地形图等高线成组综合的试验

本文在讨论制图自动综合一般问题的基础上,着重分析了两种等高线自动综合的技术路线存在的优缺点。笔者提出,采用模拟人类专家智能的方法,从二维的等高线输入数据出发,提取地貌结构信息,从而对等高线进行成组的综合,直接形成经综合的二维等高线输出数据,有可能获得较为简捷,效果良好的综合结果。在对这条技术路线进行实验的过程中所涉及的人工智能问题,主要包括:对无序数字化等高线数据的整理、等高线上重要特征点的识别、正负向地貌特征的确定、谷地点的选出、谷底线的自动跟踪、谷地重要性的计算、谷间距的自动量算、对称谷地的寻找、综合后图形的生成等。     

MORPHOMETRIC MAPS OF GLACIAL SURFACE TOPOGRAPHY

Several procedures for mapping the topography of the surface of an alpine glacier are described: slope angle mapping, mapping of dissection depths, trend surface analysis, and the mapping of residuals. Methodological problems addressed include determination of class intervals for mapping, data transformation techniques, and an entire range of issues connected with proper sampling methods. The purpose is to demonstrate how the mapping of multiple indicators of ice-surface relief increases the flexibility of cartographic methods for identifying underlying geomorphological processes. Translated from: Vestnik Leningradskogo Universiteta, 1984, No. 6, pp. 43-48.     

以直角方式转折的面状要素图形简化方法

讨论了面状要素图形轮廓简化的一些规则以及面的空间知识获取方法,结合以直角方式转折的面状要素图形轮廓的特点,重点讨论了其图形渐进式简化方法。     

An Automated Method of Scale Selection and Sheet Configuration for Multiple Sheet Census Maps with Insets

In order to create a useful map, the cartographer must select a scale at which the map reader can distinguish features shown on the map and read their labels. However, the choice of scale for a paper map is also constrained by the size of the map sheet and by the cost of working with a large number of sheets. When the feature density pattern allows, space can be conserved by making the map at more than one scale: a small scale suitable for most of the map, while dense features are shown on inset maps at larger scales. Creating inset maps requires the cartographer to make a series of complex, interrelated decisions regarding the most effective overall sheet configuration, which is dependent upon the scale chosen for the main map and how the inset maps are created. The Census Automated Map Production System (CAMPS) applies cartographic logic and density analysis to make these decisions in a fully automated mapping environment.     

A fast algorithm of cartographic sounding selection

An effective strategy and framework that adequately integrate the automated and manual processes for fast cartographic sounding selection is presented. The important submarine topographic features are extracted for important soundings selection, and an improved “ influence circle” algorithm is introduced for sounding selection. For automatic configuration of soundings distribution pattern, a special algorithm considering multi-factors is employed. A semi-automatic method for solving the ambiguous conflicts is described. On the basis of the algorithms and strategies a system named HGIS for fast cartographic sounding selection is developed and applied in Chinese Marine Safety Administration Bureau （CMSAB）. The application experiments show that the system is effective and reliable. At last some conclusions and the future work are given.     

AUTOMATED MAPPING FROM THEMATIC INTERPRETATION OF SCANNER IMAGERY

The process of the automated compilation and plotting of thematic maps based on selected methods of cartographic representation is examined. The authors argue that the essence of logical and mathematical processing of digitized space imagery is formalized, objective cartographic representation of the results of image interpretation. General procedures of map compilation are operationalized based on a geomorphological mapping project using Landsat MSS data for the Moscow Region.     

Effective Graphic Features for Multivariate Symbol Mapping

Abstract

Various patterns of cartographic multivariate symbols (MSs) have been developed to work efficiently with objective symbol mapping. One such MS pattern is composed of a graph that uses spatial data to represent statistical data. A preliminary study revealed major problems with users’ perceptions and understanding of the symbol. These problems present obstacles to the presentation objectives. We are therefore interested in studying the human factors that contribute to the visual perception of graph symbols. We predict that the graph symbols currently in use are too complex for viewers to fully understand what they are intended to represent. This research aims to study the mechanisms and behaviours of human visual perception that are necessary to understand cartography MSs and to determine a more effective prototype symbol that presents and conveys information to viewers more efficiently. The prototype design is based on a basic cartographic symbol and includes the characteristics and properties of the original patterns of graph symbols via a study of their pros and cons. Graphic structures and properties were modified to create a more effective symbol.     

