GEOGRAPHIC FORECASTING AND MAPPING

The author outlines general principles and methods of predictive or forecast mapping in the USSR, more specifically the use of maps in support of geographic forecasting, i.e., prediction of relationships involved in matter, energy, and other flows of ecosystem components. Maps are employed in all stages of geographic forecasting, particularly to identify spatial patterns which can be extrapolated in space or time and used to predict distributions that are difficult or impossible to determine directly, as well as to graphically portray these expected distributions. A scheme for classifying forecast maps in terms of their orientation in time and space is presented. Translated from: Prognoznoye blogeograficheskoye kartografirovaniye: regional'nyy aspekt, Moscow: Nauka, 1985, pp. 6-24.     

地理信息系统与城市测绘

本文综述了地理信息系统（GIS）的产生，发展，范围和组构，探讨了GIS在城市测绘中的应用和发展，以及与城市规划的关系。     

COMPUTER MODELING AND MAPPING OF THE SPATIAL-TEMPORAL DEVELOPMENT OF GEOGRAPHIC FEATURES VIA THE MONTE CARLO METHOD

The authors, drawing upon the work of Hagerstrand and others in the field of spatial diffusion modeling, develop a model for predictive mapping of the spread of disease based on the Monte Carlo method. Analysis of this particular model showed high coefficients of correlation between mathematical probability estimates of times of origin for epidemics in particular territorial units and their densities of population and population potentials. Translated from: Izvestiya, Vsesoyuznogo Geograficheskogo Obshchestva, 1986, No. 1, pp. 67-74.     

MEDICAL GEOGRAPHIC MAPPING AND THE ASSESSMENT OF THE INFLUENCE OF SURFACE WATER POLLUTION ON THE HUMAN ORGANISM

The paper presents results of applied medical-geographic mapping work by the Uzbek SSR Academy of Sciences in support of public health studies in Central Asian areas where water supplies are contaminated by runoff from irrigated fields. The final product of the work is a map depicting surface water quality in aggregate terms and according to indices for specific pollutants (for water quality monitoring points), which is described both in terms of its content and methods of data compilation and transformation. Translated by Elliott B. Urdang, Providence, RI 02906 from: Izvestiya vysshikh uchebnykh zavedeniy: Geodeziya i aerofotos “yemka, 1989, No. 2, pp. 166–171.     

COMMON THEMES IN THE DEVELOPMENT OF CARTOGRAPHY AND GEOGRAPHIC INFORMATION SYSTEMS

In a review of one of the fundamental Russian works on geographic information systems, the author provides an interesting glimpse into the development of GIS and GIS training in Russia and other former Soviet republics (most notably, Georgia). Translated by Edward Torrey, Alexandria, VA 22308 from: Geografiya i prirodnyye resursy, 1992, No. 3, pp. 171-172.     

THE USE OF GEOGRAPHIC INFORMATION SYSTEMS IN ANALYSIS OF URBAN AND RURAL LANDSCAPES

This paper reviews major concerns in the development of geographic information systems in Czechoslovakia (underlying theory, design and system requirements, data acquisition and classification, and mathematical-cartographic modeling), and describes the structure of two systems developed for the city of Brno and the surrounding semi-rural countryside. These systems are designed to permit the widest possible range of spatial information to be incorporated into their data bases, to allow maximum flexibility of response to changing user requirements, to produce a wide variety of graphic products, and to provide a capacity for automated forecasting and output of forecast maps. Presented at the Euro-Carto III Seminar sponsored by the International Cartographic Association at Graz, Austria, October 23-25, 1984 and submitted to the Editor-in-Chief for publication.     

A CONCEPT FOR THE MAPPING OF MULTI-STATE SOCIAL AND ECONOMIC SYSTEMS

The paper investigates the use of maps in obtaining, based on the cartometric and geographic analysis of form, information about the content of multi-state social and economic systems. Examples of specially compiled maps of multi-state systems are described and various considerations in map design and compilation are discussed: scale selection, identification of typologies and design of map legends, principles for the location of geographic features on the map, and stages in cartographic research and mapping of multi-state systems. Translated by H. L. Haslett, Leamington Spa, UK from: Izvestiya Akademii Nauk SSSR, seriya geograficheskaya, 1990, No. 3, pp. 98–103.     

SYSTEMS MAPPING OF THE PHYSICAL-GEOGRAPHIC PROCESS IN A MARINE ENVIRONMENT

An analog to the (terrestrial) physical-geographical process, the concept of boundary surfaces, is elaborated and developed quantitatively for analyzing the diversity of marine ecosystems. Interactions among physical-chemical components of the oceans, and the adjacent coastal, atmospheric, and ocean bottom environments, provides a model used in the study and mapping of heterogeneous “waterscapes.” A series of tables identifies interacting geographic features commonly used as indices for mapping. Sample maps prepared for the Barents Sea and Indian Ocean demonstrate possible results of a systems approach. Translated from: Izvestiya, Vsesoyuznogo geograficheskogo obshchestva, 1985, No. 3, pp. 201-208.     

