DECORATIVE-APPLIED ART AND CARTOGRAPHY

The need to accelerate the development of map reading and interpretation skills by increasing the exposure of school-age children to maps and other cartographic images is now widely recognized. Two Soviet authors advocate a broader approach; namely, the expansion of decorative-commercial applications of cartography. Maps, in aesthetic and simplified form, should be used more widely as motifs for toys and household goods, articles of clothing, and displays of events and places of popular interest. The most basic properties of the earth (shape, natural colors, etc.) should be retained whenever possible, even when the maps themselves are highly abstract. Translated from: Geodezlya i kartografiya, 1984, No. 12, pp. 26-27.     

MODERN CARTOGRAPHY: RESULTS AND PROSPECTS

The author reviews the principal problems pertaining to the development of modern cartography raised at a conference on Cartography at the Transition between the 20th and 21st Centuries, held in Moscow in the autumn of 1997. The conference was organized by the Institute of Geography, Russian Academy of Sciences, in collaboration with the Russian Geographical Society, the Russian Federation Geodetic and Cartographic Service, the school of Geography at Moscow University, the Russian State Library, the Moscow State University of Geodesy, Aerial Mapping, and Cartography, and the Geoinformation System Association. There were 67 plenary reports, over 30 poster sessions, and a roundtable on “Cartographic Working Groups of Today and Tomorrow.” Translated by Edward Torrey, Alexandria, VA from: Izvestiya Akademii Nauk, seriya geograficheskaya, 1998, No. 2, pp. 121-130.     

SCIENTIFIC CONCEPTS AND METHODS IN CARTOGRAPHY

The Chair of the Cartography Department at Moscow University describes the development of cartography as a scientific discipline in the USSR, a process accompanied by the formation of new theory, differentiation into subfields, and strengthening of linkages with other disciplines. Major emphasis is on cartography's incorporation of concepts and methods characterizing science in general–modeling, systems analysis, structure, function, information theory, quantification, automation, and “cosmologization.” Modern cartography represents both a manifestation and one of the causes of the trend toward integration of scientific disciplines. Translated from: Vestnik Moskovskogo Universiteta, geografiya, 1985, No. 1, pp. 3-9.     

EVOLUTION OF INTERRELATIONSHIPS BETWEEN GEOGRAPHY AND CARTOGRAPHY

The author's observations on the proceedings of the 1984 IGU Congress in Paris and 1984 ICA Conference in Perth, Australia provide a framework for a commentary on the current state of relations between geography and cartography. In order for ties between the two fields to be strengthened, maps must serve as more than spatial illustrations–they must be further developed, based on advances in automation and remote sensing methods, as a research tool for the elucidation of new geographical laws. Translated from: Vestnik Moskovskogo Universiteta, geografiya, 1985, No. 2, pp. 5-13.     

移动地图及制作探讨

介绍了移动地图的概念和移动通信设施的类型，指出显示器的尺寸、信息获取的实时特征要求，能够运用活动表征和自动综合，为用户显示不受干扰的重要信息，阐述了移动地图制作过程中信息处理的面向对象的数据库技术、目标信息的互操作、活动目标综合方法和智能体综合方法。     

地理信息系统与地图学教育

本文在简明扼要地叙述地理信息系统（ＧＩＳ）及地理信息系统教育的发展特点,系统全面地分析ＧＩＳ与地图学、地图可视化与ＧＩＳ可视化的密切关系的基础上,就新时期的地图学教育,在师资人员培养、课程设置、教学内容选择、教学实验方法等方面进行了探讨。     

THE DEVELOPMENT AND INTRODUCTION OF AUTOMATION INTO CARTOGRAPHY

The author, in response to a critical review of his book on automation in cartography by K. A. Salishchev (see preceding article), defends his ideas on “raster digitizing” (proposed as only one of several approaches to cartographic automation) by documenting the need for a certain level of uniformity in the storage and presentation of information. In the process he continues a debate on the theoretical basis that should govern the development of automated cartography that occupied the entire “Cartography” section of the May 1986 issue of Geodeziya i kartografiya. In a preface to the section, the editorial board of the Soviet journal emphasized that there is no single, universally accepted position on standards for automating cartography or on the ultimate role automation should play in the discipline as a whole. Translated from: Geodeziya i kartografiya, 1986, No. 5, pp. 38–43.     

地图设计与视觉感受的探讨

视觉地图的信息传递 ,实际上是地图作者的设计思想在地图读者视觉感受中的体现。本文在对人的视觉感受和影响感受效果主要因素分析的基础上 ,提出读者视觉感受的效果是地图信息传递成败和效率高低的关键 ,也是评价地图设计的重要依据的观点 ,进而对地图内容选取和概括指标的确定、地图符号设计、色彩设计、图面配置及整饰设计与视觉感受的关系作了一定的分析 ,并提出了在地图设计中需要注意的一些问题。     

COMMON THEMES IN THE DEVELOPMENT OF CARTOGRAPHY AND GEOGRAPHIC INFORMATION SYSTEMS

In a review of one of the fundamental Russian works on geographic information systems, the author provides an interesting glimpse into the development of GIS and GIS training in Russia and other former Soviet republics (most notably, Georgia). Translated by Edward Torrey, Alexandria, VA 22308 from: Geografiya i prirodnyye resursy, 1992, No. 3, pp. 171-172.     

