,它们是：·数据接收和记录分系统；·数据预处理和常规产品生产分系统；·应用分析和专家分系统；·数据模拟和评价分系统；·数据分配和用户服务分系统除去常规的卫星接收和预处理系统外,将深入探讨重要的应用分析和专家分系统,这个分系统基本由图像处理、地理信息系统并结合专家知识的应用模型组成。它以预处理分系统的产品(图像数据)作为输入,并利用建立在计算机内人的智能模型,输出若干种类的向量形式的专题图。显然,应用分析和专家分系统不仅比通常图像分析系统有更高的分类精度并考虑在图像解释过程中具有人工智能化。整个应用系统应该是地球资源卫星系统不可分割的重要部份,它能把实时和有效的动态数据提供给各类用户为经济建设服务,同时有可能提供总的统计信息和整个国家或广大地区的专题图。这样的结果对国家宏观规划和决策是非常有用的。这一应用系统将担负检验并决定地球资源卫星任务的最后有效性。     

ENVIRONMENTAL PROTECTION MAPS: PROBLEMS IN COMPILATION AND READABILITY

The successes and shortcomings of environmental protection maps published in the USSR are reviewed. Emphasis is on the problems of defining map content and the techniques which can be employed to enhance the readability of the maps. Speed and accuracy of map reading are evaluated and a compromise is sought between these two contradictory requirements. Translated by Edward Torrey, Alexandria, VA 22038 from: Izvestiya Vsesoyuznogo Geograficheskogo Obshchestva, 1988, No. 5, pp. 453-459.     

SOIL-GEOCHEMICAL MAPPING FOR ENVIRONMENTAL PROTECTION PURPOSES

The authors outline a procedure for the mapping of soil geochemical anomalies surrounding a gas condensate deposit in upland East Siberia. An end product is a map showing areas in which matter is biologically cycled in different ways and at different intensities, as reflected in the dominance of different combinations of chemical elements in the soil. The paper explores the relationship between these geochemical regions and (a) related natural regions (vegetation, geomorphologic-geologic) and (b) types of human impact (e.g., fires, oil-gas drilling, pipeline construction). The methods employed are compared with previous methodologies of geochemical mapping—e.g., of Perel'man. Translated by Edward Torrey, Alexandria, VA 22308 from: Geografiya i prirodnyye resursy, 1997, No. 1, pp. 23-33     

土地资源管理对我国后续资源卫星数据空间分辨率的需求分析

空间分辨率是资源卫星传感器设计的一个重要技术指标。本文分析了目前及未来10a土地资源管理主要应用领域对资源卫星数据的基本技术要求,对土地利用制图最小上图单元、最大成图比例尺与资源卫星数据空间分辨率的相互关系进行了研究。在此基础上,提出了我国后续资源卫星数据空间分辨率设置方案。     

EARTH CURVATURE AND REFRACTION

Abstract

1. For both geodetic and geophysical reasons it is desirable that a method of determining the curvature of the earth at a large number of points, as well as the heights of these points, should be developed. The fact that these two quantities are intimately related in the process of height determination by reciprocal vertical angles has in general been ignored. The present paper does not profess to provide a complete solution; but rather to set forth the requirements and to make some suggestions towards meeting them; and to stress the need for research in the matter of terrestrial refraction, which is certainly long overdue.     

ENVIRONMENTAL PROTECTION MAPPING IN REGIONS OF GAS DEVELOPMENT IN MOUNTAIN TAIGA LANDSCAPES

A Russian geographer outlines a program of environmental protection mapping undertaken in conjunction with the development of the Kovyktinskoye gas condensate deposit. The main thrust of the approach is the delineation of areas characterized by different levels of environmental protection measures necessary during development. The article addresses methodological issues affecting the map compilation procedure and presents in tabular form the measures determined to be most important in various ecological zones. Translated by Edward Torrey, Alexandria, VA from: Geografiya i prirodnyye resursy, 1998, No. 1, pp. 49-53.     