互联网时代的地理信息系统

本文通过分析近年来信息技术和地理信息系统的进展,探讨在互联网时代的地理信息系统的发展趋势和技术,提出了以构件化的分布式地理信息系统的发展方向,并以新的概念探讨了以互联网为平台的ＧＩＳ的构件模型和客户－服务器模型为基础的ＧＩＳ服务模型。     

遥感与城市地理信息系统

本文简述地矿部在城市遥感方面所做过的工作,提出对城市进行现代化的管理,必须采用先进的地理信息系统技术的建议,并简介了地矿部开展该项工作的优势。     

地学分析在遥感专题制图中的应用

为了提高数字图像制图的质量和精度, 许多研究人员部在从不同途径探索各种有效方法。本文从地学角度出发, 以地学知识和理论为基础, 结合遥感专题制图, 对成图信息源和数字图像识别的区域参数, 作了综合分析研究。本文重点讨论数字图像冬小麦的识别制图, 用地学、生物学知识和理论, 分析冬小麦等农作物的物候规律, 研究其分类识别的最佳时相图像; 另外, 结合盐碱土等地物的模式识别制图进行了区域参数的分析、确定和量化研究。     

THE FUTURE PROSPECTS OF DATA ACQUISITION BY PHOTOGRAPHIC AND OTHER AIRBORNE SYSTEMS FOR LARGE SCALE MAPPING

This paper was the first to be presented at the Thompson Symposium 1984 which had as its theme “The future of photogrammetry”. The paper considers only the acquisition of imagery for large scale mapping and similar purposes. It discusses the role of the standard metric aerial survey camera and makes some proposals for the wider use of smaller format cameras. It also reviews the position with regard to other possible sources of imagery such as vidicon and solid state cameras.     

论测绘仪器在促进测绘事业发展中的作用

本文主要论述了测绘仪器在促进测绘事业发展中的地位与作用，说明加快发展我国测绘仪器的必要性，同时提出了发展我国测绘仪器的建议。     

地理信息系统与地图学教育

本文在简明扼要地叙述地理信息系统（ＧＩＳ）及地理信息系统教育的发展特点,系统全面地分析ＧＩＳ与地图学、地图可视化与ＧＩＳ可视化的密切关系的基础上,就新时期的地图学教育,在师资人员培养、课程设置、教学内容选择、教学实验方法等方面进行了探讨。     

COMPUTATION AND MAPPING OF THE ELEMENTS OF THE WATER-ICE BUDGET OF GLACIERS

Two general approaches for compiling maps of components of the water-ice budget in regions of glacier nourishment are compared and the resulting maps are analyzed. The compilation of raw data is based on field measurements rather than remote sensing information. Translated by Edward Torrey, Alexandria, VA 22308 from: Materialy glyatsiologicheskikh issledovaniy, 1991, No. 72, pp. 94-102.     

PROBLEMS AND PROSPECTS OF THE COMPLEX ECOLOGICAL-GEOGRAPHIC MAPPING OF SIBERIA

A review of basic theoretical principles of “ecological” mapping and types of maps of the environment sets the stage for a more detailed treatment of ecological-geographic maps—maps portraying a wide range of nature-society and nature-nature relationships—as they are used in support of economic development and environmental monitoring in Siberia. Particular attention is devoted to the compilation of map series, which include ecological-geographical maps, for the Lake Baykal area, BAM service zone, West Siberia, and specific territorial production complexes (e.g., Kansk-Achinsk TPC). Translated from: Geografiya i prirodnyye resursy, 1987, No. 3, pp. 10-18.     

THE RELATION OF CARTOGRAPHY TO THE LAWS AND CLASSIFICATION OF SCIENCE

The chairman of Moscow University's Cartography Department addresses questions about cartography's place in the system of scientific knowledge, qualifications as a science, subject matter, and methods of analysis. Critiques of recent theoretical works both within and outside the USSR lay the groundwork for the author's view of cartography: a multifaceted, interdisciplinary field of knowledge using maps for the presentation and investigation of natural and socioeconomic phenomena. Although few if any strictly cartographic laws exist at present, map use methods are applied widely for the discovery and analysis of laws in other disciplines. Translated from: Vestnik Moskovskogo Universiteta, geografiya, 1984, No. 6, pp. 3-10.     

正交实验法在测绘中的应用

以检测数字水准仪及标尺综合精度为例，介绍了正交实验法在测绘领域中的应用。