SOME ASPECTS OF HEIGHT EXTRACTION FROM SPOT IMAGERY

Military systems are becoming far more demanding in their requirement for geographical information. Military Survey must be able to support these requirements and consequently undertake a continuous evaluation of new potential sources and exploitation systems. In considering SPOT data, both the improved spatial resolution and the three dimensional capability afforded by the system must be investigated. Military Survey, together with universities and industry, is conducting trials on the accuracy and detail obtainable from both film and digital data. This paper will consider the three dimensional geometric fidelity of SPOT data using three different systems. The first exploits the data as a stereopair of diapositives using an analytical plotter. The second is a hybrid system in that the stereoscopic digital data are loaded into an image processing workstation which projects a stereo-image onto a split screen. This is then treated as “hardcopy” and is interactively exploited by a conventional stereoscope. The third system is completely digital in that height extraction is undertaken within a digital environment incorporating autocorrelation routines. Overall system errors of 10 m to 12 m (σ) were recorded for each exploitation system. Digital elevation model accuracies varied depending upon terrain type and image contrast.     

面向航空企业信息系统建设的多源信息采集技术

政府部门和企事业单位及信息服务企业正在建立越来越多的以空间信息为基础的专业应用信息系统。因此,数据采集的需求范围正在从以建设项目需求为主的工程测量扩大为面向行业应用的全要素专业数据采集。服务于测绘行业的企业将面临全新挑战——由传统测绘向全要素信息采集的转变。文中介绍了航空企业空间信息系统建设及其信息采集的内容需求,以及实现面向行业的、全要素的、专业空间信息采集的技术手段。     

羊安镇信息系统设计与实现

根据邛崃市羊安镇的土地利用信息化需求,以羊安镇土地利用数据为基础,探讨了应用ArcGIS Engine进行土地利用信息系统设计与实现的关键技术,综合运用ArcGIS Engine开发工具建立了面向用户的土地利用信息系统,实现了地理数据的管理、空间查询、空间分析、图表输出等功能。     

地学数据库的数学基础

地学数据库的数学基础是统一且分散建立和使用地学数据库的基础,是建立大中型地学信息系统的前提。本文提出了对该数学基础及与之紧密相关的入库变换方法的必须要求,提出了大、中、小3类实用建制方案和相应方法。它们是相互衔接且统一的。     

面向服务的国土资源空间数据集成与共享

国土资源海量空间数据的集成与共享一直是国土资源信息化建设中的重要难点问题之一。SOA技术的发展及其在GIS中的应用,为地理空间数据的集成与共享提供了新的技术手段,本文从国土资源空间数据集成与共享的应用需求出发,对基于SOA的国土资源空间数据集成与共享的分层结构进行了分析,同时,对国土资源空间数据的多级集成及共享进行了探讨。     

Hypercube-Based Visualization Architecture for Web-Based Environmental Geospatial Information Systems

The geospatial field significantly influences the development of the environmental domain, including a wide range of geospatial and cartographic information systems, such as Geographic Information Systems (GIS), Multimedia Atlas Information Systems (MAIS) and more recently web-based GIS (Web-GIS). In this context, we introduce web-based environmental geospatial information systems (Web-EGIS) as a special case of Web-GIS, aiming to integrate the functionalities of geospatial information systems with the enormous quantity of specialized, distributed and highly heterogeneous environmental geo-referenced data and services. We define three main characteristics of the Web-EGIS. The first is a generic hypercube-based data organization and visualization. The next characteristic is a standard-based, three-tier service-oriented architecture. The third and last characteristic is the traceability of the architectural and design decisions, for which we introduce the new concept of an ‘Environmental Application Context’, arguing that not only the functional but also the non-functional requirements (NFRs) have an important role in defining the architecture, software components and data services of such systems. In a nutshell, a Web-EGIS is characterized by a coherent user experience through the hypercube-based visualization concept, technically supported by a service-oriented architecture that is structured according to an extensive analysis of NFRs. On this basis, we introduce the Geodata visualization and interactive training environment (GeoVITe) Platform for Interdisciplinary Environmental Research as a reference implementation of a Web-EGIS with its basic design requirements, integrative hypercube-based visualization for heterogeneous data sources, extended web cartography functionalities, and its de facto system architecture. The concept of the hypercube-based visualization is better transferred to the system architecture by understanding the ‘Environmental Application Context’ of this particular Web-EGIS, which also makes it easier to maintain and enhance. The resulting system is a support platform for research activities in the environmental domain.     