军事交通图数据库支持下的自动制图综合研究

本文以1:50万军事交通图数据库为基础,探讨并研究了数据库支持下的自动制图综合的理论,方法和实施过程:重点研究了地图内容的选取、线状要素的化简和重迭要素的移位问题;尤其是对图形要素的移位,做了较为详细的分析,提出了检查线状要素之间图形重迭的方法及自动移位的具体措施,并给出了用于程序运行的一些详细算法。     

AUTOMATED MAPPING FROM SCANNER IMAGE INTERPRETATION

A methodology for the interpretation and mapping of lineaments and related geological features from medium-resolution, Meteor satellite scanner imagery is described. Special emphasis is placed on improving traditional methods of transferring information interpreted from remote sensing materials onto a cartographic base through compensation for the special character of geometric distortion on scanner imagery and selection of appropriate map projections for the cartographic base. This boils down to the development of computer models for correlating control points on a scanner image and map base, and algorithms for the plotting both of that base and the thematic image elements that are the focus of interest. Translated from: Vestnik Moskovskogo Universiteta, geografiya, 1986, No. 3, pp. 35–40.     

事物的演化机理与地图现势性的度量

物质世界的不同层次中的事物都具有随时间演化的特性。制图区域内事物的演化使制图区域在不同时刻有不同的状态。在t>t0时,依据制图物体从属于制图区域不同状态的条件,可定义现势地物、消亡地物和新生地物。根据拓朴映射原理,给出了地图符号的一般式,再根据制图对象的时态特征,定义了现势地图符号和失真地图符号。利用同一图上现势地图符号集和失真地图符号集互为补集的关系,提出了地图现势值公式,从而实现了地图现势性概念的定量刻划。由于本公式仅涉及失真符号的面积量算并对经验事实具有解释功能,因而有广阔的应用前景。     

THE RELATIONSHIP BETWEEN TRADITIONAL AND NONTRADITIONAL SPATIAL IMAGES

A review of the Soviet and foreign literature on nontraditional cartographic images (cartograms) sets the stage for a critique of the position that they are only distorted versions of conventional maps. The author argues that nontraditional images are a legitimate form of cartographic presentation, employing a special non-spatial (topologic) system of measurement. As such, they are uniquely suited for the portrayal of certain kinds of information (i.e., socioeconomic) where elucidation of quantitative relations among features is more important than their faithful geometric representation. Procedures for transforming traditional images into nontraditional ones are described. Translated from: Izvestiy a AN SSSR, seriya geograficheskaya, 1984, No. 5, pp. 121-133.     

基于偏微分方程的小比例尺晕渲图地貌综合方法研究

基于高精度DEM数据的晕渲图中,破碎的地形细节破坏了晕渲法的立体塑造能力,但是采用传统的均值滤波法进行地貌综合时,在消除地形细节的同时,模糊了地貌特征。为了克服消除地形细节和保持地貌特征这一矛盾,利用偏微分方程各向异性的特点,采用基于经典总变分模型的偏微分方程法对地貌进行综合。实验结果证明偏微分方程法在综合地貌时能较好地保持地貌结构特征。     

一种图式符号快速评价方法研究

图式符号色值和式样的评价是地图制图赛项中的一项重要内容,为提高评价效率,本文提出了一种快速评价方法。首先根据标准数据和对应地图图式进行数据预处理和矢量控制文件的制作;然后通过改进的Harris角点检测算法实现角点检测,并进行特征点匹配和几何校正;最后利用缓冲区分析进行符号色值评价,并基于图像矩理论结合GrabCut算法实现符号式样评价。本项技术成果已应用于地图制图赛项中图式符号的快速评价,在测绘地理信息行业职业技能竞赛中发挥了重要作用。     