地图机助制图系统的设计与发展模式

本文从地图机助制图系统的实用与发展的特性出发,阐述了自行设计的微机大比例尺地图机助制图系统Auto G&M System的设计思想,并对其中的关键部分作了较详细的描述。最后根据当前地理信息系统(GIS)的发展情况,提出了地图机助制图系统的发展模式,促进该系统向标准化及地理信息系统发展。     

THE THEORETICAL POTENTIAL,METHODS, AND LAWS OF CARTOGRAPHY

The following paper was presented at the 11th Technical Conference of the International Cartographic Association (Warsaw, 1982) and submitted to the Editor-in-Chief who currently serves as the I.C.A. president Since the contents of the paper figure heavily both in the lead article of this issue by Salishchev, and the response to that article by the Editor-in-Chief, it is published here for readers wanting more information about the debate.     

THE RELATION OF CARTOGRAPHY TO THE LAWS AND CLASSIFICATION OF SCIENCE

The chairman of Moscow University's Cartography Department addresses questions about cartography's place in the system of scientific knowledge, qualifications as a science, subject matter, and methods of analysis. Critiques of recent theoretical works both within and outside the USSR lay the groundwork for the author's view of cartography: a multifaceted, interdisciplinary field of knowledge using maps for the presentation and investigation of natural and socioeconomic phenomena. Although few if any strictly cartographic laws exist at present, map use methods are applied widely for the discovery and analysis of laws in other disciplines. Translated from: Vestnik Moskovskogo Universiteta, geografiya, 1984, No. 6, pp. 3-10.     

AUTOMATION IN THEMATIC CARTOGRAPHY

The proceedings of the Eighth All-Union Conference on Thematic Mapping (Moscow, January 23-25, 1985), devoted to issues of automation in cartography, are described by two of the more active delegates. Basic problems include establishing a theoretical basis for automation in cartography, identifying means and principles for creating cartographic data bases, supplying these data bases with the requisite information, devising methods for thematic map compilation, and automating methods of map use and cartographic research. Most urgent is the need to increase domestic production of automated mapping and data storage equipment and accelerate the transition from experimental research to practical applications. Translated from: Geodeziya i kartografiya, 1985, No. 7, pp. 38-42.     

CARTOGRAPHIC PERIODICALS OF EASTERN EUROPE AND THE SOVIET UNION

The Chair of the Moscow University Department of Cartography surveys the current cartographic periodicals of the USSR and Eastern Europe, with special emphasis on the USSR, Hungary, East Germany and Poland. The number and relative importance of each country's periodicals reflect general levels of economic and scientific development, although periodicals even from small countries with relatively unfamiliar languages of publication make significant contributions. The Soviet Referativnyi zhurnal, kartografiya supplies Russian-reading cartographers with information on hundreds of cartographic publications worldwide. Translated from the original by Marcia Levenson, PlanEcon, Inc., Washington, D.C. 20005.     

SOME DEBATABLE ISSUES IN CARTOGRAPHY

The author raises several questions about the use of systems and quantitative approaches as a basis for a universal theory of cartography. In particular, he emphasizes that reliance on these approaches does not substitute for knowledge of specific properties of the objects of mapping (derived from the methods of the individual sciences) or of fundamental principles of map design. Mathematical-cartographic modeling, which uses draft maps as a means of comparing mathematical models with reality and thus for evaluating each stage in the modeling procedure, is advocated as a means for integrating diverse approaches in thematic cartography. Translated from: Geografiya i prirodnyye resursy, 1987, No. 2, pp. 147-152.     

URGENT PROBLEMS IN AUTOMATED CARTOGRAPHY

A colleague of K. A. Salishchev in the Moscow University Department of Cartography extends that scholar's criticism of the method of “raster digitization” defended by Ye. Ye. Shiryayev in the preceding paper. Yevteyev's comments focus on what he considers to be the narrow range of practical applications of the method, its artificial division of generalization into scalar and thematic components, and the poor perceptibility and resemblance of the maps to the actual objects being portrayed. Translated from: Geodeziya i kartografiya, 1986, No. 6, pp. 53–55.     

GEOGRAPHY AND CARTOGRAPHY: NEW ASPECTS OF INTEGRATION IN THE ERA OF SCIENTIFIC AND TECHNOLOGICAL PROGRESS

A discussion is presented of the unity of geography and cartography at different stages of their historical development, ending with an indication of new links between these sciences in the current era of scientific and technological progress. Emphasized is the importance of the geospatial paradigm, which is a specific form of an interdisciplinary general scientific methodology. Under this paradigm, geography and cartography play important roles in the solution of problems involving interaction between nature and society. The concept underlying a new Soviet atlas of the world is cited as an example. Paper presented at the meeting of the International Geographic Union, Paris, 1984.