CHARACTERISTICS OF A DATA PROCESSING TECHNOLOGY FOR THE REVISION OF DIGITAL MAPS

A procedure is described for the revision of digital maps in geographic information systems, the basis of which rests upon a “mutual and unambiguous correspondence” between a digital map and its structural (text or graphic) model(s). Rules of transference, editing, elimination, inclusion, and cross-referencing of names are elaborated for regulation of the processes by which non-digital (cartographic, air photo, statistical) sources of new information are used to transform digital information in the original data base. Revision of digital maps is accomplished through creation of a data base of digital corrections to an original data base and/or subsequent editing of digital map(s) from these corrections or others initiated during raster scanning. Translated from: Geodeziya i kartografiya, 1986, No. 9, pp. 38-43.     

Building Web-Based Spatial Information Solutions around Open Specifications and Open Source Software

Geographic Information Systems (GIS) are moving from isolated, standalone, monolithic, proprietary systems working in a client‐server architecture to smaller web‐based applications and components offering specific geo‐processing functionality and transparently exchanging data among them. Interoperability is at the core of this new web services model. Compliance with Open Specifications (OS) enables interoperability. Web‐GIS software's high costs, complexity and special requirements have prevented many organizations from deploying their data and geo‐processing capabilities over the World Wide Web. There are no‐cost Open Source Software (OSS) alternatives to proprietary software for operating systems, web servers, and Relational Database Management Systems. We tested the potential of the combined use of OS and OSS to create web‐based spatial information solutions. We present in detail the steps taken in creating a prototype system to support land use planning in Mexico with web‐based geo‐processing capabilities currently not present in commercial web‐GIS products. We show that the process is straightforward and accessible to a broad audience of geographic information scientists and developers. We conclude that OS and OSS allow the development of web‐based spatial information solutions that are low‐cost, simple to implement, compatible with existing information technology infrastructure, and have the potential of interoperating with other systems and applications in the future.     

THE USE OF PHOTOGRAMMETRY AND REMOTE SENSING FOR FORESTRY IN GREAT BRITAIN

The Forestry Commission needs information on the woodland cover of the country, both as general assessment of all ownerships for woodland census purposes and as detailed crop data on its own forest estate for management purposes. These survey requirements are outlined and the methods used for data collection are described, particular attention being given to the role of aerial survey. The development of a digital mapping system is also covered. Finally, the potential role of other remote sensing techniques and the trials currently in progress are discussed.     

煤矿区地质环境与地质灾害遥感集成监测系统的关键技术

面向“数字矿山”应用系统的需要,在分析煤矿区地质环境和地质灾害特点及其在遥感监测理论依据的基础上,提出了煤矿区地质环境与地质灾害遥感集成监测系统的技术思路和体系结构,强调各种监测技术手段、不同时空尺度、不同数据源和不同主题信息的集成,并针对这一集成系统实现与应用中的多目标遥感信息处理、环境传感器网络应用、遥感监测数据与专题分析模型的集成、数据质量控制等关键问题进行了探讨。     

基础地理知识服务的基本问题与研究方向

基础地理数据具有空间载体和知识存量两大作用。以往人们主要关注其空间载体作用,研发和提供了丰富多样的基础地理数据服务与信息服务,但对其知识存量挖掘不够,提供的地理空间知识服务极少。近年来,“数据海量,信息爆炸,知识难求”现象愈加突出,从地理数据信息服务走向知识服务势在必行,已成为测绘科技转型升级的一项重要任务。借鉴知识图谱的最新研究进展,讨论了基础地理数据、信息和知识的基本内涵,提出了以结构化和关联化为重要特征的基础地理知识服务总体思路,分析了由此带来的4方面问题;继而从领域知识体系构建、关键技术、应用服务3个方面讨论了基础地理知识服务的研究方向与重点;以GlobeLand30知识服务为例,介绍了初步研究进展。     

The organization and management of Canada's national gravity data base

The National Gravity Data Base has been developed over the past 15 years in response to national and international geoscience requirements. The data base contains information pertaining to gravity standardization networks in Canada and abroad, gravity anomaly mapping in Canada, instrumental parameters, digital terrain and crustal motion. Flexible data management capability and minimal software maintenance costs result from extensive use of the System 2000 DBMS package. Interfaced with the data base are several applications software systems which perform various reduction, editing, adjustment, updating, retrieval and display operations. Presented at International Symposium on Management of Geodetic Data, Copenhagen, August 24–26, 1981.     