"数字地球"及其实施策略的探讨

“数字地球”不仅可以帮助我们更加深刻地认识我们赖以生存的地球,而且还有助于我们解决许多最迫切的人口、资源、环境、灾害等可持续发展的重大问题。开展“数字地球”工作是保护我国根本利益的积极有效措施,为我国“跨越式”发展提供了机遇。“数字地球”技术是充分利用我国现有信息资源的有效途径,属于知识经济时代的制高点和信息资源的主体核心,能够为“信息高速公路”提供必须的信息资源。本文概述了“数字地球”的产生背影     

主动式集成GPS滑坡监测系统的研制与监测实践

主动式集成GPS滑坡监测系统是GPS技术与电子全站仪技术的高度集成。本文叙述了主动式集成GPS滑坡监测系统的基本原理与工作过程。     

传感器观测服务原型系统的设计与实现

分析传感器网服务体系及传感器观测服务（SOS）的接口规范和数据流程,提出了基于Java企业级体系（J2EE）三层架构的SOS服务原型系统,阐述了SOS服务器端和客户端的设计与实现,介绍了原型系统的主要功能。     

后方交会的精度估计和设计

本文从角度观测方程出发，推导了一个简单、实用的后方交会占位精度计算公式，通过分析交会点的误差椭圆提出，适当加测后方交会方向中的某些光电测距边，可以明显地改善位于危险圆附近的后方交会点观测方程系数矩阵的条件数，提高交会点的点位精度．     

等价观测与GPS差分法定位

本文首先利用空间和投影算子的概念证明了等价观测中的部分等价性定理，然后从该定理出发讨论了各种GPS差分定位法的等价性问题并给出了其相应的等价条件。     

微小卫星对地观测及其应用前景

微小卫星技术是当今空间技术、电子技术、计算机技术、光学技术及遥感技术高度综合的结晶。目前,世界各国都在关注这项技术的发展与应用,以英国萨瑞大学空间技术中心为代表的国外对地观测民用卫星已为十几个国家进行小卫星及微小卫星研制及技术开发服务,我国有关部门已与萨瑞大学开展了有效的合作。从现有小卫星获取的数据资料质量及特征分析,其光谱及几何分辨率都较高,在全球灾害、环境监测、农业估产及资源调查等有广阔的应用前景。发展我国的微小卫星技术,将对我国航天遥感事业起到重要推动作用。     

LENGTH AND AZIMUTH OF LONG LINES ON THE EARTH

Abstract

In the E.S.R., viii, 59, 191–194 (January 1946), J.H. Cole gives a very simple formula for finding the length of long lines on the spheroid (normal section arcs), given the coordinates of the end points. In the course of the computation the approximate azimuth of one end of the line is found, the error over a 500-mile line being of the order of 3″ or 4″. If the formula is amended so that the azimuth at the other end of the line is used in computing the length of the arc, the error is then less than 0″·1 over such a distance. An extra term is now given which makes this azimuth virtually correct over any distance. Numerical tests show that Cole's formula for length and the new one for azimuth are very accurate and convenient in all azimuths and latitudes.     

EARTH SATELLITE CAMERA SYSTEMS: RESOLUTION ESTIMATES AND MAPPING APPLICATIONS

Resolution functions which permit the comparison of camera systems considered for earth-orbiting satellite missions, indicate that a mapping camera (f = 300 mm) with approximately 20 m ground resolution at a scale of 1 : 750 000 would prove more useful for photogrammetric applications than any of the systems currently planned. In the absence of specific satellite missions for mapping purposes, the value of Skylab-type experiments could be greatly enhanced by the inclusion of a metric camera. ERTS-A with an estimated ground resolution on the order of 180 m was not intended as a cartographic system. In its present mode it does not meet the standards set by scientists for detailed studies of the earth's resources.     

对边测量的精度与观测图形的探讨

文章推导了对边测量的精度估算公式，并通过进一步的分析研究，给出了几点有益的结论。     

面向对象的虚拟地理资讯平台的设计与实现

本文采用面向对象的技术，探讨了基于VR技术的地理资讯系统的设计平台和体系结构，结合三维场景中对象模型、资源和信息数据，提出了面向对象地理资讯系统平台的解决方案，并在虚拟平台上实现了虚拟校园的规划和设计，以及在虚拟校园中漫游和面向三维对象的查询。     

关于野外观测和数据处理相联系的理论问题

现代野外观测和数据处理常常分开来研究，在理论的联系上它们应该是一个整体，而且应该把野外观测的高质量，作为正确实施数据处理的前提条件，在进行数据处理的时候，应该严谨对待其全过程的每一步骤。