DESIGN OF CARTOGRAPHIC LETTERING FOR COMPUTER MAPPING

Guidelines for the design of lettering in computer mapping are outlined, which include, but are not restricted to: retention of basic elements of existing lettering styles, provision of high perceptibility and simplicity of design, retention of high readability and informational properties, consistency in the assignment of particular styles to particular classes of features, and observance of letter-spacing rules established in cartographic practice. A “machine-oriented formalized cartographic language,” suitable for both machine and visual reading, analysis, and construction of map elements is proposed as the basis for the development of a system of lettering in automated cartography. Translated from: Izvestiya vuzov. Geodeziya i aerofotos'-yemka, 1986, No. 1, pp. 92-97.     

THE CLASSIFICATION AND MAPPING OF IMPRECISE GEOGRAPHIC SYSTEMS

The author describes problems with traditional statistical and cartographic methods employed in the classification and mapping of ambiguously or vaguely defined features. Using a series of maps on the same subject (the foreign trade relations of European countries and the USSR), he demonstrates that greater attention should be paid to potential changes in the distribution of mapped objects depending on the criteria selected and the classification algorithms employed, argues that multiple classification strategies be used to determine optimal strategies for visually representing imprecise systems, and provides recommendations for their graphic representation. Translated by Kurt E. Engelmann, University of Washington, Seattle, WA 98195 from: Vestnik Moskovskogo Universiteta, geografiya, 1989, No. 3, pp. 16–23.     

Towards knowledge-based geovisualisation using Semantic Web technologies: a knowledge representation approach coupling ontologies and rules

ABSTRACT

Geovisualisation is a knowledge-intensive art in which both providers and users need to possess a wide range of knowledge. Current syntactic approaches to presenting visualisation information lack semantics on the one hand, and on the other hand are too bespoke. Such limitations impede the transfer, interpretation, and reuse of the geovisualisation knowledge. In this paper, we propose a knowledge-based approach to formally represent geovisualisation knowledge in a semantically-enriched and machine-readable manner using Semantic Web technologies. Specifically, we represent knowledge regarding cartographic scale, data portrayal and geometry source, which are three key aspects of geovisualisation in the contemporary web mapping era, coupling ontologies and semantic rules. The knowledge base enables inference for deriving the corresponding geometries and portrayals for visualisation under different conditions. A prototype system is developed in which geospatial linked data are used as underlying data, and some geovisualisation knowledge is formalised into a knowledge base to visualise the data and provide rich semantics to users. The proposed approach can partially form the foundation for the vision of web of knowledge for geovisualisation.     

GIS环境下的制图自动综合方法研究

制图综合一直是地图学领域研究的重要课题,近年来又成为国际GIS领域内的热点和前沿问题之一。借助GIS的可视化以及GIS的空间分析工具,制图自动综合的研究进入了一个新阶段。本文简要介绍了在GIS环境下制图自动综合的概念和特点,以及相关内容,并从知识表示方面分析了制图综合的理论。其中重点讨论了制图综合的综合算法以及模型综合,而模型综合是地理信息的概念层次上的综合,是地图综合的前提和基础。     

我国西部1：50000地图新产品设计与表达技术

西部测图工程以＂丰富产品种类,拓展服务领域＂为设计宗旨,力求地图新产品开发,在传统4D产品的基础上,根据西部地物地貌特征补充了地形图要素内容,开发研制了影像地图、晕渲地形图新产品。本文针对原有地形图在表达西部地物地貌特征方面的不足,介绍了西部测图工程中地图新产品的内容设计与制图表达,包括地形图要素扩充内容与制图表达、影像地图产品内容设计与制图表达、晕渲地形图产品内容设计与制图表达等技术内容。地图新产品设计与表达技术已应用在西部测图中,指导生产了我国西部首批1：50000地形图、影像地图和晕渲地形图产品,丰富了我国基本比例尺地形图产品种类。