高精度房屋图形信息获取的一种途径

本文介绍用房产测量所取得的房产分幅图及部分的野外测量，以取得高精度房屋图形数据信息的方法，可作空间信息系统数据采集的一种途径。     

安卓手机的草地信息协同采集系统

针对传统的草地资源调查方法流程繁琐、效率较低、多人协同能力较差等问题,该文提出了基于安卓手机的草地信息协同采集系统架构,设计了位置获取、地图显示、采样规划、信息采集、数据展示、报表生成、数据同步等系统核心功能模块,并应用Java语言开发,完整实现了系统各项功能。在内蒙古自治区及河北省的野外考察验证表明,该系统能够满足草原监察和科研部门对于草地资源调查的基本需求。     

Integration of optical and Synthetic Aperture Radar (SAR) imagery for delivering operational annual crop inventories

Agriculture plays a critical role within Canada’s economy and, as such, sustainability of this sector is of high importance. Targeting and monitoring programs designed to promote economic and environmental sustainability are a vital component within Canada’s agricultural policy. A hierarchy of land information, including up to date information on cropping practices, is needed to measure the impacts of programs on land use decision-making and to gauge the environmental and economic benefits of these investments. A multi-year, multi-site research activity was completed to develop a robust methodology to inventory crops across Canada’s large and diverse agricultural landscapes. To move towards operational implementation the methodology must deliver accurate crop inventories, with consistency and reliability. In order to meet these operational requirements and to mitigate risk associated with reliance on a single data source, the methodology integrated both optical and Synthetic Aperture Radar (SAR) imagery. The results clearly demonstrated that multi-temporal satellite data can successfully classify crops for a variety of cropping systems present across Canada. Overall accuracies of at least 85% were achieved, and most major crops were also classified to this level of accuracy. Although multi-temporal optical data would be the preferred data source for crop classification, a SAR-optical dataset (two Envisat ASAR images and one optical image) provided acceptable accuracies and will mitigate risk associated with operational implementation. The preferred dual-polarization mode would be VV–VH. Not only were these promising classification results repeated year after year, but the target accuracies were met consistently for multiple sites across Canada, all with varying cropping systems.     

对新型智慧城市三维模型“计算思维”的思考

新型智慧城市地理信息公共服务平台及三维模型建设,大多应用BIM、VR、AR,以及数字航空摄影测量、高分辨率卫星遥感、无人机摄影测量系统等技术,然而,这些感官成果缺少计算思维。在大数据时代的今天,人们对地理信息成果的要求不仅能"直观看到",还要具备基于计算思维满足智能需求的计算功能。应用倾斜摄影实景三维技术构建城市地理信息底层因满足了这一需求将备受关注。     

地理信息服务集成的级联模式及其应用

基于服务的架构(SOA)和Web Services技术的发展,为空间信息领域应用Web Services技术提供了技术保障,使得地理信息系统对外提供服务并且广泛互联成为可能。但是,某些特定的应用未必需要广泛的互联和过分的通用。本文探讨一种基于服务思想的GIS实现模式--级联服务模式。级联服务继承了面向服务思想的优点,较好地满足轻度耦合的集成应用。结合地理信息领域特殊的行业背景,级联服务能够有效缩短系统开发周期、减少开发人员工作量,是一种适度的系统架构方案。     

Fundamental aspects of access control for geospatial data

Abstract

In recent years, geographical information systems have been employed in a wide variety of application domains, and as a result many research efforts are being devoted to those upcoming problems. Geospatial data security, especially access control, has attracted increased research interests within the academic community. The tendency towards sharing and interoperability of geospatial data and applications makes it common to acquire and integrate geospatial data from multiple organisations to accomplish a complex task. Meanwhile, many organisations have the requirement for securing access to possessed sensitive or proprietary geospatial data. In this heterogeneous and distributed environment, consistent access control functionality is crucial to promote controlled accessibility. As an extension of general access control mechanisms in the IT domain, the mechanism for geospatial data access control has its own requirements and characteristics of granularity and geospatial logic. In this paper, we address several fundamental aspects concerning the design and implementation of an access control system for geospatial data, including the classification, requirements, authorisation models, storage structures and management approaches for authorisation rules, matching and decision-making algorithms between authorisation rules and access requests, and its policy enforcement mechanisms. This paper also presents a system framework for realising access control functionality for geospatial data, and explain access control procedures in detail.